Division of Horticulture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: karishmasebastian11@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.26

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Abstract: The popular Red Banana variety faces transportation challenges and has a limited postharvest shelf life due to its ripe fruits being less resistant and being a climacteric fruit. This study aims to prolong the shelf life of Red Banana fruits through different postharvest treatments. Fruit bunches of Red Banana were harvested at the mature green stage, separated into hands, precooled, subjected to 12 treatments and stored in corrugated fibre board boxes till the end of shelf life under ambient conditions. Fruits coated with 10% bee wax + 0.5% clove oil (T₄), fruits subjected to coating with 10% bee wax and packaging with potassium permanganate (T₉) and fruits dipped in hot water at 50 °C for 10 min. and packaging with potassium permanganate (T₁₁) registered highest shelf life of 18.67 days. The highest TSS of 26.33°Brix was noticed in fruits stored with potassium permanganate (T₈) after 12.67 days of storage and lowest titratable acidity of 0.19% and the highest sugar-acid ratio of 79.76 was noticed in control (T₁₂) after 11.33 days of storage. Moreover, the highest vitamin C content (7.74 mg 100 g?¹), total sugar content (18.47%), reducing sugar content (15.49%), total carotenoid content (24.13 µg 100 g^-1) was noticed in treatment T₇ (hot water dipping at 50 °C for 10 min.) after 17.67 days, T₁₀ (coating with 40% aloe vera extract and packaged with potassium permanganate) after 13.33 days, T₄ (coating with 10% bee wax + 0.5% clove oil) after 18.67 days and T₉ (coating with 10% bee wax + potassium permanganate) after 18.67 days of storage respectively. Furthermore, the lowest fungal and bacterial count was observed in treatments T₂ (dipping in 30ppm sodium hypochlorite solution), T₇ (hot water dipping at 50 °C for 10 min.), T₉ (coating with 10% bee wax + potassium permanganate) and T₁₀ (coating with 40% aloe vera extract + potassium permanganate).

Department of Agricultural Economics, Shri Durga Ji Post Graduate College, Chandeshwar, Azamgarh (U.P.)-276 128. Corresponding e-mail: sarvesh6126@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.27

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Abstract: The study conducted an extensive field survey utilizing pre-tested interview schedules with tomato and mango growers and chain actors. A multi-stage purposive-cum-stratified random sampling method was employed to select sample units. The findings of this study highlight the cost orientation of tomato and mango production, indicating a greater need for consequential credit. The research revealed that growers of both commodities within fragmented value chains had a higher proportionate share in the value addition (price) than growers in integrated chains, primarily due to direct sales of produce to consumers. Additionally, downstream actors such as commission agents, wholesalers, and retailers received a comparatively higher proportionate share in the value additions (price) compared to upward actors, indicating that producers could not effectively compete with increased demand in the marketplace. Observations within the chain indicated that finance for tomato and mango production circulated through a product commitment relationship established between chain participants. Downstream actors provided financing to upstream actors from either their surplus funds or external finance received from financial institutions. The study suggests developing a producer-driven chain financing model as an alternative to the buyer-driven financing model for tomato and mango production. This could be achieved by promoting farmers' organizations as long-term financing strategies for financing institutions.

¹Department of Agricultural Economics, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Cooch Behar-736165, West Bengal, India. ²Department of Agricultural Statistics, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Cooch Behar-736165, West Bengal, India. Corresponding e-mail: gobinda@ubkv.ac.in

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.28

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Abstract: The present study analyzed the performance of production and export of Indian garlic based on secondary data collected from different governments departmental repositories and websites. Statistical techniques like mean, standard deviation, regression and CAGR was applied for analysis. Garlic held quantity share (29.68 %) of aggregate production of Indian spices. But in export front the share of quantity and value share of garlic estimated only 2.30 % and 1.21 % respectively of total spices export from the country. India ranked 2^nd after China possessing 5.85% share of global production and growing with 9.93 % CAGR over last 15 years (2006-2020) which was 3.5 times higher than China. The major destinations for garlic export from India are Malaysia, Thailand, USA, Vietnam (South) and Nepal altogether constituted around 41 % value of average annual export. But out of these countries, negative trend in export was found in three countries makes India searching for new clients. The lower growth rate (CAGR) of productivity (1.91 %) of garlic compared to acreage (5.46 %) over three decades (1990-91 to 2020-21) harnesses for technological breakthrough. Two producing states of India viz., Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan account around 78.34 % of national production. But in terms of productivity, Punjab (11.39 t/ha), Haryana (10.67 t/ha) and Madhya Pradesh (10.31 t/ha) led the country. Enhancement of productivity through technological development and adequate market infrastructures along with improvement in post harvest management of the crop particularly processing might be given importance to increase production and export potential of garlic.

Department of Agribusiness, Polytechnic University of the Philippines Lopez Branch, Philippines. Corresponding e-mail: lyzurbano@pup.edu.ph

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.29

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Abstract: White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus florida) is one of the domesticated mushrooms in the Philippines and known to grow in various biodegradable wastes. Low Density Polyethelene (LDPE) plastic is one of the most common non-biodegradable wastes in the environment which causes pollution. At present, biodegradation process is one of the ways to degrade plastics because of its non-polluting mechanism and cost-effectiveness. Thus, this study aimed to determine if P. florida could grow in LDPE plastic and facilitate its decomposition. Fourteen treatments were used in the study, laid out in Complete Randomized Design, and replicated thrice. The first four (4) treatments were composed of substrates with no LDPE plastics (rice straw, sawdust and cocopeat) while the rests were substrates with certain percentage of LDPE plastics. Observation was done for eight (8) weeks in the PUP Lopez Mushroom Laboratory and the data obtained was analyzed using ANOVA. Result shows that slight decomposition happened in LDPE plastic mixed with lingo-cellulosic wastes. Small spots or dark holes appear in the surface of LDPE plastics observed under microscope which is a sign of decomposition. In terms of mycelial ramification, fruiting bags with LDPE plastics were first to occupy the fruiting bag. There was also a decreased weight of the fruiting bags after 8 weeks. In terms of yield, substrates without LDPE plastics grew mushrooms with the highest weight. However, yield in sawdust and cocopeat substrates were not significantly different with the yield of mushrooms grown in substrates with LDPE plastics.

¹Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, India. ²Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, India. Corresponding e-mail: atulbhargava@mgcub.ac.in

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.30

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Abstract: This research delves into the morphological and anatomical intricacies of Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae), commonly known as black cumin, through meticulous examination of various accessions collected from diverse geographical regions in India. Morphological studies revealed distinct characteristics such as the linear to lanceolate alternate leaves, black capsule fruit housing seeds, and growth parameters including germination time, maturation period, and yield per plant. Notably, certain accessions exhibited superior attributes in terms of plant height, root length, and seed yield. Anatomical investigations unveiled detailed structures of stems, roots, seeds, and capsules. Stem anatomy exhibited a multi-cornered structure with specific features like uniseriate epidermis with non-glandular trichomes, parenchymatous cortex with chlorenchymatous and sclerenchymatous cells, and distinct vascular bundle arrangements. Root anatomy depicted a circular cross-section with well-defined layers including epidermis, cortex, and xylem with prominent oil droplets. Seed anatomy displayed layers of epidermis, parenchyma, pigmented layer, endosperm, and a central embryo. Moreover, this study identified novel cells in the stem cortex and observed variability in carpel numbers among different accessions. The findings contribute significantly to the understanding of N. sativa morphology and anatomy, shedding light on previously unexplored aspects and emphasizing the need for further investigation into the variability within and among accessions.

