¹Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. ² CEMB, University of the Punjab New campus, Lahore, Pakistan. Corresponding e-mail: shafiq.iags@pu.edu.pk

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.42

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Abstract: Nonexpresser of pathogenesis-related proteins 1 (NPR1), and its paralogue are important salicylic acid (SA) receptors that play important roles in plant defense. NPR gene family analysis has not yet been conducted in C. reticulata. The CrNPR1-like and AtNPR1-like protein sequences were retrieved from online genome databases and were subjected to various bioinformatics tools. This study presents the first genome-wide identification of NPR1 gene in C. reticulata, resulting in 7 family members. Phylogenetic analysis of 7 CrNPR1-like proteins, along with NPR1-related proteins from 15 species revealed that the proteins were grouped into three major clades. The CrNPR1-like genes in the same Arabidopsis subfamilies had similar protein domain compositions, number of exons and conserved motifs. All 7 CrNPR genes were segmented duplicated, and no tandem duplicate was observed. Transcriptome data revealed note-worthy expression in leaf, fruit and rind patterns of CrNPR1-like genes. Nearly six out of seven CrNPR, expressed in leaf infected with Xylella fastidiosa, indicates that these tissues and organs contribute to improved defense response against pathogens. These results pave the way for more functional characterization of NPR1s in C. reticulate and related species.

Laboratory of Biotechnology and Natural Resources Valorization, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, 8106, Morocco. Corresponding e-mail: lachheb.mohamed91@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.43

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Abstract: Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is an autumnal herbaceous triploid plant; it is the source of saffron spice, recognized as the most expensive spice in the world. In this study, genetic diversity among 14 saffron accessions collected from different ancestral geographic areas in Morocco, Greece and France, has been assessed using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) markers system. Ten ISSR primers were amplified, a total of 143 fragments of which 44.05 % are polymorphic with an average of 6.3 polymorphic fragments per each primer and average of polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.236. ISSR markers proved to be a powerful tool for assessment of genetic diversity among saffron accessions. Cluster analysis using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient and supported by the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), divided the studied accessions into three major groups, and showed that genetic distance is independent of geographical distance. In this paper, we report for the first time the level of genetic diversity among Moroccan saffron; this information allows an unequivocal development of a suitable approach for the conservation of C. sativus germplasm and reduce its genetic erosion.

¹Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University, Jl. Dr. Soeparno, Purwokerto 51123, Central Java, Indonesia; ²Independent, Ikenobe 3011-2, Kagawa-ken, 761-0799, Japan. Corresponding e-mail: sakhidin@unsoed.ac.id

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.44

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Abstract: Pruning and fertilization are factors that can determine the production and quality of citrus. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pruning intensity and fertilizer doses of N (nitrogen), P (phosporus), and K (potassium) on citrus production and quality. The study was carried out in a citrus orchard in Central Java, Indonesia, over the course of two seasons, 2016-17 and 2017-18.The experiment was conducted as a two-factorial, completely randomized block design where the first factor was pruning intensity, namely 0, 5, 10, and 15 % of the total number of branches per tree while the second factor was doses of N, P, and K fertilizers, namely 0, 2, and 4 % of the weight of harvested citrus fruit in the previous season. The result showed that increasing doses of N, P, K fertilizers from 0 to 4 % increased fruit set, harvested fruits, fruit size, content of vitamin C, sugar, and soluble solid. The highest fruit set, weight of harvested fruits, and content of vitamin C were achieved by pruning intensity of 10 %.

¹Current address: Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. ²Frontier Agriculture, SOYL Precision Crop Production Division, Newbury, England. Corresponding e-mail: mmunir@kfu.edu.sa

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.45

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Abstract: Date palm is a dioecious fruit tree that permits cross pollination for fruit setting. The germination of viable pollens to fertilize ovule is influenced by environmental cues such as temperature. The germination and viability of pollen grains collected for pollination purpose also varied with the male pollinizer source and the male spathe opening time. An in vitro study performed to determine the percentage of pollen germination at different temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C) and germination times (4, 8, 12, and 24 h) taken from different male sources and toidentify any variations in the germination and viability of pollen grains collected from spathes opened at different dates (20^th February, 1^st and 10^th March). Pollens from different male sources showed a significant difference regarding germination percentage when incubated at different temperatures and for different germination times. Pollens incubated at 30 (81.07%) and 25°C (78.17%) had the highest germination percentage which decreased to 51.04, 16.23, and 5.90% when incubation temperature dropped to 20, 15, and 10 °C, respectively. Similarly, 71.11% pollens were germinated after 4 h of incubation at 30°C, which was decreased to 63.26 and 25.40% when incubation temperature decreased to 25 and 20°C, respectively after same time interval. Pollen germination and viability were significantly differed when they were collected from spathes opened at three different dates. Early opened spathes had lowest germination (57.58%) and viability percentages (81.19%) than the middle (81.11 and 91.53%) or late (80.71% and 93.05%) opening spathes. It is therefore, concluded that the optimum temperature for date palm pollen grains germination is 25-30°C and at these temperatures maximum pollens germinated within 4 h. Moreover, pollen grains from early opened spathes were less superior compared to the middle or late opening ones.

Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan. Corresponding e-mail: panawat.sik@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.46

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Abstract: Although ‘KU-PP2’, a low-chill peach cultivar, was released for high-quality peach production under forcing culture, the performance of ‘KU-PP2’ trees under forcing conditions has yet to be determined. In this study, we investigated the spring phenology, fruit development, and fruit quality of ‘KU-PP2’ in a heated plastic house compared with the same traits in an unheated plastic house and open field conditions. We found that the forcing conditions accelerated the spring phenology and harvest period of ‘KU-PP2’. Heated conditions shortened the number of days from dormancy release to blooming and the length of the fruit development period, resulting in the blooming of flowers in late February, with fruit begin harvested as early as mid-May, which was notably earlier than blooming and fruit harvest under natural conditions by 4 and 6 weeks, respectively. Similarly, the unheated conditions accelerated the time to blooming and harvest by up to 3 and 4 weeks, respectively compared with the open field conditions. However, although the fruit produced by trees raised in the heated plastic house could be harvested at an earlier date, the amount of fuel used for the heating system was 50 L per tree, which could be prohibitively expensive for commercial production. Although the fruit growth pattern did not differ significantly between the forcing and natural conditions, the rate of fruit growth at stages S1 and S2 was higher in the heated plastic house than that under the other assessed conditions. Furthermore, the size and quality of fruit obtained under forcing conditions were slightly larger and superior, respectively, than those of fruit produced under natural conditions. Moreover, we found no evidence of split-pits under the forcing conditions. The findings of this study accordingly indicate that cultivation of the low-chill peach ‘KU-PP2’ under forcing conditions is conducive to a notably earlier harvest of fresh peaches. These observations advance our current understanding of the flowering, fruit development, and fruit production of low-chill peaches under forcing conditions.

¹Graduate in Genetics and Breeding; ²Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology; ³Department of Biology, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina PI Brasil; ⁴Department of Agronomy, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 87020-900 Maringá PR Brazil. Corresponding e-mail: mfpsmachado@uem.br Corresponding e-mail: mfpsmachado@uem.br

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.47

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Abstract: Assessment of genetic diversity and identification of redundant accessions in seed banks are important to minimize the risk of gene loss in collections and to decrease costs in the management of germplasm banks. Current study used markers at DNA level to evaluate genetic diversity and identify whether there are duplicate accessions of Capsicum spp. in the collections of an active germplasm bank. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers using touchdown-polymerase chain reaction method evaluated genetic diversity and identified duplicates in ten accessions of Capsicum spp. Higher genetic diversity has been detected in C. annuum rather than in the species C. chinense and C. baccatum. DNA amplified segments revealed high genetic divergence showing that accessions of C. annuum, C. chinense and C. baccatum were separately grouped after data analysis with three software programs. Accessions of C. baccatum var. pendulum and C. annuum var. glabriusculum were the least similar. Since rates were less than 60% between accessions of C. chinense and C. annuum, they revealed low identity of amplified DNA segments among the three Capsicum species. Redundance in four accessions of C. chinense and in five accessions of C. annuum was not detected. On the other hand, duplicates within accessions C. chinense (50%), C. annuum var. glabrisculum (5%) and C. baccatum var. pendulum (75%) were reported in the Capsicum active germplasm bank.

Department of Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur - 208 024, UP, India. Corresponding e-mail: mfpsmachado@uem.br

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.48

¹Potato and Vegetatively Propagated Vegetables Department, Horticultural Research Institute (HRI), Agricultural Research Centre (ARC), Giza, Egypt. ²Natural Products Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: yasser.osman77@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.49

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Abstract: This experiment was carried out to study the impact of plant density 5, 6, 7 and 8 lines/ ridge (22, 27, 31, 36 plants/m²) and foliar application of Ascophyllum nodosum and Ecklonia maxima extracts at rate of (0, 0.5 and 1 mL/L) and their interaction on plant growth, yield and chemical constituents of green garlic bulbs under new reclaimed soil. The obtained results showed that plant density 5 and 7 lines/ ridge recorded highest values of plant length, bulb diameter, plant fresh weight, nitrogen and crude protein percentage in dry matter of green garlic bulbs. The plant density of 5 lines/ ridge scored the highest values of leaf area, plant dry weight, bulb weight at harvest time and total carbohydrates concentration. In addition, plants cultivated at rate of 8 lines/ ridge gave the highest values of total yield of green garlic and bulbing ratio. The plant densities at rate of 5 and 6 lines/ ridge scored the highest values of bulb diameter and bulb dry matter at harvest time. Foliar application of 1 mL/L A. nodosum extract led to the highest total yield of green garlic, bulb weight at harvest time, bulb diameter, dry matter percentage, nitrogen and crude protein percentage in dry matter of bulbs. On the other hand, plants sprayed with 0.5 mL/L of A. nodosum and E. maxima extracts gave higher total carbohydrates concentration in bulbs than other treatments. Additionally, plants sprayed with 0.5 and 1 mL/L of A. nodosum extract gave higher potassium percentage in bulbs than other foliar application treatments.

¹Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea. ²Department of Plant Science, Gangnueng-Wonju National University, Gangnueng 25457, Republic of Korea.Corresponding e-mail: jyheo@gwnu.ac.kr

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.50

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Abstract: In Korea, the seeds of Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis are sown in the winter and spring months. Cold stress can result in irregular seed germination and poor seedling establishment in some cases. Priming seeds with salicylic acid (SA) can reduce the likelihood of poor seedling establishment when exposed to cold stress conditions, which is beneficial for many plant species. The present study was carried out to determine the effectiveness of seed priming with SA on seed germination and seedling establishment in B. rapa ssp. pekinensis under cold stress conditions. Seeds were soaked in different SA concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 mM) for 12 and 24 hours, respectively, and then both primed and unprimed seeds germinated at 5 ^oC. Using SA treatment, seed germination was improved, as was root and shoot length, which were both longer in SA primed seeds than in unprimed seeds. Based on the findings, it is possible to use SA priming as one of the most effective ways to maintain productivity in B. rapa ssp. pekinensis while it is exposed to low temperatures.