¹Department of Vegetable Science, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 037. India. ²Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 037, India. ³Centre of Excellence in Molecular Breeding, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 037, India. ⁴Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore –641 037, India. ⁵Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, (CPMB&B), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 037, India

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.31

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Abstract: The tomato represents an extensively cultivated crop within tropical and subtropical regions of the world for their fresh market and processing attribute. However, its production frequently encounters substantial setbacks due to notable losses associated with diseases such as Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TyLCV). To address this challenge, the current study aimed to assess the resistance or susceptibility of selected 25 tomato breeding lines for TyLCV under natural field screenings to mimic real-world scenarios in accordance with the disease reaction score of Banerjee and Kalloo (1987). The field screening results showed that, the check Arka Vishes line demonstrated high resistance (HR) to TLCV, with reduced PDS, PDI values and a low coefficient of infection (CI). Several lines, including CBE SL 101, CBE SL 105, CBE SL 108, CBE SL 110, and CBE SL 114, exhibited a resistant (R) reaction, while others, such as CBE SL 102, CBE SL 107, CBE SL 112, CBE SL 120, and Arka Rakshak, displayed moderate resistance (MR). Conversely, lines CBE SL 103, CBE SL 104, CBE SL 106, CBE SL 109, CBE SL 111, CBE SL 115, CBE SL 117, and CBE SL 123 showed moderate susceptibility (MS), and the remaining lines, namely CBE SL 113, CBE SL 116, CBE SL 118, CBE SL 119, CBE SL 121, and CBE SL 122, were deemed susceptible to TLCV. The varying disease responses observed across these lines provide valuable insights into the complex dynamics of host-pathogen interactions in tomato plants, informing strategies for disease management and breeding efforts aimed at enhancing resistance to TLCV.

¹Vegetables Breeding Dept., Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, 12613 Egypt. ²Plant Protection Research. Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, 12613, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: bbsoliman76@hotmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.32

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Abstract: An investigation was conducted at Kaha Vegetable Research Farm in the Kaliobia Governorate from 2021 to 2023 with an aim to evaluate the performance of six inbred lines of summer squash and their fifteen crosses in both open field and plastic greenhouse conditions. The study spanned two successive summer seasons (2022 and 2023) and focused on assessing horticultural traits and resistance levels to the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Significant variations were observed in the mean performance of all traits among different genotypes. Analysis revealed significant differences in both general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities for all studied traits, except for the number of days to anthesis of the first female flower, indicating the presence of both additive and non-additive gene effects in traits inheritance. In the plastic greenhouse, genotype P3 exhibited the highest resistance with an average of 10.6 mites per 2 inches², while the cross P2 × P6 showed tolerance with an average of 4.4 mites per 2 inches². This study highlights the potential of new summer squash hybrids with desirable horticultural traits and resistance to the two-spotted spider mite. Additionally, parent 222/2 (P1) demonstrated the best combining ability for all traits, while parents 264 (P5) and 240/3 (P4) were the most effective combiners for total yield. Breeders may leverage these parents for genetic enhancement and the production of hybrids with superior horticultural qualities. Overall, this research provides valuable insights for researchers, breeders and farmers involved in the cultivation, breeding and utilization of summer squash in Egypt.

¹Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. ²Sandy and Limestone Lands Department, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. ³Key Laboratory for Flower Breeding of Yunnan Province, National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Floriculture Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China. ⁴Yunnan Seed Laboratory, Kunming 650200, China. ⁵Plant Production Department (Horticulture-Medicinal and Aromatic Plants), Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: dr.taghreed.eissa.2019@gmail.com; 148422486@qq.com; drmohamedmarey19@alexu.edu.eg

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.33

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Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the impact of various fertilization methods and doses on the growth, flowering, and chemical composition of Iris tingitana cv. Wedgewood plants. The research aimed to address challenges hindering Iris plant development and bulb production, ultimately striving to cultivate high-quality plants suitable for Egyptian conditions. Conducted over two seasons (2021-2022 and 2022-2023) at the Horticulture Research Institute’s nursery of the Agriculture Research Center in Giza, Egypt, the experiment followed a factorial design with a randomized complete design (RCD) and three replicates. Results revealed that plants treated with 5 g/pot of phosphorein and 2 g/pot of kristalon, with irrigation intervals every 10 days after sowing (DAS), exhibited superior growth parameters. These included increased vegetative growth in terms of height, stem length, number of leaves per plant, fresh weight of cut spikes, diameter of the spike stem, and earliest flowering compared to other treatments across both seasons. Conversely, the application of 2 g/pot of kristalon and nitrobine, combined with irrigation intervals every 10 DAS, ranked second in enhancing plant growth and flowering characteristics in both seasons.

¹Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Regional Station, Coimbatore 641007, India. Corresponding e-mail: dawncp@yahoo.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.34

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Abstract: Processing of chilli is an important aspect in the production of good quality chilli. Harvested chilli has moisture content about 80% (w.b) which has to be properly dried to keep away from aflatoxin infestation. Open yard sun drying is the conventional method being practised which takes long time for drying. Pre-treatment like destalking could reduce the drying time considerably resulting in uniformly dried product. The present work was aimed to find the effect of drying on the quality of chilli. Red chilli (variety: Sannam) was dried with stalk and without stalk under open sun and solar tunnel dryer. The drying behaviour of chilli was studied. The influence of drying on the quality parameters viz., vitamin C content, colour (L*, a*, b* values), shrinkage and ASTA colour was found. Drying studies resulted in reduction in moisture content from 323% (d.b) to 8% (d.b). The time taken for drying under open sun drying and solar drying was 33 and 17 hours respectively for chilli dried with stalk. Similarly, the time taken for drying chilli without stalk under open sun drying and solar drying was 29 and 16 hours respectively. Quality analysis of dried samples showed higher vit.C (13 mg/100g) and ASTA colour value (67.4) for solar dried chilli without stalk.

¹Department of Floriculture, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Faculty of Horticulture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal-736165, India. ²Department of Agricultural Statistics, Faculty of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal-736165, India. Corresponding e-mail: indrajitsarkar_kpg@yahoo.co.in

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.35

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Abstract: This study aimed to develop an effective in vitro protocol for germinating and multiplying Dendrobium moschatum seeds by identifying optimal concentrations of plant growth regulators for shoot proliferation and root formation. Five different MS media formulations were utilized, including a control (M?) and those supplemented with varying concentrations of kinetin and NAA (M?, M?, M?) and BAP (M?). Results showed significant variation in seed germination time across media, with the longest duration observed in M? (76 days) and the shortest in M? (55 days). Protocorm formation and plantlet development were quickest in M?, while M? and M? exhibited the longest duration. The initiation of leaves or shoots occurred earliest in M? (103 days) and latest in M? (149 days). Notably, leaf and plantlet growth differed between three- and five-month intervals, with M? demonstrating optimal growth over the longer term. These findings underscore the importance of carefully balanced plant growth regulator concentrations in achieving successful seed germination and subsequent growth in D. moschatum.