¹Department of Farm Machinery & Power Engineering, AEC & RI, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore -641 003, Tamil Nadu, India. ²Department of Agronomy, AC & RI, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Killikulam -641 003, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: drrthiyagarajan@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.51

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Abstract: Grape farming is a labour-intensive operation, with pruning as one of the tasks performed with hand tools. Most of the tropical countries use locally made and commercially available hand pruning tools for grape pruning. Different pruning tools were selected for ergonomic evaluation and refinement was completed based on the physiological responses of the subjects. The comparison between the commercially available Economy tool (M₂), Maharashtra tool (L₁) and Karnataka tool (L₂) model pruner shows that the model Economy tool (M₂) gives better performance. Economy tool (M₂) model is highly preferred by the grape farmers due to its high performance and more comfort than Maharashtra tool (L₁) and Karnataka tool (L₂) pruner. This is due to standard material, shape of the pruner slightly bent for easy handling. In Maharashtra (L₁) and Karnataka pruning tool (L₂) due to direct pressure or “contact stress” refers to on-going contact between a part of the body and a hard edge or surface which in cause the discomfort and pain. Similarly, pressure points of any type can interfere with production. The physiological responses were measured and compared between the ergo refined pruning tool (EM₃) and other selected pruning tools. The results for the Ergo refined pruning tool (EM₃) registered are 95.2 beats min^-1 (Heart rate), 0.566 l min^-1 (Oxygen consumption), 11.81 KJ min^-1 (Energy expenditure), 30.31 and 20.8 percent of AWL and LCP which is lower values when compared to other selected pruning tools. It was also observed that cutting frequency and area coverage for selected pruning tool varies from 11 to 24 cuts/ min and 750 to 1350 m²/ h. Ergo refined pruning tool (EM₃) registered 24 cuts/ min and 1350 m²/ h when compared with other pruning tools. A full hand loop was fitted below the lower handle to improve grip and uniformly apply force throughout the pruning operation, resulting in increased area coverage and frequency of cut.

ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi-221305, India. Corresponding e-mail: vanitha.gkvk@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.52

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Abstract: Vegetables are higher in productivity, short duration, and provide a valuable source of income leading to improved livelihood. This study analyzes the growth trends over the years in vegetable area, production and productivity across different states and forecast the future values with the existing growth pattern of vegetables in India.Vegetable area, production and productivity have grown at the rate of 2.17, 4.29 and 2.07 %, respectively from 1961-62 to 2017-18. Further, vegetable production in future is going to increase by 1.75 folds from 197.17Mt by 2020, 242.99Mt by 2030, 284.7 Mt by 2040 and 322.64 Mt by 2050. There would be a surplus production of vegetables ranging from 75 to 133 million tons during 2030-2050 if the same scenario of growth prevails. Highest significant growth rate in vegetable production was seen in the states like Nagaland followed by MPand Tripura. Crops like bottle gourd, brinjal, capsicum, carrot, green chilli, onion, peas, potato, sweet potato, tapioca, musk melon and water melon have more than 50% of their production coming from their 3 highest producing states. These states have to be recognized as hub for the respective crops and encouraged for direct export of surplus after meeting the demand from other consuming states. Processing and market infrastructure should be encouraged in these states for effective utilization and to minimize the wastage of surplus production.

¹Departement of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University, Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia. ²Departement of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Warmadewa University, Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia. Corresponding e-mail: rainyoman@unud.ac.id

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.53

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Abstract: Snake fruit blooms every three months, but only one to two of the flowering seasons result in fruit production. Failure of fruit set causes the fruit harvest seasonally. Therefore, the aim of this research was to increase off-season production by preventing the failure of fruit set with various exogenous auxin spray. The research was conducted in the snake fruit orchard at Bebandem Sub-District, Karangasem Regency, Bali Province, Indonesia, from February to November 2019. The experiment was designed as a nested factorial with a randomized block design. The treatment consisted of three types of auxin with a specific concentration for each, IAA at 0, 25, 50 and 75 ppm, IBA at 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm, and NAA at 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm. The IAA, IBA, and NAA were sprayed on the flowers and leaves 3 times in March, April, and May. The results showed the highest percentage of fruit set, fruit weight per tree, and weight per fruit obtained with IAA treatment were 59.80 %, 2,612.91 g, and 91.06 g, respectively. These results were not statistically different to those of the IBA and NAA. Furthermore, the IAA concentration of 25, 50, and 75 ppm produced a significantly higher percentage of fruit set compared with the control. The increased fruit set in the IAA, IBA and NAA treatments resulted in better yield than the control. The novelty of this result is that spraying snake fruit with IAA, IBA and NAA can prevent the failure of the fruit set. Therefore, IAA, IBA, and NAA are recommended to be applied to increase off-season fruit production of snake fruit.

Department of Horticulture, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi,46300, Pakistan. Corresponding e-mail: drazam1980@uaar.edu.pk

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.54

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Abstract: The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of African marigold (Tagetes erecta) root extract in controlling root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita species and to determine its effectiveness as an intercropped plant on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) morphological and quality traits as well as on soil attributes. The results of the in vivo study revealed that the highest mortality rate (82.33%) of nematodes was observed in T3 treatment (3:1 marigold root extract in distilled water) after 72 hours while minimum egg hatching (9.33) by nematodes was obtained after 12 hours with a similar concentration. Whereas, the pot experiment of intercropping with tomato showed that after 45 days of transplanting, the maximum plant height (79.14 cm), number of leaves (28.22) and leaf area (24.46 cm²) in tomato were obtained in the T3 treatment (Tomato 1 + Marigold 2 + Root knot nematodes (RKN) 1). Similarly, maximum fruit TSS (4.90 °brix) and shelf life (8.67 days) were observed with the same treatment. Concerning root-knot nematode infestation, the maximum number of galls (39.33) and eggs (38.66) on the tomato root system were measured in T4 (Tomato 2 + Marigold 1 + RKN 2). However, the soil analysis of intercropped crops showed that there was no significant impact of marigold and tomato intercropping on soil pH and electrical conductivity, while this intercropping scheme slightly decreased soil nutrient levels.

Potato and Vegetatively Propagated Vegetable Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: mazamahmoud@yahoo.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.55

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Abstract: The current investigation was conducted to test the response of five potato varieties; i.e. , Arizona, Diamant, Markies, Spunta and Valor, to different irrigation levels during the summer seasons of 2018 and 2019 under Egyptian conditions. The irrigation levels were 100, 75 and 50% of evapotranspiration (ET). Different traits of vegetative growth, some chemical characters and yield were increased with increasing irrigation levels from 50 to 100% of ET for all tested varieties. While there were increased bound water and proline content in leaves as well as dry matter and starch content percentages in tubers under drought conditions. Concerning potato varieties, Diamant in both growing seasons gave the highest values for most growth measurements, tuber yield and its components as well as, some parameters of growth analysis, physical and chemical characters and water use efficiency (WUE), followed by the Arizona variety. In terms of the interaction between potato varieties and irrigation levels, Diamant and Arizona cv. were the most drought-tolerant cultivars, with 75 and 50 % ET, respectively, whereas Spunta cv. was the most sensitive. Furthermore, bound water and proline content in leaves, as well as the dry matter and starch content percentage in tubers, increased with decreasing irrigation levels.

¹Amity Institute of Horticulture Studies and Research, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh- 201313. ²Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh- 201313. ³Manager-PHM, EYLLP, Panchkula, Haryana. ⁴Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173230 (H.P.). ⁵School of Agriculture, IGNOU, New Delhi. Corresponding e-mail: sonalivatsyayan@rediffmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.56

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Abstract: Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is an important nutrient rich vegetable with plenty of health benefitting phytochemical properties, however the crop has a short shelf life. Dehydrating bitter gourd is a viable option to ensure availability in off-season but preserving the nutritive and medicinal value through the shelf life of dehydrated bitter gourd is a key challenge. The present investigative study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different pre-treatments on fresh green bitter gourd rings for preservation of important nutrient and phytochemical properties in the dehydrated product. The experiment was laid out in factorial completely randomized design with sixteen pre-treatments. Among these sixteen pre-treatments, T16 [Salt Blanching (SB) + Potassium metabisulphite (KMS) + Sodium carbonate (SC) + Guargum (GG)] was the best performing treatment in terms of retention of important nutrient and phytochemical properties which included carotenoids (1.6 mg/100g), phenol (41.2 mg/g), ascorbic acid (78.8 mg/100g), fibre (2.4 %), antioxidant (42.3 %) and charantin (135.8 ?g/g) of green bitter gourd rings after dehydration, followed by T15 [Salt Blanching (SB) + Potassium metabisulphite (KMS) + Guargum (GG)] treatment which retained maximum properties viz. fibre (2.2 %), antioxidant (40.9 %) and charantin (125.5 ?g/g) after dehydration. The economic benefit of dehydrating green bitter gourd rings is also demonstrated by calculating the benefit cost ratio (BCR) which came out to be 1.75:1, making dehydration a preferred and sustainable option. Pre-treatments of green bitter gourd rings improved shelf life and nutritional quality of the product.

¹Faculty of Agriculture, Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal. ²Nepal Agriculture Research Council, Lalitpur, Nepal. ³Central Department of Botany, Tribhuwan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.57

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Abstract: Due to higher temperatures in Nepal’s mid-hill region, postharvest quality of cauliflower faces significant challenges during the late winter season. To address this issue, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the curd quality of eleven late-season cauliflower varieties. The experiment was set up in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with nine hybrid varieties (Freedom, Titan, Ravella, Artica, Bishop, Casper, Indam 9803, NS 106, and Snow Mystique) and two open pollinated varieties (Amazing and Snowball 16). The experiment was carried out over four replications from November 2016 to March 2018. Snowball 16 had the highest TSS value of 5.5 ^oBrix and pH of 6.5 when compared to other varieties. Snow Mystique had the highest vitamin C content of 48.5 mg/100 g, followed by Amazing and Snowball 16, compared to other varieties. At three, six, and nine days after harvesting, physiological weight loss was 4.0 percent and 8.0 percent in Bishop, and 13.3 percent in Artica, respectively. Snowball 16 received a significantly higher score of 8.5 tasty curds, followed by Amazing. Titan and Artica produced curds with the best appearance and compactness when compared to other varieties. Artica and Titan produced significantly more fresh curds than other varieties. Based on the taste and chemical parameters of the curds for the late winter season in Nepal’s Mid-hill region, it was determined that Amazing was the best OP variety, while Artica, Titan, and Bishop were more preferable hybrid varieties.