¹Department of Economics, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014 (Assam), India. Corresponding e-mail: patowarysuranjan@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.36

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Abstract: The objective of the present study was to examine the seasonal and trend patterns in wholesale prices of tomato, pumpkin and cabbage over different seasons in Guwahati city, Assam. From time series and box plots, the study found that pumpkin prices are higher in November rather than lower prices during April or June. We find that cabbage is priced lowest from January to May and induces peaks in prices, rising the most in October. During January-April, tomato prices fall and reach a low point in April. From May onwards, the prices increase and peak in November. We performed the Mann-Kendal trend test, which showed no significant trend in the prices of all three perishable crops. It was proven that it is weakly loading and uniform across all years. Seasonal indices show a rise in the prices of pumpkins from May to October, cabbage from April to October and tomatoes from April to October reflecting their shorter shelf life and seasonal nature of these crops.

¹Department of Agricultural Economics, CARDS, TNAU, Coimbatore (641 003), India. ²Dept. of Vegetable Science, TNAU, Coimbatore (641 003), India. ³Department of Social Sciences, HC&RI, Periyakulam (625601), India. Corresponding e-mail: keerthikakural@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.37

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Abstract: India is one of the world’s leading fruit and vegetable producers after China owing to its diverse agro-climatic conditions. However, the 20-30 percent of the produce is wasted because of its perishability. The processed form of fruits is the most convenient for storage and export owing to its demand in foreign countries. Hence, this study analyzed the growth and instability of different processed fruit exports in India from 2001-02 to 2022-23. The Compound Annual Growth rates showed that exports increased overall growth rate, with a higher growth rate for jam, jelly and marmalades at 12 percent, followed by dried fruits (9 percent) and mango pulp (0.08 percent) in quantity exported. The instability was calculated using the Cuddy-Della Index for processed fruits’ export values (MT). It was realized from the result that the mango pulp category showed high instability in the overall export with Cuddy-Della Index value of 26.16 percent. In contrast, jam, jelly, marmalades, and dried fruits showed instability of 23.86 percent and 24.8 percent, respectively. This study concluded that proper infrastructure, cold chain, and supply chain for horticultural commodities should be developed for destination-specific production of processed fruits, as this could lead India to compete with global exporters and explore new alternate markets for the produce.

¹Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai 44150, Thailand. ²Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Production, Maejo University, Sansai 50290, Thailand. Corresponding e-mail: kriangsuk.b@msu.ac.th

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.38

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Abstract: Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep. is one of the most attractive tropical flowers exported from Thailand. However, distributing its rhizomes free of bacterial wilt is considered to be a critical quarantine issue. This study’s strategic approach focused on cultivating C. alismatifolia in modified substrate on raised-bed planting without contamination by the wilt Ralstonia solanacearum. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments (10 replications per treatment). Significant differences of the physical and chemical properties of appropriate substrates were observed to be correlated with mature green Azolla added in compost. This treatment promoted maximum growth and development, compared to the control. Moderate infection of R. solanacearum was detected in the rhizomes of plants grown with soil collected from the same location of a previous in-ground bedding crop (SSL) mixed in substrates. Healthy plants and decontaminated rhizomes were found in C. alismatifolia grown in modified substrates without SSL. Implementing the findings of this research has the potential to support sustainable production for C. alismatifolia.

¹Department of Vegetable Science, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India. ²Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India. ³Horticultural College and Research Institute for Women, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Trichy, 620009, India. ⁴Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India. ⁵Department of Oil Seeds, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India. ⁶Agro climate research centre, Directorate of Crop Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India. Corresponding e-mail: sankisatha2020@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.39

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Abstract: Allium cepa, commonly known as onion, is renowned for its culinary and medicinal properties. This article investigates the phytochemical composition of four aggregatum onion varieties using preliminary phytochemical screening and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The study reveals diverse metabolites, including hydrocarbons, aldehydes, terpenoids, and organosulfur compounds, with variations observed among the onion varieties. Significant proportions of compounds such as diisooctyl phthalate, hexanol, and nobilitin, possessing various pharmacological activities like antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, were identified. The research emphasizes the importance of understanding onion phytochemistry, particularly given its widespread cultivation and consumption, notably in regions like Tamil Nadu, India. The identified bioactive compounds shed light on different onion varieties’ unique attributes and potential health benefits. By elucidating onion bulb metabolite profiles using advanced techniques like GC-MS, this study contributes to understanding the phytochemical diversity within Allium cepa species. These findings lay the groundwork for future research into the medicinal and nutritional advantages of onions and support targeted breeding (selective breeding) programs to enhance health-promoting compounds in onion varieties. Overall, this study underscores onions’ significance as a culinary staple and a valuable source of diverse bioactive compounds with pharmacological potential.

¹Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. ²Department of Horticulture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.Corresponding e-mail: ravikumar-fl@pau.edu

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.40

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Abstract: This study evaluated the effects of various mulch types on weed management, soil moisture conservation, and crop performance in Gladiolus hybridus cv. Punjab Glance at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The experiment tested different coloured polythene mulches—black (25µ), silver on black (25µ), transparent (25µ), and white (50µ)—as well as paddy straw mulch at the rate of 10, 15, and 20 tonnes/ha, and pendimethalin (0.5 kg/ha). Results demonstrated that transparent and white polythene mulches promoted earlier sprouting, bud initiation, and flowering. Black polythene mulch yielded the tallest plants (90.30 cm) and longest spikes (75.31 cm), while white polythene (50µ) mulch produced the most florets per spike (12.39) and extended the flowering duration (15.60 days). Hand-weeding achieved the highest weed control efficiency (100%), closely followed by black polythene mulch (99.87%). Paddy straw mulch (1 t/ha) was the most effective for soil moisture conservation, with polythene mulches also performing well. Transparent (25µ) and white (50µ) polythene mulches recorded the highest average soil temperatures during the study.

Department of Floriculture & Landscape Architecture, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173230, H.P, India. Corresponding e-mail: ashnaacharya1997@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.41

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Abstract: Lawn performs best with minimum inputs when grown in mixtures using more than a single grass specie. A study was conducted under open field conditions to evaluate the performance of four lawn grass species as mono-stand and in mixtures under mid-hill conditions at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.) during March, 2020 to March, 2021. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with twelve treatments and three replications. Data was recorded at fortnight intervals for total weed count, chlorophyll content, number of mowing, and overall presentability just after turf establishment. It was observed that all turf grass mixtures, performed better than the monostands, during the entire course of the study. Turf grass mixture (50% ‘Agrostis stolonifera’ + 20% ‘Festuca rubra’ + 20% ‘Lolium perenne’ + 10% ‘Cynodon dactylon)’ required least number of mowing and was presentable throughout the year attaining highest presentability score of 22.98.

ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India. Corresponding e-mail: singh_markandey@yahoo.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.42

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Abstract: LA hybrid lilium cv. ‘Masai’ bulbs were grown over two consecutive growth seasons in a net house to enhance the yield of high-quality bulbs and bulblets, utilizing both organic and inorganic nutrients. The experiment tested five levels of organic manure (FYM) (0, 10, 15, 20, and 25 t ha^-1) and inorganic fertilizers (0, 40+30+25, 80+60+50, 120+90+75, and 160+120+100 N+P₂O₅+K₂O kg ha^-1). It assessed both individual and combined effects of nutrient sources, concluding that their combined application was most beneficial. Treatment T₂₄, comprising 25 t FYM with 160 kg N, 120 kg P₂O₅, and 100 kg K₂O ha^-1, proved to be the most effective. The study revealed that treatment T₂₄ resulted in the largest bulb circumference, the highest number of bulblets per plant, the greatest bulblet circumference, and the highest fresh and dry weights of both bulbs and bulblets per plant. It also led to the best relative growth rate (RGR) of the bulb, as well as the most efficient partitioning rates at both the flowering and harvest stages. Treatment T₂₃ notably influenced the fresh and dry weights of the bulblets. The data suggest that T₂₄ produces bulbs and bulblets of superior quality compared to other treatments, making it a viable choice for the commercial cultivation of quality LA hybrid lilium bulbs and bulblets in the plains of India.

¹Department of Vegetable Science, ²Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, ³Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, ⁴Department of Nematology, ⁵ Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: tharanisekar1214@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.43

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Abstract: Tomatoes represent a highly diverse crop renowned for their nutritional properties and extensive cultivation. Their abundant reserves of vitamins, minerals, dietary fibres, essential amino acids, and organic acids make them crucial nutrient sources across various contexts. Particularly noteworthy are their substantial levels of vitamin A and C, essential minerals, and pigments such as beta-carotene and lycopene, highlighting their biotechnological importance. The exploration of tomatoes’ genetic potential is essential for harnessing their inherent variability in breeding endeavours. In this present investigation, 27 distinct tomato parents and hybrids underwent principal component analysis (PCA) based on twenty diverse traits related to both yield and quality. The analysis identified eight principal components, collectively accounting for 80.4% of the variance. Constructing a bi-plot using the initial two principal components revealed that parents and hybrids CBESL160, CBESL164, CBESL168, H4xH5, H1xH5, and H5xH7 exhibited significant genetic divergence, dispersing across all quadrants. These genetic variations, categorized within PC1 and PC2, are potentially valuable additions to initiatives aimed at boosting crop yields through breeding efforts. Several traits, including growth habit, leaflet dimensions, fruit characteristics, and soluble solids content, demonstrated notable and statistically significant associations with yield per plant. Engaging Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering and PCA, parents and hybrids CBESL160, CBESL164, CBESL168, H4xH5, H1xH5, and H5xH7 emerged as the most diverse parents and hybrids, offering potential avenues for further advancements in breeding efforts.

¹Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. ²Department of Genetics and Plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. Corresponding e-mail: jasimhort@sau.edu.bd

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.44

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Abstract: Carefully selecting the appropriate lighting is vital for indoor farming systems to ensure sustainable agriculture and the production of microgreens rich in health-beneficial phytochemicals. This study aimed to investigate the impact of various light spectrums on the growth and nutritional composition of microgreens. The experiment focused on a single factor: five different concentrations of LED lights, specifically White light (L1) at 100%, Red light (L2) at 100%, Blue light (L3) at 100%, Red and Blue light (L4) at a 70:30 ratio, and Red, Green, and Blue light (L5) at a 70:10:20 ratio. Four microgreen crops were used: Mustard (C1), Lettuce (C2), Radish (C3), and Broccoli (C4). The results showed that the hypocotyl lengths of C1, C2, C3, and C4 were higher under the L4 light treatment (70:30 Red and Blue), measuring 10.53 cm, 8.47 cm, 15.23 cm, and 11.43 cm, respectively. The shorter hypocotyl lengths of 7.67, 5.53, 11.2 and 7.73 cm were observed under the L1 (White light) condition. The greater fresh weights for C1, C2, C3, and C4 (0.1 kg each) and yields (0.115 kg, 0.110 kg, 0.135 kg, and 0.125 kg, respectively) were also obtained under the L4 light condition. The higher SPAD values for C1 (38.2 nm), C2 (16.9 nm), C3 (55.3 nm), and C4 (49.9 nm) were recorded with the L4 light treatment. Additional findings included potassium content for C1 (0.19%), C2 (0.19%), C3 (0.22%), and C4 (0.16%), and antioxidant capacity for C1 (0.22%), C2 (0.23%), C3 (0.19%), and C4 (0.18%). The higher gross income was achieved with the L4C1, L4C2, L4C3, and L4C4 treatments, while the lower was with the L1C1, L1C2, L1C3, and L1C4 treatments. The benefit-cost ratios were higher (4.1, 3.9, 4.9, and 4.5) for the L4C1, L4C2, L4C3, and L4C4 treatments, respectively. Therefore, a 70:30 Red and Blue light combination (L4) can be used profitably in indoor farming to maximize growth, yield, and nutritional content of microgreens.

¹S.V. Agricultural College, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh-517502, India. ²University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka-580005, India. Corresponding e-mail: m.pradeep@angrau.ac.in

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.45

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Abstract: Bacteriophages offer an effective biocontrol strategy, presenting an environmentally friendly alternative to combat the issues of antibiotic and copper-based bactericide resistance in bacterial phytopathogens. In this study, two phages targeting Ralstonia solanacearun (designated as ?Rspv1 and ?Rspv2) were identified as potential biocontrol agents against solanaceous wilt, a highly destructive disease causing significant economic losses globally. Both phages demonstrated resistance to chloroform, while ?Rspv1 exhibited a broader host range compared to ?Rspv2 across five isolates of R. solanaceraum. The replication cycle for ?Rspv2 was determined to be 90 min. for a single growth cycle, with a burst size of 85 PFU per cell. Morphologically, ?Rspv1 featured icosahedral heads with long tails, characteristic of the Myoviridae family, whereas ?Rspv2 displayed a filamentous particle shape typical of Inoviridae viruses. Additionally, a Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis using four random primers revealed a diverse nature of the two phages, suggesting their potential utility in disease management strategies. This research unveils two novel virulent phages, and their characterization highlights promising for phage therapy with future investigations aim to field level evaluation against R. solanacearum.

College of Food Technology, VNMKV., Parbhani – 431402, Maharashtra, India. Corresponding e-mail: vaishulande18@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.46

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Abstract: To ascertain their potential applications in the food industry, dragon fruit varieties, namely H. undatus and H. polyrhizus, were thoroughly analyzed for their physical, nutritional, and phytochemical properties. The focus was on pulp and juice, emphasizing color, mineral content, proximate analysis, and phytochemical constituents. Red flesh dragon fruit displayed a bright pink color, a slightly smaller length (9.1 cm), and a larger diameter (8.3 cm) compared to white flesh dragon fruit (9.9 cm length, 7.53 cm diameter). Red flesh dragon fruit also exhibited higher circumference and weight. White flesh dragon fruit demonstrated superior juice yield (36.23 %) compared to red flesh dragon fruit (35.28 %). Red flesh dragon fruit had higher levels of total sugar (8.45 %), protein (1.36 %), and ascorbic acid (19.83 mg/100g) in its pulp. It also showed elevated mineral content of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Conversely, white flesh dragon fruit had higher fat content (0.65 %) and carbohydrate content (9.76 %) in its pulp. White flesh dragon fruit displayed brighter color characteristics with higher L*, a*, and b* values. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of betacyanin in red flesh dragon fruit (30.87 mg/100g) but not in white flesh dragon fruit. Red flesh dragon fruit exhibited significantly higher total phenolic content in pulp (49.67 mg GA/100g) and juice (41.25 mg GA/100g) than white flesh dragon fruit. These findings highlight substantial differences (P < 0.05) between red and white flesh dragon fruit in physical, nutritional, and phytochemical aspects, offering valuable insights for their incorporation into diverse food products, such as beverages and ice cream.