Punjab Agricultural University, Farm Advisory Service Centre, Tarn Taran-143401, India. Corresponding e-mail: savreetkhehra@pau.edu

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.58

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Abstract: Pear is one of the most important fruit crops of the temperate region. In Punjab, a low chill variety Patharnakh, has been widely cultivated and become the commercial fruit crop. The present investigation was conducted to assess the awareness and adoption of recommended pear production practices to narrow the adoption gaps so as to achieve sustainable production of quality fruits in Tarn Taran District to evaluate the effect of different technology variables on the awareness score and adoption level of recommended package of practices for pear. The study showed that the respondents along with awareness adopted some of the recommended practices for pear cultivation on priority such as timely irrigation to the plants (As = 1.0; Al =2.6), use of FYM along with chemical fertilizers and timely pruning and training of the fruit plants having good awareness and adoption values. However, they were moderate in terms of weed management (As = 0.58; Al =1.26) and practice of proper packaging and marketing of fruits (As = 0.56; Al =1.20). On the other side, management of mite (As = 0.06; Al =0.10) followed by use of micronutrients as balanced nutrition (As = 0.10; Al =0.22), use of Bordeaux mixture for sap wood and root rot and use of potassium nitrate (KNO₃) for better yield were practices with least awareness and adoption values. The results indicated that, a mere awareness of technology does not lead to adoption. This gap can be bridged by imparting practical know-how with hands-on training to pear growers in niche area.

¹Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya; Nadia, Mohanpur 741 252, West Bengal, India. ²Department of Post-Harvest Technology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya; Nadia, Mohanpur 741 252, West Bengal, India. Corresponding e-mail: alemjamirhorti@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.59

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Abstract: Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is an annual flowering plant, belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. It is predominantly grown for its seeds and oil in open condition, but with its short life cycle and low input requirements it has potential for growing as a profitable intercrop. Cassia (Cinnamomum tamala) being perennial and wide spaced crop, it makes possible for cultivation of short duration and closely spaced intercrops during its harvesting period. However, information on nutrient fertilization of black cumin as intercrop remains elusive. The present investigation was conducted at the HRS, Mondouri, BCKV, West Bengal, India with 9 different combinations of inorganic fertilizer in CRBD with 3 replications to find out the optimum combination of nutrients on growth and yield of black cumin as an intercrop with Cassia. Among the various treatments, maximum plant height (68.11 cm), number of primary (6.07) and secondary branches (9) per plant, number of capsule per plant (23.33), 1000 seed weight (2.24g), seed yield hectare^-1 (3.48 q) and B:C ratio (2.20) were recorded with treatment T₅ (70:40:20 kg NPK ha^-1) followed by treatment T₉ (70:40:30 kg NPK ha^-1). Treatment combinations with higher levels of nutrients had significant effects on growth components and seed yield. From the results of this experiment, treatment T₅ (70:40:20 kg NPK ha^-1) can be recommended as the optimum fertilization dose for obtaining maximum growth, seed yield and profitable economic return of black cumin as an intercrop during harvesting period of cassia leaves under alluvial plains of West Bengal.

¹Department of Post Harvest Technology, College of Horticulture Bengaluru, UHS Bagalkot-587104, India. ²Department of Pharmacology, Hanagal Shri Kumareshwar College of Pharmacy, Bagalkot-587101, India. ³Directorate of Research, College of Horticulture, UHS Bagalkot-587104, India. Corresponding e-mail: hamsar.pht95@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.60

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Abstract: Spine gourd is popular as an emerging underutilized crop due to its various health benefits and medicinal properties. Its powder is used to form a dish called Khakra. Khakra is one of the famous dishes made out of mat bean and wheat flour, a popular dish of western India mainly in Gujarat and Rajasthan, which is used as a snack or during breakfast. During the preparation of Khakra along with whole wheat flour and Bengal gram flour, 50 % of spine gourd powder was used and evaluated for hypoglycaemic activity in STZ induced diabetic wistar rats. The oral administration of Khakra of about 5 to 10 g/rat/day was given for diabetic induced and normal rats for about 21 days and observations were recorded at 0^th, 7^th, 14^th and 21^st day for serum glucose (mg/dL), serum cholesterol (mg/dL) and serum haemoglobin (mg/dL). The Group 6 (STZ + Laboratory diet + Spine gourd Khakraat 10g/ kg body weight/day) showed significant decrease (P<0.01) in serum glucose, serum cholesterol and significant increase (P<0.01) in serum haemoglobin which was found to be dose-dependent. In case of normal rats no significant decrease in serum glucose and serum cholesterol was observed.

¹Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, 125004 India. ²Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab-141004, India. Corresponding e-mail: davinderr184@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.61

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Abstract: Widespread genetic variation occurs across carrot germplasm, and the assessment of variability provides an important foundation to take advantage of that variation for future carrot improvement. The present investigation was carried out to study the variability, heritability and genetic gain for nineteen traits in carrot. Genotypes PC-161, PC-15, PC-173 (tropical), PCO-30, PCO-5, PCO-7, PCP-2, PCP-1 and PCP-17B (temperate) were found to be superior with respect to highest total and marketable yield. Magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters which indicated role of environment on the character expression. Quantitative traits like total sugar content (%), carotene content (mg/100g), anthocyanin content(mg/100g) and lycopene content (mg/100g) had higher values of GCV, heritability and genetic gain and were found most important traits for applying selection in carrot for crop improvement.

¹Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141001, Punjab, India. ²Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141001, Punjab, India. Corresponding e-mail: boparaik91@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.62

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Abstract: An experiment was directed to assess the effect of integrated weed management practices on weed density and dry biomass in rose cv. Gruss-en-Tepltiz by using treatments paddy straw mulch 0.6 kg/m², paddy straw mulch 1.2 kg/m², oxyfluorfen 0.025 g/m², oxyfluorfen 0.025 g/m² + paddy straw mulch 0.6 kg/m², oxyfluorfen 0.025 g/m² + paddy straw mulch 1.2 kg/m², hand weeding (at monthly interval) and unweeded control. The least value of weed count of diverse species was recorded in hand weeding closely followed by oxyfluorfen 0.025 g/m² + paddy straw mulch 1.2 kg/m². Dry biomass of weeds and weed control efficiency was also marked to be lowest in hand weeding followed by oxyfluorfen 0.025 g/m² + paddy straw mulch 1.2 kg/m². Since hand weeding is costly, tedious, laborious, and if not done legitimately, harms the plant and root system, the result of the study advocated using oxyfluorfen in combination with paddy straw mulch at a rate of 1.2 kg/m² for effectively reducing weed growth.

¹Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. ²Frontier Agriculture, SOYL Precision Crop Production Division, Newbury, United Kingdom. ³College of Technology and Development, Zagazig University, Egypt. ⁴Central Laboratory for Date Palm Research and Development, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: mmunir@kfu.edu.sa

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.63

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Abstract: The present study was conducted during the 2017 and 2018 seasons on date palm cv. Khalas to determine the most effective daytime to pollinate female palms to obtain optimum fruit set, yield, and best fruit characteristics. Nine, twelve-year-old date palm trees were selected for the experiment, and five spathes from each palm were chosen for pollination. These palms were pollinated at three different daytimes, i.e., at 8am (morning), 11am (late morning), and 2pm (afternoon). The experiment was laid out on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates for each treatment. The outcome of the study indicated significant differences among three pollination times. Date palm cv. Khalas pollinated at 11am exhibited significantly promising results regarding fruit set percentage, parthenocarpic fruit percentage, biser fruit percentage, tamar fruit percentage, bunch weight, yield per palm, fruit fresh weight, fruit length, fruit width, fruit volume, pulp weight, pulp ratio, seed ratio, pulp:seed ratio, seed weight, seed length, and fruit moisture content; however, fruit drop percentage, seed width, total soluble solids, total sugar, reducing sugar, and non-reducing sugar were not significantly affected by any pollination times. Pollination carried out at 2pm closely following to 11am pollens application time, and a number of attributes were non-significant between the two times such as fruit set percentage, parthenocarpic fruit percentage, biser fruit percentage, tamar fruit percentage, bunch weight, yield per palm, fruit volume and seed length. Early pollination time (8am) showed poor results regarding most of the attributes studied. Therefore, it is concluded that pollination should be carried out around the middle of the day when the ambient temperature is optimum, which favours pollen germination and positively influence fruit yield and quality attributes.

¹Department of Horticulture, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. ²Department of Soil Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Corresponding e-mail: rashid.iags@pu.edu.pk

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.64

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Abstract: Kalonji (Nigella sativa L.) is an important medicinal plant, cultivated as a rabi crop in Pakistan. A hydroponic sand culture experiment was conducted to know the effect of N:P supply ratio at two N and P supply levels on kalonji. N:P ratios maintained in nutrient solution ranged from 2 to 18 at two levels of N and P designated as high and low. The plants produced more biomass and seeds with higher antioxidant activity, total phenolics and flavonoids at high N and P supply levels. Biological weight, seed weight, antioxidant activity and total phenolics were not affected by N:P supply ratio. However, high N:P supply ratios i.e. 15 and 18 reduced total flavonoids in kalonji seeds. N uptake by the plant was not influenced by N:P supply ratio however, P uptake was found maximum at ratios 6 to 9. It is concluded from the results that kalonji plants with better quality seeds can be more successfully grown if N:P supply ratio is maintained at or near 7 in the growth medium.

¹Extension and Research Professor, , South Mississippi Branch Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Poplarville, MS, 39470, P.O. Box 193, USA. ²Extension Agent II/Fruit and Field Crops, University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) Cooperative Extension St Lucie County, 8400 Picos Rd, Fort Pierce, FL 34945. Corresponding e-mail: eric.stafne@msstate.edu

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.65

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Abstract: Passiflora incarnata L., often referred to commonly as ‘maypops’, has showy flowers and large fruit. This species has been identified in historical documents as being a food crop, although it is not presently grown as a commercial crop. To better facilitate harvest, Passiflora vines must be trellised to keep flowers and fruit off the ground. There are different methods to accomplish this, but there is little consensus as to the best model. Simple trellis systems made from t-posts, wire fencing, and cement blocks were erected onto a crushed rock covered nursery pad. One trellis was made horizontal to the ground roughly 0.3 m off the pad. The other trellis was vertical (perpendicular to the ground) and reached a height of 1.5 m. Three Passiflora species were used: Passiflora caerulea L. (blue passion flower), Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa O. Deg. (yellow passion fruit), and Passiflora incarnata (maypop). There were no statistically significant differences between vertical and horizontal trellised passion fruit vines in our study. Overall, trellis orientation did not appear to significantly impact vine growth, fruit growth, or fruit quality of Passiflora incarnata. We recommend employing a vertical trellis system for this species.