¹Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Samastipur, Dr.Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar, India- 848113. ²Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Madhepura, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, India-852113. ³Krishi Vigyan Kendra, West Kameng Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh, India-790101. Corresponding e-mail: sanchita.ghosh@rpcau.ac.in.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.47

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Abstract: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the technology of kharif onion production with the use of improved kharif onion variety Bhima Super during kharif seasons of the years 2020–2021 and 2022–2023 at farmer’s field of various locations under the guidance of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Birauli, Samastipur, Bihar. The investigation included measures like yield and economic performance, technology gap, extension gap, frontline demonstration technology index, and respondent farmer’s degree of adoption of the demonstration. Over the course of the study’s two years, it was found that there was a 19.74% enhancement in bulb yield above local check and that the average B:C ratio under the demonstration plot was 3.98 which was higher than that of control plots 2.19. When enhanced quality seed was adopted, the extent of adoption increased to 47.12 percent. The study displays the technology index (22.64%), the average technical gap (81.22 q/ha), and the extension gap (62.98 q/ha). Current research highlights the potentiality of frontline demonstration for dissemination of technology at the grassroots level.

Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-125021, Haryana, India. Corresponding e-mail: bhatiamamta09@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.48

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Abstract: Rhizopus arrhizus and Rhizopus stolonifer are pathogenic fungi responsible for causing ‘soft rot’ disease in fruits and vegetables, as well as life-threatening ‘mucormycosis’ in animals and humans, especially immunocompromised hosts. The use of synthetic fungicides and chemical preservatives to inhibit microbes is being challenged due to their toxic effects on human health and the environment. This has prompted researchers to investigate novel antimicrobials that are natural and safe. Current study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activities of essential oils (EOs), powdered (PWD) forms, and water extracts (WEs) of ten Indian dietary spices (Allium sativum (Als), Brassica nigra (Brn), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ciz), Cuminum cyminum (Cuc), Curcuma longa (Cul), Mentha piperita (Mep), Ocimum sanctum (Ocs), Syzygium aromaticum (Sya), Trigonella foenum-graecum (Trf), and Zingiber officinale (Zio)) against R. arrhizus (NCIM877) and R. stolonifer (NCIM1139). Spice agar method was used for investigating antifungal potential of PWD spices. Impregnated paper disc method and broth dilution technique were followed for screening the antifungal activities of EOs and WEs. Results revealed that EOs of six spices (Als, Brn, Ciz, Cuc, Mep, Sya), and PWD forms of four spices (Brn, Ciz, Cuc, Sya) inhibited the growth of both fungi in culture media, effectively. WEs of all ten spices remained ineffective in arresting the growth of tested fungal strains. R. stolonifer was found more sensitive compared to R. arrhizus towards tested substances. Based on these findings, further in vivo studies on PWD forms of Ccb, Ccm, and Sya and EOs of Als, Brn, Ccb, Ccm, Mep, Ocs and Sya may establish spices as ‘botanical antimicrobials’ to prolong the shelf life of valuable horticultural crops by arresting the growth of R. arrhizus and R. stolonifer.

¹ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, Kakori, Lucknow-226101. ²Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow. Corresponding e-mail: maneesh.mishra@icar.gov.in

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.49

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Abstract: Micropropagation technology has been commercially exploited for mass multiplication of banana. Several parameters such as nutrient media, explants, culture conditions etc have been standardized. However, a novel in vitro shoot excision technique designed to enhance the proliferation rate of banana cv. Chini Champa has been examined for the first time. We meticulously examined the impact of excision angles (45º and 90º) and excision site (Tip, middle and base) during shoot proliferation stage. Our findings unequivocally demonstrate that employing a 45º angle excision and tip excision yield the highest multiplication rates and biomass accumulation, surpassing other excision angles and methods. The substantial enhancement in shoot numbers, growth and biomass underscores the potential of this technique for improving banana propagation protocols, offering a valuable tool for sustainable banana production.

¹ICAR – Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal – 132001. ²Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra – 136119. Corresponding e-mail: a.r.sharma98134@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.50

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Abstract: Being a semi-root parasitic nature, sandalwood steals water and nutrients from host species. Therefore, it is crucial to research the influence of salinity stress on host-parasite relationships both theoretically and practically, for the successful establishment of sandalwood plantations. To find out the best suited host species for sandalwood, a RBD experiment was conducted to identify the effect of salt stress on sandalwood planted with two selected host species (Alternanthera sp. and Azadirachata indica) and without host species. After 300 days of establishment, morphological traits were recorded and noted that plant height, collar diameter and root length was higher in Azadirachta indica as compared to other host species. Significant reduction in morphological traits was recorded under salt stress condition. Similarly, higher root biomass was noted in Azadirachta indica under control as well as in saline conditions. On the other side, shoot biomass was higher in sandalwood grown with Alternanthera sp. Sandalwood grown in the absence of host plant showed no survival under salinity stress. Plant water traits were higher when sandalwood cultivated with A. indica while lowest in sandalwood grown in the absence of host species. Na⁺/K⁺ ratio and other nutrients (viz., Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium) was higher sandalwood planted with A. indica while poorer in Sandalwood planted without host species. The results revealed that A. indica could be best host for sandalwood under stress as well as control conditions which enhances the growth and physiology of sandalwood.

Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Corresponding e-mail: prabhatmahour@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.51

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Abstract: In this study, pectin was extracted from unripe bael using a microwave-assisted extraction technique. Optimization was done based on independent and dependent parameters. Pectin yield was the dependent variable in the study, whereas the independent factors were microwave power, time, and solid solvent ratio. Pectin extraction was carried out using different combinations of microwave power (180, 360, 540 watts), time (1, 2, 3 minutes), and the ratio of solid-solvent (1:20, 1:30, 1:40 g/mL). Using Box-Behnken response surface methodology, 17 experimental runs were performed. A microwave power of 360 watts, a time of 3 minutes, and a solid solvent ratio of 1:20 g/mL were the ideal parameters that achieved the maximum pectin yield of 19.8%. The yield of pectin was analyzed using multiple regression statistical analysis. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of pectin yield was studied, which revealed an equivalent weight of 263.15, a methoxyl content of 9.92 percent, anhydrouronic acid content of 123.2%, and a degree of esterification of 45.71%.

¹Botany Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. ²Vegetable Research Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: DR_abdelmawgoud@yahoo.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.02

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Abstract: Trials were carried out in plastic greenhouses at a private farm in the Qaha region, Qalubia Governorate, Egypt (30.288 N; 31.198 E), during two consecutive spring seasons (2020 and 2021). The objective was to investigate the impact of nano compounds, spray specifically nano calcium and nano silicon, on the growth characteristics, yield, and quality of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) under protected cultivation conditions. The study used two foliar sprays of Lithovit® (nano calcium carbonate 80.2 %) at 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 g/L and nano silicon (SiO₂ 25 %) at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mL/L. Nano elements (calcium or silicon) were applied to cucumber seedlings in the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth weeks after transplantation. All monitored attributes increased with both nano-element treatments. Plants receiving nano calcium had higher plant height, fresh and dry weights, and branch counts than those receiving nano silicon. However, growth was best with 1.0 g/L nano calcium. Compared to control, nano elements boosted cucumber plant N, P, K, Ca, and Si. In both nano calcium and nano silicon treatments, fruit length, diameter, average weight, and total weight rose. Yield increases may outweigh nano nutrient costs.

Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India. Corresponding e-mail: amanpreet-cobsmb@pau.edu

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.19

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Abstract: Mushroom cultivation is a prevalent activity worldwide, although the domestication of native wild mushrooms is not fully recognised. For wild mushrooms to be economically feasible, they need to possess the ability to be cultivated. The objective of this study was to cultivate 18 wild mushrooms that were collected from their native environments utilising substrates that are readily available in the local area. Wild mushrooms were gathered and acquired using tissue cultures. All the wild mushrooms studied showed mycelial development on the substrates, except for Podaxis pistallris, Amanita solitaria, and Collybia platyphylla. Pleurotus sapidus and Pleurotus floridanus were able to produce fruit satisfactorily. The study revealed that specific wild mushrooms had the ability to produce fruiting bodies when grown on commercial substrates. While mushroom production was not seen in other natural cultures, these findings offer valuable information for improving growth circumstances in the future. Conducting surveys of natural habitats is crucial to guarantee the ongoing production of wild edible mushrooms, safeguarding endangered species and promoting a hopeful outlook for their sustainable utilisation.

ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 221 305, Uttar Pradesh, India. Corresponding e-mail: sudhakariivr@gmail.com, rameshiivr@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.20

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Abstract: This study was conducted using eighty-one extant cultivars of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) with sixteen diverse morphological and yield contributing traits. All the cultivars were evaluated for four years in field conditions to analyze the unpredictability and heritability, genetic variances, correlation and principal component analysis to extract important traits. In results, the highest value of general mean, variances of genotypic and phenotypic (V_g and V_p), variation (GCV and PCV), heritability (h²) and genetic advance (GA) were found for AFW and indicated the additive gene action. Due to environmental interaction, the highest variance and variation of environment (Ve and ECV) and GA% were recorded for PH, FDPS, and FL/FD ratio. In case of correlation and path coefficient analysis the yield per plant showed positive correlation for various morphological traits excluding NFI, FT and FL/FD ratio. Those traits established positive correlation with direct and indirect effect from yield can be utilized to improve yield capacity. In principal component analysis, the most important characters were categorized into different PCA group e.g., PCA I (AFW), PCA II (FL), PCA III (FD) and PCA IV (FYPP) and may be extracted for observing the superior recombinants.

¹Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, Lucknow, India. ²Amity University, Lucknow Campus, Uttar Pradesh, India. ³Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh,India.Corresponding e-mail: srajanlko@gmail.com.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.21

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Abstract: Phenological studies play a crucial role in understanding mango flowering dynamics across diverse climates. However, managing the extensive data generated from observations using the modified BBCH scale poses significant challenges. To address this, we developed a web-based tool in PHP to efficiently manage mango phenology data. This tool aids researchers in organizing phenological data on a timescale by decoding phenophases and presenting them as images, facilitating data summarization through frequency tables of different phenophases. Additionally, the tool incorporates a module that simultaneously depicts phenophases according to the BBCH scale and as a line graph, providing a clear representation of flowering phenology dynamics. The primary objective of this tool is to provide computational assistance to researchers working on mango phenology, accessible worldwide through the link (https://hortportal.org/mangifera_res/site/phenology/). It enables data collected in an Excel sheet in a standard format to be depicted as a series of small images, facilitating the correction or cleaning of raw data. The corrected data file can then be utilized to calculate frequencies and generate an Excel sheet for developing graphs using graphical software. Furthermore, the tool features a built-in module for creating graphs with selective phenophases, allowing simultaneous selection of different phenophases for a line graph depiction, indicating their duration and time of peak occurrence.

Instructional Farm, Kerala Agricultural University, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, 695522, Kerala, India. Tel.: +919497453663, Corresponding e-mail: sheena2sa@yahoo.co.in

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.22

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Abstract: Adenium obesum is a popular ornamental plant propagated through seeds. But its hybrids are mostly infertile or need assisted pollination for seed production. In the present investigation, an efficient and reliable indirect regeneration protocol for infertile adenium hybrid was developed from leaf explants. Surface sterilization using mercuric chloride 0.2 percent recorded the lowest incidence of contamination and highest survival percentage. Callus from shoot tip showed the lowest number of days for shoot regeneration with 13.2 days in Half-strength MS medium containing 3 mg L^-1 NAA and 3mg L^-1 GA₃. Maximum shoot length of 2.40 cm was recorded in Half-strength MS medium + 3 mg L^-1 NAA+ 3mg L^-1 GA₃ two weeks after sub culturing. Half-strength MS+2mg L^-1 IBA recorded root initiation in 16.16 days. The rooted plantlets were successfully hardened and acclimatized with a survival rate of 92 %. The genetic fidelity of regenerated plantlets was assessed using ten primers and the in vitro cultured plants did not show polymorphism in ISSR analysis. This in vitro propagation protocol could be effectively used for the large-scale propagation of non-seed setting hybrids of adenium.

¹Department of Vegetable Science, Dr. Y.S.R Horticultural University, Andhra Pradesh, India. ²Department of Vegetable Science, Dr. Y.S.R Horticultural University, Andhra Pradesh, India. ³Horticulture Research Station, Lam, Dr. Y.S.R Horticultural University, Andhra Pradesh, India. ⁴Directorate of Research, Dr. Y.S.R Horticultural University, Andhra Pradesh, India. ⁵Dr. Y.S.R Horticultural University, Andhra Pradesh, India. Corresponding e-mail: sravaniyerra17@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.23

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Abstract: An experiment was conducted on ridge gourd in six generations i.e., P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, BC₁ and BC₂ of VRG-24 x VRG-13 and Swarna Manjari x Arka Prasan in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The main aim of the study was to investigate the genetic mechanisms controlling yield and quality traits through generation mean analysis. Epistatic gene effects were found to play a crucial role in regulating most of the traits studied, except for days to male flowering, days to female flowering, node of first female flower, average fruit weight, and rind thickness in various crosses. Duplicate epistasis was particularly prominent across the majority of traits, suggesting that these traits could be effectively exploited through heterosis breeding and reciprocal recurrent selection strategies. Additionally, complementary epistasis was observed in the cross VRG-24 x VRG-13 for traits such as node of first female flower, number of female flowers per vine, and number of fruits per vine. This highlights the potential of the VRG-24 x VRG-13 cross to produce desirable transgressive segregants with enhanced trait combinations.