¹Indian Council of Agricultural Research- Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, Regional Station, Kayamkulam, Kerala-690533, India. ²Indian Council of Agricultural Research- Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala-671124, India. Corresponding e-mail: nihadshukoor@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.66

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Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, Regional Station, Kayamkulam, Kerala, during 2012-2016 for identifying potential commercial heliconia varieties suitable for intercropping in the coconut ecosystem. The experiment revealed that heliconia varieties viz., Iris, Kawauchi, Sunrise and She are suitable as intercrops in coconut gardens. A combination of the varieties She and Sunrise can be planted in the ratio 1:1 for year-round production of marketable inflorescences. Variety Iris can be planted at 1.25 x 1.25 m spacing, whereas the others require spacing of 75 x 75 cm. Heliconia intercropping resulted in higher productivity of the main crop (coconut) as well. This may be due to the micro habitat’s higher moisture retention, which might have resulted in the percentage reduction of fallen nuts in coconut.

Centre for Pollution Control and Environmental Engineering, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, 605014-India. Corresponding e-mail: dr.s.gajalakshmi@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.67

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Abstract: Management of agriculture and horticulture waste biomass are of great concern in achieving circular economy and sustainable development goals. Use of plant biomass in sorption and biosorption is being explored for wastewater remediation cum agricultural and horticultural solid waste management. This study presents the use of the seeds of lasura/lasoda (Cordia myxa) as biosorbent for azo dye Methylene Blue (MB) from wastewater. The proximate and ultimate characterization of Cordia myxa seed powder (CMSP) was carried out for the bulk and surface characterization. Batch biosorption experiments were performed changing the range of parameters i.e. initial concentration of MB (C₀), and contact time (t) at room temperature. In order to know the nature and behaviour of biosorption process, equilibrium isotherms and kinetics were deciphered by employing commonly used models i.e. Langmuir, Freundlich, PFO (pseudo first order) and PSO (pseudo second order). The maximum MB dye uptake capacity of CMSP was determined as 21.93 mg/g at room temperature (398K). The Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo second order kinetic models were found to be the best fit (R² >0.99) for the biosorption process. This study shows the applicability of Cordia myxa seed waste as low-cost treatment of dye wastewater.

¹Department of Vegetable Science, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni Solan HP India 173230. Department of Fruit Science, ²Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni Solan HP India 173230. Corresponding e-mail: neha-vs@pau.edu

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.68

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Abstract: Artificial pollination of vegetable crops necessitates the knowledge of crop's floral biology. In this aspect present investigations were carried out, to gather the information on the floral biology of monoecious (K-75 and UHF-CUC-101) and gynoecious (GYNO-1 and GYNO-2) varieties of cucumber at the Experimental Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Dr. YSPUHF Nauni, Solan (HP) during Kharif, 2016. The experiment was laid out in a RCBD with three replications. The observations were recorded on time of anthesis, dehiscence, pollen viability (%), stigma receptivity and node number bearing first female flower. The experimental results showed that anthesis started at 6AM and completed by 8AM with the maximum anthesis between 6AM to 7AM in monoecious varieties whereas, in gynoecious varieties it was maximum upto 6:00AM in both open and controlled conditions and similar pattern was observed for dehiscence. Dehiscence occurs soon after anthesis. Maximum pollen viability was recorded on the day of anthesis and viability of pollen under refrigerated condition did not decrease as rapidly as it was under room temperature condition with the duration of pollen storage. Maximum stigma receptivity was noticed at anthesis time and pollination during this interval recorded maximum fruit set. Gynoecious lines were earlier in flowering and fruiting than monoecious varieties.

¹Dept. Vegetable Researches, Agricultural & Biological Research Division, National Research Center (NRC), 33 El-Buhouth St., 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt. ²Agric. Affair Agency, Ministry of Works, Municipalities Affairs and Urban Planning, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain. ³Dept. Horticulture Production, Fac. Agriculture and Veterinary medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.19

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Abstract: This work aimed to study the response of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crop to different climate change scenarios using the Aquacrop simulation model. Aquacrop calibration was performed using data from a tomato crop transplanted on October 1, 2015 in the Kingdom of Bahrain’s north. Crop yield production during the period from 2006 to 2015 was used for model testing using recorded climate data for the same period. Generated climate data for the periods of 2020-2030 and 2040-2050 using three climate models; namely, CNRS- CM, EC-Earth and GFDL with two climate scenarios RCP 4-5 and RCP 8-5 were used as inputs for Aquacrop for the specified periods compared with the reference period of 1986-2005. Aquacrop calibration showed good fitting with actual data (R²= 0.93; RMSE= 0.6 t. ha^-1; NRMSE= 0.2 and d = 0.97) as well as with testing period for the yield of 2006-2015 (R²= 0.85; RMSE= 0.33 t ha^-1; NRMSE= 0.093 and d = 0.936). All climate simulation models predicted an increase in both minimum and maximum air temperatures and CO₂ concentration. Aquacrop simulated the response of tomato plants as an increase in total biomass and yield production compared to the reference period. The crop water requirement was reduced due to a shorter crop cycle, which was predicted to be 12-17 days shorter depending on the climate scenario and simulated period.

¹Department of Vegetable Sciences and Floriculture Mendel University in Brno, Valticka 337, 69144 Lednice, Czech Republic. ²School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences Louisiana State University Agriculture Center 137 JC Miller Hall, Baton Rouge, LA70803, USA.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.20

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Abstract: This study investigated the economic differences between organic and conventional seedling production of vegetables in Louisiana (US) during 2018. Broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower organic and conventional seeds were used. Cost analysis was conducted for organic and conventional seedling production, including trays, containers (100 count flats), seeds, substrate, fertilizers, water used for fertilizer treatment, and irrigating the crop, labour, and greenhouse space utilized. Calculations were based on total production cost and net returns for 1 flat, 100 flats, for the production of 100 flats in 3 repetitions, and for the space of 100 m² in the greenhouse. After seedlings reached suitable growth for transplanting, a survey was conducted to determine potential demand for the production of organic and conventional vegetable seedlings for home gardeners. The total production cost of one plant/repetition equated to organic broccoli $0.31, organic cabbage $0.26, and organic cauliflower $0.30, whereas conventional seedlings equated to broccoli $0.15, cabbage $0.11, cauliflower $0.16. The net returns in the production of conventional seedlings for 100 flats 3x per year for broccoli $2,808.1, cabbage $3,498.1, cauliflower $2,760.7 was higher compared to organic seedlings: broccoli $1,201.01 (57.2 % lower than conventional), cabbage $2,118.06 (39.4% lower than conventional), cauliflower $1,572.1 (43 % lower than conventional). In the production of seedlings per 100 m², net returns were almost doubled for conventional seedlings compared to organic seedlings. Despite needing to recoup higher costs for organic vegetable transplants, more Louisiana consumers (65 %) prefer to pay a higher price to buy organic vegetable seedlings compared to conventional vegetable seedlings.

¹Department of Horticulture, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan-313 001 (India). ²Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan-313 001 (India)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.21

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Abstract: An experiment was conducted to develop a fertigation schedule and assess the effect of different levels of NPK on the growth, yield and quality attributes of tomato grown under polyhouse conditions. There were nine different treatments of 75, 100 and 125 per cent RDF at three intervals (two, three and four days) of fertigation. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. Most of the traits under study were significantly influenced by various levels of fertigation except specific gravity. Results revealed that maximum plant height (241.70 cm), number of branches (18.24), leaf area (328.70 sq cm), number of fruits per plant (83.42), weight of fruits (88.53 g), volume of fruits (90.88 cc), length of fruit (5.88 cm), yield per plant (7385.04 g) and yield per square meter (17.72 kg) were reported for treatment 125 % RDF at three days interval) followed by 125 % RDF at two days interval). In contrast, treatment 125 % RDF at four days interval) taken minimum days to first harvest (84.97) and was earliest among the treatments studied. Thus, tomato crops grown under polyhouse conditions should be supplemented with 125 percent of RDF i.e. 225 kg N, 125 kg each of P and K per ha, along with three days interval of fertigation for higher yield.

Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Navalur Kuttappattu, Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu-620027, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.22

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Abstract: An attempt was made to study the effect of specific gravity separation on seed germination and biochemical properties of coriander var. CO3 seed at Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, TNAU, Kumulur, Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu. The seeds were graded in a specific gravity separator viz., horizontal height (cm), vertical height (cm) and air blow rate (m³/hr) adjustments of 0.5, 1.0 and 3.5, respectively at 485 rpm. Coriander seeds were classified into five grades, numbered one through five, and labeled A, B, C, D, and E (grade A represents light weight seeds and grade E represents heavy weight seeds). The seeds were graded and then tested for seed recovery percentage, 100 seed weight, seed filling percentage, germination percentage, speed of germination, seedling length (cm), dry matter production (g/10 seedlings), vigour index, field emergence (%), and biochemical analysis. The results revealed that higher germination per cent was recorded in the E grade (74 per cent) than A, B, C and D grades as well as F-ungraded bulk seeds. Estimation of storage reserves revealed that variation existed among the grades separated by the specific gravity separator. E grade seeds recorded higher protein, oil and carbohydrate contents, which would have substantiated the higher germination, vigour and field emergence.

¹Department of Vegetable Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Periyakulam East, Theni district, Tamilnadu-625 604. ²Coconut research Station, Aliyarnagar, ³Department of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore -641 003.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.23

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Abstract: Moringa oleifera, a tropical vegetable crop of India, has gained importance for its nutrient-rich leaf production. A study was conducted at the Department of Vegetable Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam, to increase leaf biomass productivity and quality attributes of moringa leaves using liquid microbial inoculum. Microbial inoculum included Azospirillum, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, potassium solubilizing bacteria and pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs along with graded level of inorganic water soluble fertilizer. The annual moringa var. PKM -1 seeds were sown at a spacing of 40 x 20 cm on well prepared raised beds. Among the different treatments, combinations, tested moringa plants that received RDF 125 % of the recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers (337.5: 56.25: 112.5 kg NPK ha^-1) along with a liquid form of bio inoculants viz., Azospirillum, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, potassium solubilizing bacteria @ 500 mL each ha^-1 through drip system and foliar application of pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs @ 500 mL ha^-1 produced higher biomass yield. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, ascorbic acid, tocopherol, crude protein, crude fiber, and total carbohydrates were found to be higher in the same treatment group.

Crop Production Department, University of Bengkulu, Bengkulu 38121, Indonesia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.24

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Abstract: Cucumber responses to mulching vary by season, region, and mulching material. A field experiment, arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates, was established to assess the effect of organic mulches on weed growth and cucumber yield. Treatments consisted of no mulch, palm oil leaf litter mulch, rice husk litter mulch, blady grass litter mulch, coffee husk litter mulch, and black-silvered plastic mulch. Treatment effects were evaluated in terms of the dry weight of weeds (broad and narrow leaf) and yield of cucumber (fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit number plant^-1, fruit weight, total fruit weight plot^-1and weight of marketable fruits plant^-1). Results indicated that the use of mulches effectively reduced weed growth, increased growth, and yield of cucumbers. The effectiveness of black-silvered plastic, coffee husk litter, rice husk litter, palm oil leaf litter, blady grass litter mulches to control weeds were 98, 68, 58, 56, and 54 %, respectively. Cucumbers grown with mulch increased fruit diameter, fruit weight, number of fruit plant^-1, weight of marketable fruits, and total fruit weight plot^-1 that were 7, 91, 25, 78, 134, and 78 % higher than those grown without mulch, respectively. These findings provids a valuable technique for cucumber growers in the low altitude of equatorial areas.

¹Department of Pest Management, Visayas State University, Visca, Baybay City, 6521, Leyte, Philippines. ²Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Australia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.25

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Abstract: Seedling dieback caused by Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) is a significant problem in jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) nurseries in Eastern Visayas, Philippines. It has been linked to insufficient knowledge of inoculum sources and possible factors contributing to seedlings’ health. This study was conducted to identify potential sources of Phytophthora inoculum in representative nurseries in Eastern Visayas and evaluate the effect of possible factors that contribute to seedling health. Phytophthora detection was conducted from random samples of potting media, irrigation water, germination beds, and roots of seedlings from representative nurseries supplying seedlings in the region. Detection was done through tissue baiting and the use of a Phytophthora-specific diagnostic kit. The effect of the air-filled porosity (AFP) of potting media, sanitation, pathogen inoculation, and phosphonate on plant growth and seedlings’ health was evaluated. Phytophthora propagules were positively detected in most samples, suggesting that seedlings most likely already harbor the pathogen when distributed to farms in the region. Among the factors, AFP of the potting medium had the most profound effect on seedlings’ growth and health. The tallest plants with the largest stem diameter, highest dry weight biomass, and least disease rating were grown in the most porous medium (21 % AFP) consisting of 20 % garden soil, 20 % carbonized rice hull, 20 % rice hull, 20 % coco coir dust, 10 % sand, and 10 % chicken dung. The benefit of a highly porous medium was, however, seen only when external fertilization was undertaken. Unsterilized media resulted in healthier seedlings compared to sterilized media. Sterilized potting media that were inoculated with the pathogen after sterilization resulted in more severe disease. Sterilized potting media was beneficial for jackfruit seedlings when supplied with adequate nutrients and as long as contamination with the pathogen does not occur. Sterile media, therefore, should be kept away from recontamination with the pathogen otherwise more severe disease may occur. The addition of the plant defense regulator phosphonate showed no effect on the growth and health of seedlings under the trial’s conditions.

Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.26

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Abstract: The application of small-scale fertilizers is among methods tested to reduce the salinity-caused reductions in crop production. The efficiency of a certain fertilizer was shown to be significantly affected by its application method or place. Therefore, in the current study, Lithovit-Guano25 (Guano) was applied with a concentration of 2 g.L^-1 through two methods of fertigation (ferti) and foliar spraying (foliar) on tomato salt-stressed crop irrigated by four different NaCl solutions (EC 2, 6, 10 and 14 dS.m^-1). Control plants were those irrigated by NaCl solutions with no Guano application. Leaf number, fresh weights of plant parts, yield components, nutrient content, and total chlorophyll content, were reduced with salt stress. Salinity increased total soluble solids, titratable acidity and cell electrolyte leakage. Compared to control, Guano-foliar caused a reduction in soil EC by 0.09, 0.13, 0.2 and 0.22 dS.m^-1 respectively at EC2, EC6, EC10 and EC14. Fresh weights of shoots and roots were optimized mainly in Guano-foliar by 12.5, 10, 4 and 7.5 g compared to control, respectively at EC2, EC6, EC10, and EC14. When comparing methods of application, no significant difference was found between both methods on fruit diameter, fruit TSS, TTA and Mg content. Leaf area and fruit weight in Guano-foliar-treated plants were significantly higher (by 20 cm² and 2.5 g) compared to Guano-ferti-treated plants at EC14. Moreover, fruit number and yield were also maximized following Guano-foliar treatment. Guano-foliar treated plants accumulated less sodium at EC6 (by 0.2 %) and more phosphorus at all ECs (by 0.2 %) than those of Guano-ferti. Additionally, nitrogen, calcium, and total chlorophyll content were maximized in Guano-foliar-treated plants. When compared to fertigation, foliar spraying of guano had a better effect on mitigating salt stress.

¹Department of Botany, Burdwan University, Bardhaman 713104, W.B., India. ²The Institute of Integrated & Honors Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India. ³Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.27

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Abstract: To assess the role of kinetin (KN) and morphactin (MOR) separately and also in combination in the regulation of petal senescence, cut flower sticks of Polianthes tuberosa were placed in various holding (vase) solutions like sucrose (0.1M), kinetin (KN, 20 pM), morphactin (MOR, 20 pM), KN (20 pM) + MOR (20 pM) and sucrose (0.1M) + KN (20 pM) + MOR (20 pM). Holding solutions were taken in sterilized conical flasks and the whole set up was placed under fluorescent tubes (40 Lux light intensity). A combination of sucrose + KN + MOR was the best followed by KN + MOR in partly controlling the loss of moisture content and flower turgidity, as well as a rapid decline in the fresh weight of flower sticks during 4-day as witnessed in treated and control sets. It was also noticed that both plant growth regulators (PGRs) when applied together and when sucrose was included, became more effective in maintaining relatively higher values of flower diameter. Investigation on selected biochemical changes revealed a sharp increase in reducing and total sugars of petals of untreated flower sticks, and KN treatment was found to be the best in arresting sugar accumulation. For the retention of protein, holding solution having sucrose + KN + MOR was the best while lipid peroxidation was arrested by KN+MOR but sucrose application alone was more effective in reducing this process. This study revealed a sharp increase in proline content in untreated tuberose petals, while reduced to some extent by sucrose and further reduction by MOR and KN. Sucrose was found to be the least effective in lowering the proline level.

¹Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Cross River University of Technology, Cross River State, Nigeria. ²Deparment of Plant and Ecological Studies, University of Calabar, Calabar. ³Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Cross River University of Technology, Cross River state, Nigeria.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.28

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Abstract: Viruses have been known to cause considerable yield losses in Ocimum gratissimum (L.), a leafy vegetable commonly known as African basil but locally referred to as “scent leaf’. The crop is cherished for its essential oil, medicinal and agricultural benefits. Virus-like symptoms on leaves causing mosaic, yellowing, leaf malformation and stunting on O. gratissimum (L.) were observed in several farms during the 2018/19 crop season in two locations of Boje and Okoyong in Cross river state. Serological and molecular methods were used to detect viruses infecting the crop at the two locations. Preliminary studies showed the virus could be transmitted mechanically, affirming it was a viral infection. Symptomatic leaf samples from both locations tested positive in antigen-coated plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ACP-ELISA) to antibodies of genus-specific Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Potyvirus. Primers specific to the coat protein of CMV and the cylindrical inclusion (CI) protein of potyvirus were used for detection of the viruses in reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Obtained sequences were compared to corresponding sequences in the GenBank using the BLASTn program, and the ocimum isolates showed nucleotide sequence similarities of between 89.20 -97.98 % to ocimum potyvirus (MT396942) from Calabar in both locations and two of the collected samples from Okoyong showed a sequence similarity of 100 % with Ocimum CMV isolate from India MN481937. This is the first evidence of potyvirus infection in both locations and mixed infection of CMV and potyvirus on O. gratissimum in Nigeria.

Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 8415683111, Isfahan, Iran.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.29

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Abstract: Bermudagrass turfs are widely used in subtropical to tropical regions and in transition zones for golf courses, landscape areas, and athletic fields. Lack of adequate cold tolerance in these grasses causes early winter dormancy and an aesthetically unpleasing surface. This study investigated the effect of sequential Trinexapac-ethyl (TE) applications during the growing season on fall color retention, spring green-up, and physiological responses related to cold hardiness in bermudagrass cultivars. Trinexapac-ethyl (untreated, 6.0, 12.0, and 18.0 mg a.i. m^-2) was applied monthly throughout the bermudagrass growing season. According to the results, TE applications enhanced spring green-up and possessed color retention for 20 and 12 days longer in the first and second years of the study, respectively. Higher proline and total carbohydrate contents were observed in the crown of TE-treated as compared to untreated turfs. Hybrid cultivars exhibited higher spring green-up, rhizome survival, proline content, total carbohydrates, and longer color retention than seeded cultivars. The higher proline content of the crown was positively associated with enhanced color retention, rhizome survival, and spring green-up. Finally, these results confirmed that accumulated osmolytes in the crown (resulting from growing-season TE application) minimized the dormancy period in winter via improvement of fall color retention and spring green-up.

¹Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis, 02600, Arau Perlis. ²Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor. ³Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.30

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Abstract: Chemical fertilizer application is one of the most common practices worldwide due to its fast nutrient release mechanism. Nevertheless, the usage of inorganic fertilizer for vegetable crops is not preferred as it may contribute to the health risk. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of fish amino acid (FAA) as foliar fertilizer on the growth and yield of kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra L). Five treatments of the experiment were; T1 NPK Green (Control), T2 (10% FAA), T3 (20 % FAA), T4 (30 % FAA) and T5 (40 % FAA). The growth performance of kale when treated with T4 showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, total leaf area, and plant biomass as compared to other treatments. Fish amino acid at 30 % concentration can be recommended as an effective replacement for NPK green for sustainable kale production.

¹Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, School of Engineering, The Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK) - P.O. Box 446 Jounieh, Lebanon. ²Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 90-1965, Fanar, Lebanon. ³National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR–I.S.A.FO.M.).

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.31

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Abstract: The challenges faced by traditional agriculture led to the development of alternative agricultural systems such as soilless systems. This work aimed to assess the growth and yield components of kale under three soilless growing systems: Nutrient film technique set up vertically (T-vertical); Nutrient film technique set up horizontally (T-horizontal), and substrate coco bags (T-coco). The trials were conducted for two consecutive growing seasons (S1: Spring 2018 and S2: Fall 2019) in an unheated greenhouse. Irrigation supply, maximum plant uptake of water, and radiation use efficiency were evaluated for both seasons. The quantitative and qualitative parameters of the production were assessed in terms of yield ( kg per plant and kg per m²), number of leaves per plant, dry matter, protein content, nitrate level and leaf mineral composition. The main results showed that the maximum plant uptake was 0.30, 0.30 and 0.20 L m^-2 day^-1 respectively for T-vertical, T-horizontal and T-coco while the actual supply of water was 62.4, 32.28 and 3.27 L m^-2 day^-1, respectively. A significant difference was recorded for the number of leaves, yield components, dry matter, protein level, Radiation Use Efficiency and mineral composition of kale leaves was higher during fall than in the spring season. However, the nitrates level was much higher in spring than in fall. The T-vertical soilless system showed better yield (6.83±2.27 kg per m²), more proteins (2.53±0.31 g per100 g FW), and higher amounts of calcium (Ca), total nitrogen (N), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) than the other systems. The study demonstrated the potential of soilless production technologies in the coastal Mediterranean areas.