¹Department of Fruit Science, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur 680656, India. Corresponding e-mail: keerthanasethu1996@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.24

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Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the variability among the dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) genotypes in Kerala. The study was conducted in ten dragon fruit orchards of four different districts namely, Trivandrum, Pathanamthitta, Ernakulam and Thrissur during the period 2019-2021. The plants were evaluated based on the UPOV guidelines to identify the different genotypes that were being cultivated in Kerala with respect to their morphology and flowering along with yield and quality attributes. The results revealed that the commercial cultivation of dragon fruit in Kerala was found to be dominated by the dark pink/purple fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis). The variability within this species was analysed using statistical techniques like factor analysis and cluster analysis. Maximum variability (59.38%) in the stem and flower characters were contributed by the intensity of red colour of bract, stem waxiness, stem sturdiness, margin of rib, spine colour, bud shape, bud apex shape, number of stigma lobes, length of style and distance between areoles. Similarly, maximum variability (62.74%) in the quality attributes were contributed by the fruit weight, position of bract towards peel, fruit width, fruit weight without peel, fruit length, flesh colour, fruit shape, width of base of bract, length of apical bract, outer TSS, TSS-acid ratio and core TSS. Based on the qualitative traits alone, six clusters were formed indicating the variations in plants which in turn, revealed the presence of different genotypes within the dark pink/purple fleshed dragon fruit.

¹Department of Vegetable Science, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 037. India. ²Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 037, India. ³Centre of Excellence in Molecular Breeding, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 037, India. ⁴Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore –641 037, India. ⁵Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, (CPMB&B), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 037, India

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.25

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Abstract: The tomato represents an extensively cultivated crop within tropical and subtropical regions of the world for their fresh market and processing attribute. However, its production frequently encounters substantial setbacks due to notable losses associated with diseases such as Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TyLCV). To address this challenge, the current study aimed to assess the resistance or susceptibility of selected 25 tomato breeding lines for TyLCV under natural field screenings to mimic real-world scenarios in accordance with the disease reaction score of Banerjee and Kalloo (1987). The field screening results showed that, the check Arka Vishes line demonstrated high resistance (HR) to TLCV, with reduced PDS, PDI values and a low coefficient of infection (CI). Several lines, including CBE SL 101, CBE SL 105, CBE SL 108, CBE SL 110, and CBE SL 114, exhibited a resistant (R) reaction, while others, such as CBE SL 102, CBE SL 107, CBE SL 112, CBE SL 120, and Arka Rakshak, displayed moderate resistance (MR). Conversely, lines CBE SL 103, CBE SL 104, CBE SL 106, CBE SL 109, CBE SL 111, CBE SL 115, CBE SL 117, and CBE SL 123 showed moderate susceptibility (MS), and the remaining lines, namely CBE SL 113, CBE SL 116, CBE SL 118, CBE SL 119, CBE SL 121, and CBE SL 122, were deemed susceptible to TLCV. The varying disease responses observed across these lines provide valuable insights into the complex dynamics of host-pathogen interactions in tomato plants, informing strategies for disease management and breeding efforts aimed at enhancing resistance to TLCV.

Department of Horticulture & Postharvest Technology, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan - 731236, West Bengal. Corresponding e-mail: debprld@yahoo.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.03

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Abstract: The date palm is regarded as one of the most nutritious fruits of the arid zone. Fruits are eaten fresh as hard, ripe, or soft dates and are high in calories, iron, magnesium, vitamins, and antioxidants. There is a high potential for expanding the area, production, and processing of date palm as a rain-fed fruit crop in the Western dry tract of West Bengal, where wild types grow abundantly without human intervention. Thus, the current study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical and antioxidative properties of fifteen wild date palm (Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.) genotypes (P-1 to P-15) from various locations in the Bolpur Sriniketan Block of the Birbhum district during the year 2022 in order to identify superior genotypes for commercial exploitation through a future breeding programme. The majority of the genotypes showed early-to-mid season fruiting with consistent fruit bearing. Date palm genotypes P-6, P-2, P-15, and P-12 had larger fruit sizes, higher pulp content, and higher TSS. The P-1 accession had the highest fruit productivity value (27 bunches/tree). Notably, at the rutab stage, accessions P-1, P-6, P-2, P-15, and P-12 had significant sugar content, indicating excellent fruit quality and antioxidant richness. These genotypes are recommended as ideal candidates for propagation and subsequent cultivation due to their outstanding characteristics.

College of Food Processing Technology and Bioenergy, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, (388110), Gujarat, India. Corresponding e-mail: amrutadandwate01@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.04

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Abstract: The mango seed kernel (MSK) stands out as a rich source of total phenolic compounds and premium-quality fats. This study aimed to optimize the hot air drying process parameters for MSK, utilizing a tray dryer to achieve maximum yield of mango seed kernel oil (MSKO) while retaining high levels of total phenolic compounds. The experimentation involved the application of a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) analysis, leading to the identification of the optimal drying conditions—60°C temperature, resulting in a yield of 11.80% MSKO and 163.28 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of MSK, with a desirability index of 0.861.After establishing the standard hot air drying parameters, the biochemical composition of MSK showed enhancement due to the effective preservation of bioactive compounds, particularly total phenolic compounds. This extensive experiment not only improves the yield of MSKO but also enhances the nutritional value of MSK. The findings highlight the potential for additional investigation and utilisation of mango seed kernel in food and bioenergy applications.

College of Food Science and Technology, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh. Corresponding e-mail: k.rajesh@angrau.ac.in

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.05

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Abstract: The study is undertaken to develop fortified powder blends of wheatgrass and ripened banana to evaluate the technical properties of flours. The combinations were produced by adding banana powder to the wheatgrass in the combinations of C1 (50W:50B), C2 (25W:75B), C3 (75W:25B), C4 (0W:100B), C5 (100W:0B). The proximate analysis such as moisture content, protein, ash content was reported to be higher in C1 and C2, respectively. Ash content of blend flours ranged between 4.2 to 6.8%, whereas protein was reported between 3.22 to 13.22%. The bulk density and tapped density were reported in the following order: C4>C1>C2>C3>C5 with bulk density values of 0.487, 0.384, 0.317, 0.263 and 0.232 g/cc, respectively. Hausner’s ratio ranged from 1.108 to 1.307 across different flours, which fall under fair and passable flow characteristics. A solubility index of 0.16±0.02 g/g was reported for both C2 and C5, represented by 75 and 100% of banana flour, respectively. Biscuits produced from the developed flour blends reported hardness in the order of C3> C1>C2 indicating hard biscuits from blending with a higher proportion of wheatgrass flour. Adhesive force of biscuit samples were 10, 29 and 20 (g) for samples C1, C2 and C3, respectively.