Agro-physiology, Biotechnology, Environment & Quality Laboratory, University Ibn Tofail, Kenitra-Morocco.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.32

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Abstract: The phoenicultural sector occupies an important place in Morocco’s agricultural development strategies. The country has seen increasing growth in the creation of date packing and cold storage units in hot areas where energy poses a critical environmental situation. The overall objective of this study was to enable the local population, especially the actors of the phoenicultural sector using the refrigerated units for the conditioning of dates, to benefit from the important solar potential enjoyed by the region, with a strong concern for reducing the energy bill and for participation in the national and international efforts to reduce the effects of climate change. The study made it possible to propose technical-economic solutions based on photovoltaic energy. It thus emerges that the use of this energy is essential as a curative solution to this challenging economic situation. Therefore, the context of the project is favourable to its success as a technical solution for reducing energy consumption.

Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.33

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Abstract: Shading is one of the cooling methods for changing the microclimate and maximizing crop growth in hot and sunny regions. A study was conducted to determine the effect of the growing environment on the growth, yield and fruit quality parameters of strawberries. The experimental treatments include net house, poly shade house, UV poly shade house, and open field (control) conditions. The results revealed that the plants produced in the net house condition had maximum plant height (18.5 cm), total chlorophyll content (62.66), fruit number (17), and yield (289.16 g/plant) of strawberries. In contrast, plants grown under UV poly shade conditions recorded higher total soluble solid (7 °Brix), titratable acidity (0.46%), ascorbic acid (39.68 mg/100g) and lower pH (3.41). Reducing sugar (7.57 mg/g) and phenol (2.44 mg/g) levels were higher in fruits grown in poly shade. Results indicated that the most suitable growing condition for yield and yield parameters of strawberries is under the net house. In contrast, UV poly and poly house conditions are favourable for producing better quality fruit.

Department of Olericulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani 695 522, Kerala.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.34

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Abstract: An experiment was conducted at the Department of Olericulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala, to study the effect of fertigation, drip irrigation, and training levels on the yield and quality of watermelon under rain shelter. The treatments were factorial combinations of three fertigation levels (75, 100 and 125 % recommended dose (RD) of 70:50:120 NPK ha^-1), two irrigation levels (0.6 and 0.8 evapotranspiration (ET) rates) and two training levels (nipping to one vine, nipping to two vines) arranged in randomized block design with two replications and control with surface irrigation, soil application of fertilizer and horizontal training of vines. Levels of fertigation and irrigation exerted a significant influence on fruit weight and yield plant^-1. Total yields were highest at 100 % RD (115.68 t ha^-1) as compared to 125 % RD (94.81 t ha^-1). The number of fruits plant^-1 was unaffected by ferigation and irrigation treatments. Vertical training of two vines in watermelon resulted in the highest number of fruits plant^-1 (6.09). TSS was unaffected by fertilization, irrigation, or training levels. Under a rain shelter, lycopene and ascorbic acid levels were affected by a lack of irrigation.

¹Department of Horticulture and Post-Harvest Technology, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan (West Bengal) – 731236, India. ²Department of Horticulture, M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurian University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi (Odisha) – 761211, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.35

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Abstract: In West Bengal (India), onions are mainly cultivated during the Rabi season. The Coastal Saline Zone of West Bengal is a non-traditional onion growing belt. An experiment was conducted to study the production and storage performance of onion cultivars in this region with the broader aim of understanding the suitability of this region for commercial onion cultivation. Sixteen short-day onion cultivars were grown and assessed for their yield and storage performance during the Rabi season. Variation among the onion cultivars was noted for observed field and storage traits. Onion cultivars Agrifound Light Red, Bhima Shakti, Sukhsagar, NHRDF Red-2, Pusa white Flat, NHRDF Red-3, Bhima Kiran, and N-53 out yielded others. Average physiological loss in weight, rotting, sprouting and total loss was registered 33.6, 24.8, 1.3 and 59.7%, respectively, after 180 days of storage. Onion cultivars recorded 20.0 to 99.6% total losses after six months of storage. Cultivar Sukhsagar was found to be suitable for extended storage.

¹Agribusiness Department, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Lopez, Quezon Branch, ²Central Bicol State University of Agriculture, Pili, Camarines Sur.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.36

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Abstract: Momordica charantia L. is a vegetable crop commonly cultivated under chemical fertilization. Thus, its response to different organic fertilization schemes was investigated. Growth, yield, chemical properties and organoleptic properties were determined, and profitability was also assessed. The experiment was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated thrice and applied with the following treatments: T1 (farmer’s practice-inorganic fertilizer); T2 (vermicompost); T3 (vermicompost and fermented fruit juice); T4 (vermicompost + calcium phosphate); and T5 (vermicompost + fermented fruit juice + calcium phosphate). Early flowering and fruit setting in bitter gourd were not influenced by the treatments while yield components were highest in inorganic fertilized plants. Vermicompost supplemented with calcium phosphate had higher vitamin A (7,354 I.U), while application of inorganic fertilizer contributed to higher vitamin C (69.87 mg/100 g). Total soluble solids (5 °Brix) was highest in plants applied with vermicompost and fermented fruit juice. A higher amount of phosphorus and potassium in the soil was observed after planting. In contrast, lower soil pH, percent organic matter and total nitrogen were manifested as compared to the initial soil analysis. No statistical differences was observed in color, crispness, and aroma, while statistical difference was observed in bitterness. Bitter gourds applied with inorganic fertilizer were the most bitter, while those fertilized with vermicompost and fermented fruit juice had the least bitterness.

¹Agriculture Technology Faculty, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia, ²Agriculture Faculty, Udayana University,Bali, Indonesia. ³Agriculture Technology Faculty, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, South Kuta, Badung, Bali (80361), Indonesia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.37

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Abstract: Potatoes are the most vulnerable crops to climate change in terms of various physiological processes. The implementation of technology in seed potato cultivation was done by installing clear plastic shade on crops and installing black plastic mulch on raised beds. The plastic shade helped in reducing the amount of sunlight intensity received by plants in the range of between 651-1435 lux; maintaining the temperature between 21-28 ^oC and the relative humidity of the environment between 55-82 %. On the other hand, the plastic mulch helped in controlling the growth of weeds and controlling the amount of water in the soil, especially in the root zone at field capacity, and maintained soil temperature at the fixed root zone at 12-24 ^oC. Plant growth was influenced by seed quality, soil temperature, and soil moisture content. The combination of plastic shade and mulch plastic technology on potato seed cultivation increased the quality of plant growth measured from the total biomass weight of 17.2 %. The rate of plant growth directly influenced the productivity of the tuber, which increased by 3.3 %.

Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.38

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Abstract: Natural flowering in pineapple is precocious, lacks synchronization in reproductive phenology and consequently leads to significant losses due to fruits being harvested out of schedule. Several factors influencing the flower initiation in pineapple have been identified, including the cultivar, plant size, temperature, nutrients, and water stress. To increase the synchronization, pineapple flowering can be artificially induced by hormones such as auxin and ethylene. However, despite the artificial induction, the simultaneous full flowering emergence is still difficult to achieve in the industry. Thus, a greater understanding of factors affecting pineapple flowering before hormone application may help in enhancing flowering efficiency. This review discusses the initiation and development of pineapple flowering, as well as the use of exogenous hormones to improve efficacy and provide insight into better pineapple management.

¹Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab- 144411, India. ²Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. ³School of Agriculture, ITM University, Gwalior, MP-474001.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.39

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Abstract: The present investigation was conducted in a factorial randomised block design to evaluate the performance of two chilli varieties (V1: CH-27 and V2: Eagle-53) after application of various organic (neem cake, panchagavya and vermicompost) and inorganic nutrient sources. Among the treatments, T10 (neem cake @ 250 kg/ha with recommended fertiliser doses of 100:50:50 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium per ha) produced the highest average plant height (86.28 cm) and average fruit weight (4.36 g). The application of T8 (vermicompost @ 1 ton/ha with neem cake @ 250 kg/ha) resulted in the highest fruit yield (465.73 g/plant and 172.46 q/ha), while the application of T6 (panchagavya at 3 percent with neem cake at 250 kg/ha) resulted in the highest capsaicin content (0.46 g/g). However, the interaction between the nutrient treatments and varieties was significant, with T8V1 having the highest yield (188.75 q/ha) and benefit:cost (B:C) ratio (4.3). The application of vermicompost @ 1 ton/ha in combination with neem cake @ 250 kg/ha was found as the best treatment for high economic yield with no significant deviation in fruit quality. The CH-27 cultivar was superior because of its high yield, superior fruit quality, and high income.

¹Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board (RAB), Crop Innovation and Technology Transfer Department, P.O. Box 5016 Kigali, Rwanda. ²University of Rwanda, College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 210 Musanze, Rwanda.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.40

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Abstract: The choice of cultivar and adequate nutrition are vital for good watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) production. This study evaluated the yield performance of four watermelon cultivars: ‘Sugar Baby’, ‘Crimson Sweet’, ‘Sukari F1’ and ‘Julie F1’ under four different NPK fertilizer rates: 50, 75, 100 and 125 % of the recommended dose (RD) (90:60:60 kg ha^-1 of Nitrogen (N): Phosphorus (P): Potassium (K). The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, with cultivars in the main plots, fertilizer in the subplots and three replications. The experiment was conducted in two seasons: 2017A and 2017B at two sites; Karama and Rubona. A higher number of fruits per plant (5.1-5.8) was obtained with ‘Julie F1’ + 75 or 100 % of RD at both sites and in both seasons, followed by ‘Sukari F1’ + 100 % of RD and the open-pollinated cultivar A higher fruit weight (4.4-5 kg) was obtained with ‘Julie F1’ and ‘Sukari F1’ under 125 % of the RD. Plots planted with ‘Julie F1’ and treated with 75 % or 100 % of RD recorded higher fruit yield per plant (20.9-27.5 kg) and higher fruit yield per ha (104.2-137.3 t). From these results, it can be concluded that the high yield performance of watermelon in the study area can be obtained with ‘Julie F1’ using 75 % (67.5: 45: 45 kg ha^-1) of the recommended dose of NPK fertilizer.

Department of Botany, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli- 620024, Tamil Nadu, India

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.41

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Abstract: An effective somatic embryogenesis protocol was established for Plectranthus bourneae an Endemic plant to Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India. High frequency (77.28 %) of embryogenic callus was achieved from leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The embryogenic callus was subcultured in a combination of 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 50 mg/L glutamine (GLU) which produced somatic embryos(84.22 %). Different stages of embryos (globular, heart, torpedo and cotyledonary stage) were observed. Maturation and the frequency of somatic embryo germination increased when transferred onto half-strength MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L gibberellic acid (GA3) and 0.5 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (BA). Plantlets were acclimatized successfully with 90 % survival. Histological studies revealed the development of primary and secondary embryos. The genetic fidelity of mother plants and in vitro raised plants was established by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The established protocol assists the rapid production of true-to-type plants by somatic embryogenesis and hence could provide a valuable target material for genetic transformation experiments.

¹Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia. ²Present address: Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, South Kuta, Badung, Bali (80362), Indonesia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.02

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Abstract: The metabolite profile of Curcuma domestica Val. variety Turina-1, one of the superior varieties of turmeric was studied by analysing ethanol extract of the variety. The samples for this research were obtained from BPPT Bogor-Indonesia and were extracted using ethanol (96 %) and then analyzed using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS System (Waters), mass spectrometry: XEVO-G2QTOF (Waters), in ESI positive resolution mode, using gradient method with mobile phase: water, formic acid and acetonitrile. The study revealed 13 metabolites viz., Demethoxycurcumin-2 (48.23 %), ?-Turmerone (19.623 %), Curcumin (18.550 %), Bisdemethoxycurcumin-3 (9.064 %), Curcumin-1, (1.706 %), and other compounds with amount less than 1 % (Kaempferol 3-O-glucosyl-rhamnosyl-galactoside, Demethoxycurcumin, ar-Turmerone Bisdemethoxycurcumin, a-Terpinolene, L-Tyrosine and L-Alanine, L-serine). Based on this research, the main metabolite in the ethanol extract of Turina-1 having the potential as antioxidants is the curcuminoids.

¹Department of Agriculture, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore-641114, India. ²Department of Food and Agricultural Process Engineering, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641003, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.03

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Abstract: Grading of the coconuts adds value to the product and gives better economic return to the farmers as grading reduces the ambiguity in pricing. The aim of the study was to identify the suitable parameters for grading dehusked coconut. In this study, major diameter, minor diameter, length, weight of nut, shell, copra, kernel and water, thickness of shell and kernel were considered. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to achieve the least possible number of parameters which governs an original variation in the dehusked coconut. From the PCA results, two plots viz., score plot and loading plot were obtained for three different size ranges of dehusked coconut (80-90, 91-100 and 101-110 mm diameter). The loading plot revealed that, the weight of nut and weight of kernel was the chief important variables in all the ranges of sizes of dehusked coconut. Score plot was helpful to find the variation between the weights of nut in each size range of dehusked coconuts. Therefore, the present study concluded that the dehusked coconut can to be graded by size as well as weight which may fetch more profit to the coconut producers rather than grading manually by size alone.

¹CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic (CIMAP), Research Centre, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand-263149, India. ²CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow-226015, Uttar Pradesh, India. ³CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Purara, Post-Gagrigole, Bageshwar- 263641 (Uttrakhand), India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.04

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Abstract: Geranium is an economically important aromatic plant for its highly priced essential oil. The essential oil yield and composition is influenced by genetic, agronomical and environmental factors but at maturity, the right harvesting time during the day without affecting the quality is not clear. Present study was undertaken to study the change in essential oil yield and composition at different harvesting time during day in three geranium cultivars i.e., Bourbon, Bio-G-171, and CIM-Pawan. Randomised samples from three cultivars were harvested at crop maturity stage to obtain oil yield and composition of essential oil at different times (06 A.M, 10 A.M, 02 P.M, and 06 P.M.) during the day. Results indicated that essential oil yield increased significantly from 06 A.M. (0.18 %) to 06 P.M. (0.40 %) in Bourbon only and not in Bio-G-171 and CIM-Pawan. With respect to quality of essential oils, no significant quantitative variations in marker compounds was recorded. Citronellol/geraniol ratio is a quality criteria as per industry need and results unveiled high ratio in Bourbon (1.85) and CIM-Pawan (1.73) in afternoon and in Bio-G-171 (1.78) during forenoon, compared with other harvesting time during the day. The study revealed that essential oil significantly increased in cultivar Bourbon during the day but not in Bio-G-171 and CIM-Pawan cultivars. With respect to quality, considering C/G ratio, one can go for harvesting in cultivar Bourbon and CIM-Pawan in the afternoon and for cultivar Bio-G-171, harvesting in forenoon is advisable.

CSIR-Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, P.O. Box 7, Bunso, Eastern Region, Ghana.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.05

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Abstract: Seed quality is a key factor in crop production and food security, particularly during the increasing uncertainty due to climate change. In this study, the effect of harvesting time on seed quality of six eggplant cultivars (Solanum gilo: Dwomo, Kpando, Solanum melongena: GH 3870, GH 3887, Solanum macrocarpon: GH 1072, GH 4918) was assessed at the experimental site of CSIR-Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, Bunso, Eastern Region, Ghana. The experiment was arranged in a randomised complete block design with three replications. Fruits of six eggplant cultivars were harvested at the fully ripe stage at weekly intervals for a period of nine weeks and seeds extracted after each harvest. Seed quality of eggplant cultivars was assessed by 100-seed weight, seed vigour and germination percentage at weekly intervals. The results showed a significant difference in 100-seed weight among all the cultivars at different harvesting times. GH 1072 had the highest 100-seed weight with the lowest being Dwomo at all harvesting times. No germination was observed at first harvest among the six cultivars. Seed vigour increased at 7, 8 and 9 weeks after harvesting in all the cultivars. The highest vigour and germination percentage were observed in GH 1072 followed by GH 3870. The results obtained indicates that seed quality of eggplant cultivars increases with harvesting time. This varied within and among eggplant species.

¹Rand Water, PO Box 1127, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa. ² Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.06

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Abstract: About 27 % of available water in South Africa is utilised in the urban environment. Estimates for South Africa place ornamental landscape water use as high as 50 % of urban water use. South Africa’s average annual rainfall is approximately 495 mm. Rainfall patterns are erratic with periodic droughts of anticipated increased frequency. Ornamental landscapes require additional watering to minimise impacts of dry periods. These landscapes are often over- rather than under-watered. One method of reducing urban ornamental landscape water use is to group plants according to predefined hydrozones to optimise water use through improved site maintenance, landscape design and irrigation application. Currently no extensive researched database of commonly grown ornamental landscape plants linked to hydrozones exists for South Africa. To produce such a plant database, an analysis determining the hydrozone rating of plants sold in South African nurseries was undertaken. The result of this study is a database of plant species suitable for ornamental landscape hydrozones (high, medium, low and very low water requirements) and linked to a plant factor. This provides South African Green Industries Council members, especially landscapers with a database to assist in selecting the most appropriate plants for each hydrozone for their ornamental landscapes and gardens. The database will support South African ornamental landscape water use models.

Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Jayanagar, Bangalore – 560 011.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.01

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Abstract: The objective of the study was to evaluate biochemical response to two different types of wounding damage in leaves of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and also to investigate the influence of pre-wounding on subsequent salt stress exposure. Wounding experiment was performed by small punctures either on the midrib or leaf lamina. Results showed that damage by wounding elicited a rapid increase in H₂O₂ levels within the first few hours of wound stress. H₂O₂ levels, total phenolic and flavonoid levels were significantly higher in midrib damage than either the lamina damage or control conditions. Wounding pre-treatment reduced the toxic effects of NaCl stress in plants. Alleviation of salt induced damage was greater in midrib cuts through the stabilization of relative water content and also an increase in antioxidant scavenging activity. These results confirm that wounding pre-treatment induced cross-tolerance to salinity stress in tomato plants. It is suggested that an early and significantly elevated generation of H₂O₂ with local midrib injury could induce a priming response systemically, thereby providing protection to the subsequent salt stress injury.

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Eachangkottai, Thanjavur-614 902, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.07

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Abstract: In vitro micropagation of banana is nowadays pinned towards development of disease free clones. An efficient protocol has been developed for micropropgation of banana cv. Poovan by using shoot tip as explant. The explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different concentrations of benzyl amino purine (BAP) and thidiazuron (TDZ) for the development of shoots and inodole butyric acid (IBA) for root induction. MS medium supplemented with TDZ was found to be effective for shoot multiplication than MS medium supplemented with BAP. The highest average number of shoots (7.1) for each explant was found in MS medium containing 1.0 mg L^-1 TDZ, while, the maximum of five shoots were produced per explants in MS medium containing BAP (3 mg L^-1). The result of this study showed that the maximum multiplication of shoots (8) was obtained in MS medium containing BAP (3 mg L^-1) and TDZ (0.5 mg L^-1) with four successive subcultures. Shoot elongation was found to be the best in MS medium containing GA₃ (0.4 mg L^-1). The well-developed shoots were transferred to the rooting media after three to four subcultures. More number of roots were produced in the medium having IBA (1.0 mg L^-1). Rooted plantlets were successfully transferred to plastic pots containing autoclaved garden soil, farmyard manure and sand (2:1:1) for hardening. Regenerated plantlets successfully established in field and showed morphological characters identical to mother plants with success rate of 90 per cent. These findings suggested that the protocol might be used for commercial production of disease free Poovan clones through micropropagation.

¹Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia. ²Present address: Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, South Kuta, Badung, Bali (80361), Indonesia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.08

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Abstract: Arak is one of traditional Balinese drink that has potential alcohol content used as a raw material in making bioethanol. The aim of this research was to study the influence of adsorbent-arak ratio and distillation period on the characteristics of bioethanol and to identify the right method to produce bioethanol with the best characteristics using distillation-adsorptive purification method. This research used a completely randomized design with factorial experiment. The first factor was an adsorbent-arak ratio, i.e., 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4. The second factor was the distillation period, i.e., 1, 2, 3 h. Each factor was grouped into two groups based on the two times of arak production so that there were 18 experimental units. The data was analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range test. The result showed that the ratio of adsorbent-arak and distillation period had a significant effect on ethanol content, density, specific gravity, API gravity, and heating value. The combination of 1:3 adsorbent-arak ratio and one-hour distillation period produced the best characteristic viz.,: ethanol content 91.86 %, density 0.83 kg/L, specific gravity 0.81, API gravity 42.31, and heating value 11081.9 kcal/ kg.

Centre for Pollution Control and Environmental Engineering, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry-605 014, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.09

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Abstract: The soil is a natural dynamic body with properties derived from combined effects of climate and biotic activity. It is a porous medium made up of minerals, water, chemicals, organic matter, and micro-organisms which supports plant growth and development. On the other side, the leaf litter from the plants upon decomposition release nutrients and helps in nutrient recycling. In nature, leaf litter is processed by soil organisms of which earthworms are one of the major contributors in nutrient cycling. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the nutrient dynamics while vermicomposting neem leaf litter employing two epigeic earthworm species, Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae. In addition, an assessment has been made on the presence and quantification of the nitrogen (N₂) fixing bacteria during the vermicomposting of leaf litter. From this study, it was found that the nutrients were higher in the earthworm worked leaf litter than the control. It was also found that the nutrients were higher on the 30^th day from the start of the vermicomposting process, and tend to reduce by the 60^th day with further fall on the 90^th day.

¹Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, RVSKVV College of Horticulture, Mandsaur-458001 (Madhya Pradesh) India. ²RVSKVV Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Agar Malwa-465441 (Madhya Pradesh) India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.10

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Abstract: An experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2015-16 at Horticulture Experimental Farm, College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (Madhya Pradesh) to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on growth and yield of isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk) using randomized block design with 3 replications. There were 9 treatments in the experiment viz., 30:15:10 kg NPK ha^-1, 30:15:20 kg NPK ha^-1, 30:30:10 kg NPK ha^-1, 30:30:20 kg NPK ha^-1, 60:15:10 kg NPK ha^-1, 60:15:20 kg NPK ha^-1, 60:30:10 kg NPK ha^-1, 60:30:20 kg NPK ha^-1 and absolute control. Results revealed that application of 60:30:20 kg NPK ha^-1 gave significantly higher value of growth, and yield attributes and economics as compared to other treatments.

¹Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. ²Sherubtse College, Royal University of Bhutan, Bhutan. Corresponding e-mail: hgiri@afu.edu.np

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.11

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Abstract: The research was conducted to explore the technical efficiency of the cauliflower production in Savar and Keraniganj Upazila of Dhaka district, Bangladesh by applying the stochastic production frontier approach. Primary data were collected from 120 households cultivating the cauliflower following the face to face interview by using a structured questionnaire. The estimated results revealed that the mean technical efficiency was 85 % which implies that the household cultivating the cauliflower can increase the revenue by 15 % at given level of resources. Lastly, the inefficiency model suggested that the seedlings of improved varieties, more access to market information, and better training and extension service can minimize the farm level inefficiency.

¹College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China. ²Department of Management and Finance, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. ³ Department of Agribusiness and Marketing, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.⁴Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.12

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Abstract: Use of homestead gardening in developing countries may be a method for improving income and employment of rural women, but determinants for adoption by women are not well understood. The study identified determinants of adoption of homestead gardening and its effect on income and decision making power of women. A total of 150 adopter and non-adopter women were interviewed and the Mann-Whitney test, and probit model was used to analyze data. Age, years of education, training, farm size, and income influenced the adoption of homestead gardening. Annual income in adopters were 40 % more than non-adopters. Women involved in homestead gardening increased household food production and income which helped them to contribute in decision making and could improve the status of women in the society.

¹Vegetable Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. ²Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El Minia, Eg-61517, Egypt.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.13

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Abstract: Two field experiments were carried out during two successive winter seasons of (2018/2019-2019/2020). The purpose of these experiments was to investigate the response of globe artichoke (French cultivar) plants to foliar spray with each of GA3, chitosan, garlic extract, moringa leaves extract or salicylic acid or the combination of each material with GA3. Plant parameters of vegetative growth, earliness, yield quantity and quality as well as some chemical composition were recorded. The results indicated that spraying plants with moringa leaves extract increased vegetative growth i.e. plant height, number of shoots, leaf length and leaf width compared to control plants and other treatments in both seasons. GA3 + moringa leaves extract ranked second. The same results were obtained with yield parameters (early, middle, late and total) by moringa leaves extract. The lowest values were obtained from control plants treatments for all studied characters. The results indicate that there were significant effects of the interaction treatments i.e., GA3 + chitosan, GA3 + garlic extract, GA3 + moringa leaves extract or GA3 + salicylic acid where the highest values were obtained from GA3 + moringa leaves extract treatment compared with all other interaction treatments. It can be concluded that a foliar spray application of moringa leaves extract or the combination of GA3 + moringa leaves extract is more suitable strategy for artichoke yield improvement under quite similar environmental conditions.

Department of Horticulture Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Mizoram University- Aizawl, Mizoram 796004.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.14

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Abstract: Current horticultural practices are being upgraded and updated by use of various technologies including nanotechnology. Use of nanotechnology for developing nanofertilizers could improve the nutrient use ef?ciencies, reduce nutrient loss, replenish soil fertility, increase crop yield, maintain ecosystem, soil health and curtail serious soil problems. Nano-fertilizers are formulated to deliver and emit nutrient tardily and deliberately. Regular release of nutrients by nanofertilizers help in augmenting nutrient use efficiency beyond several related adverse outcome. Nanofertilizers may increase the fruit yield and quality of various horticultural crops which will inturn increase the nutritive content of products as well as increase the global food security. The present review discuses different aspects of nanofertilizer application in horticulture.

Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Faculty Centre for Agriculture, Rural and Tribal Development, Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Morabadi, Ranchi-834008, Jharkhand, India,

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.15

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Abstract: Garden pea is one of the most popular winter vegetables in India and the south Chhotanagpur plateau of eastern India is well-known for its quality production. However, indiscriminate uses of different agrochemicals in the production cycle of the crop reduces its quality. Besides, the high cost concerning chemical farming is practically out of reach to the small and marginal farmers of the eastern Indian plateau. In this context, low-cost involving alternative approach of organic farming that has the potential to produce quality yield is gaining popularity. The experiment consisted of seven commonly cultivated garden pea varieties of the region, namely, V₁:GS-10, V₂: HAEP-1, V₃: HAEP-2, V₄: Swarna Mukti, V₅: Swarna Amar, V₆: Azad Pea-3 and V₇: Azad Pea-1 grown through the application of three organic liquid manures viz. T₁: Shasyagavya (10 %); T₂: Sanjeevani (10 %); T₃: Enriched Sanjeevani (10 %) and including control (T₄ ) where no liquid formulation was applied during rabi growing season of two consecutive years (2017-18 and 2018-19) by adopting Factorial RBD experimental design. Different growth, yield, and quality attributing characters of the crop were studied and found to be significant under different treatments. Results revealed that V₅ is the best-performing variety in terms of green pod yield (19.55t ha^-1). However, when treatment and varietal interactions were taken into consideration, T₃V₆ was the best combination with green pod yield of 23.10 t ha^-1. Quality attributes like TSS, starch, protein and ascorbic acid content of green peas performed significantly better independently under different treatments than control. From the findings, it may be concluded that Swarna Amar and Azad Pea-3 were highly responsive to organic liquid manure especially ‘Enriched Sanjeevani’ in terms of their growth, yield and quality traits expressions in the south Chhotanagpur plateau of eastern India.

Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.16

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Abstract: A reliable forecast of the prices of agricultural commodities can help to allocate resources optimally, enhance efficiency and farmer income, and alleviate fluctuations. Given the importance of accurate forecasts, the present paper investigates how one can forecast greenhouse tomato prices one, two, three, and six-month horizons using different support vector machines and artificial neural network algorithms. The data on variables affecting the price of greenhouse tomatoes were collected through a field study for a short-term period from November 2014 to January 2017. The wholesale price of the crop was drawn from a market study for this period. The results show that the trend forecasted through General Regression Neural Network along with activating function of reciprocal is more efficient to estimate the training data. The Epsilon-SVR SVM acquisition pattern alongside the linear activating function was taken into consideration to estimate the testing data in an efficient way for two-month, three-month or biannual periods.

Mahyco Research Centre, Mahyco Private Limited, Jalna-Aurangabad Road, Dawalwadi, Jalna 431203, Maharashtra, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.17

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Abstract: Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench), also known as “lady’s finger”, belonging to the Malvaceae family, is an alloploid. Availability of haploids and doubled haploid lines are essential for the development of improved okra hybrid varieties. Anthers were excised from flower buds at different stages. The ability to produce haploid callus or somatic embryogenesis and thereby, regenerate into haploid plants was investigated. Several factors, such as flower buds initiation time, type of media and plant growth regulator combinations have been evaluated. The flower buds of different sizes were dissected to determine stages of development before subjecting to various pre-treatments and then the anthers. These were cultured on different PGR combinations (NAA, IAA, 2,4-D, KIN, BAP, IBA, ZTN, 2iP, GA3 and TDZ) and various concentrations. The cultures were incubated in both dark and light conditions. The suitable developmental stage of microspore for callus induction was obtained from 12 mm length of flower buds in okra for calli and root development. The effect of flower bud initiation time was an important factor in anther cultures. The media, MSNB, gave highest percentage (95 %) of callus induction. Incubation for 28 days in dark gave highest percentage (92.5 %) of callus induction. The ultimate aim of this study was to investigate the potential of okra anther culture. The study will ultimately help in double haploid development for faster crop improvement.

Punjab Agricultural University, Fruit Research Station, Jallowal-Lesriwal, Jalandhar-144303, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.18

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Abstract: A study was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Fruit Research Station, Jallowal-Lesriwal, Jalandhar during 2016-17 to evaluate nursery performance of different exotic rootstocks and their budding compatibility with Kinnow mandarin. The seeds of exotic rootstocks: Swingle citrumelo, Rich 16-6, Rubidoux trifoliate (RTF), US-852, Benton citrange, Troyer citrange, Kuharsuke citrange, C-35 citrange, X-639, Carrizo citrange, Gou Tou, Shin Chu Sha, Rangpur Lime, Volkameriana lemon and Rough lemon were sown in protrays and later transplanted in poly-bags under protected conditions. The results of the experiment revealed that maximum plant height and stem thickness was recorded in C-35 citrange and Swingle citrumelo, respectively. Number of leaves/plant was highest in X-639. Root length and thickness at buddable stage were highest in Volkameriana lemon and Benton citrange, respectively. Fresh and dry root weight was maximum in Rangpur lime rootstock. Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) was budded on all the rootstocks under study and highest budding success was recorded in Rough lemon followed by Volkameriana lemon, Rangpur lime and Kuharsuke citrange. It was concluded that Volkameriana lemon, Kuharsuke citrange and Rangpur lime can also be explored as potential rootstocks along with Rough lemon for raising the nursery of Kinnow mandarin under protected conditions in Punjab. However, their long term effects on fruit yield and quality along with stionic compatibility should also be critically taken into consideration before any commercial recommendation.