¹National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, INAT, Tunis Cedex 1082, University of Carthage, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Tunis, Tunisia. Corresponding e-mail: nazihabey87@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.01

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Abstract: Agriculture is grappling with water scarcity, leading to diminished crop yields, economic challenges, environmental degradation, and threats to food security. The future of agriculture hinges on the implementation of sustainable water resource management and adaptation strategies. Specifically, in arid regions, the adoption of water-efficient irrigation practices is crucial for fruit growers. This approach not only helps in conserving water but also reduces costs and ensures the vitality of orchards. The cultivation of fruit trees, especially in water-stressed areas, demands meticulous irrigation management for survival. Growers play a key role in identifying stress indicators that serve as crucial markers for monitoring tree health. Proactively addressing these indicators enables growers to maintain healthier trees, resulting in higher yields. Identifying and understanding fruit tree stress indicators play a pivotal role in enhancing orchard management practices, ultimately contributing to increased yields, cost reduction, and the promotion of sustainability. This review evaluates the effectiveness of stress indicators in gauging water stress levels. It delves into the multifaceted impacts of water scarcity on agriculture and underscores the recommendation for water-efficient irrigation practices to counteract fluctuations in water availability. In environments facing water scarcity, vigilant irrigation management coupled with the identification of stress indicators strengthens the resilience and productivity of fruit tree agriculture. This study contributes valuable insights to the ongoing discourse on sustainable horticulture in the face of a changing world.

¹Department of Food Processing Technology, College of Food Processing Technology and Bio Energy, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110, India. ²Department of Food Business Management, College of Food Processing Technology and Bio Energy, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110, India. Corresponding e-mail: srilatha2708@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.06

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Abstract: Cactus (prickly pear) is a nutrient-rich fruit with medicinal and health benefits, including minerals (iron, calcium, potassium), vitamins, antioxidants, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer effects. Mint, a versatile herb, enhances flavor. Herbal fruit teas are increasingly popular. Tisanes are popular for its antioxidant properties mainly because of phenols, which leach in water during infusion. Cactus fruits were dried in hot air dryer and the drying temperature of 50°C was optimized based on minimum drying time, maximum total betalain content and maximum total antioxidant activity. Mint leaves were dried using shade drying at a temperature of 30±2°C up to a moisture content of 7%. Formulation of cactus fruit-based tisane was done by using different cactus-mint ratios. Cactus mint ratio was standardized by highest overall acceptability, total antioxidant activity, and colour a* value. Cactus fruit-based tisane infusion was prepared by dipping a tea bag containing 2 g of dried material in 100 mL of hot water (95±2°C) for a steeping time of 2 min. Based on statistical analysis, the best combination of cactus fruit-mint ratio for tisane was optimized as 85:15. Infusion of cactus fruit-based tisane contained 10.92 mg/100g of total betalain content, 0.89 mg/100g of vitamin C, 12.19 mM/100g of total antioxidant activity etc., and the microbial analysis revealed that the total plate count (cfu/g) was in limit and yeast and mould count (cfu/g) was zero.

¹Agricultural College & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. ² Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: b.saai.vignesh@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.07

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Abstract: In this study, we investigated the efficiency of Tetragonula iridipennis Smith, India’s prevalent stingless bee, as a pollinator during the Rabi season, specifically focusing on coriander, cultivated for seed production. Our findings revealed several key insights during the peak blooming period of coriander. The highest activity of outgoing bees occurred between 1000-1200 hrs, with the peak number of pollen foragers recorded between 1100-1200 hrs, averaging 3.83 bees/5min/hour over six days. Nectar-foraging bees were most active between 1100 and 1400 hrs, while resin-foraging bees were observed at their peak between 1400 and 1500 hrs. Incorporating stingless bees in open-pollinated coriander crops resulted in a substantial yield of 130 kg of seeds per acre per 10 colonies, accompanied by 130 g of honey production within 28 days. Comparatively, this represented a 31 percent increase in seed production when compared to fields without bee colonies. These findings underscore the valuable role of T. iridipennis in enhancing coriander seed production, with potential implications for crop productivity and honey production.

Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.)-224 229, India. Corresponding e-mail: wehars@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.08

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Abstract: This paper presents a study conducted in the Sultanpur district of Uttar Pradesh, focusing on the marketing of bitter gourd in the selected area. The research employed a multistage stratified purposive cum random sampling technique to select the district, block, villages, and respondents. From the population, 100 growers were randomly chosen, comprising 66 marginal, 23 small, and 11 medium farmers during the period of 2021-2022, using the proportionate allocation technique. Primary data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a survey schedule. Three distinct marketing channels for bitter gourd were identified: Channel-I (producer to consumer), Channel-II (producer to retailer to consumer) and Channel-III (producer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer). The study revealed that Channel-I exhibited the highest marketing efficiency (29.15), followed by Channel-II (5.47) and Channel-III showed the lowest efficiency (2.96). Notably, different groups of farms predominantly sold bitter gourd through Channel-III. The research also shed light on the challenges faced by bitter gourd growers, including issues related to perishability, price fluctuations, and inadequate storage facilities. The paper emphasizes the significance of policymakers and stakeholders addressing these challenges and developing effective strategies and interventions to support the bitter gourd farming community.

¹Department of Plant Pathology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam (India). ²Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam (India). ³Department of Horticulture, Chidambaram University, Annamalai, Tamil Nadu (India). ⁴Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam (India). Corresponding e-mail: ruthytabing006@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.09

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Abstract: Food spoilage due to browning is one of the major challenges faced by the food and processing industries. In fruits and vegetables, browning due to both enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions is a common event that renders them unattractive and unsuitable for consumption. In the last few decades, numerous studies have been conducted to slow or inhibit these undesirable physiological reactions during processing and storage. An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different antibrowning agents on the quality and shelf life of fresh-cut pineapple from 2020-2021 in the laboratory of the Department of Horticulture at Annamalai University. The experiment consisted of 11 treatments and was replicated 3 times, viz., T₁ (ascorbic acid 500 ppm), T₂ (ascorbic acid 1000 ppm), T₃ (citric acid 250 ppm), T₄ (citric acid 500 ppm), T₅ (sodium chloride 100 ppm), T₆ (sodium chloride 200 ppm), T₇ (calcium chloride 100 ppm), T₈ (calcium chloride 200 ppm), T₉ (honey 5%), T₁₀ (honey 10%), and T₁₁ (control). Antibrowning agents significantly and positively impacted the quality parameters of fresh-cut fruits. The minimum PLW (0.71%) and maximum scores of firmness (2.16kg/cm²), titratable acidity (0.53%), total sugar (11.65%), nonreducing sugar (1.94%) and texture index (2.37) were recorded in T₈. However, maximum TSS (14.6 °Brix), total sugar (11.65%), and reducing sugar (9.48%) were recorded in T₁₀. The lowest browning rate was recorded in the treatment with ascorbic acid in T₂. The treatments with calcium chloride and ascorbic acid best retained the quality of fresh-cut pineapple fruit.

Amity School of Communication, Amity University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Corresponding e-mail: vivek_mishra2012@rediffmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.10

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Abstract: This research delved into the dynamics of knowledge-sharing on YouTube within the context of mango cultivation. Analyzing a diverse dataset of 153 videos, the impact of video originality, channel categories, and geographical locations on viewership and subscriber counts was investigated. While descriptive statistics suggested that, on average, original videos received more views, an ANOVA revealed a non-significant difference in viewership between original and non-original videos, indicating additional factors at play. Geographical locations demonstrated significant variations in subscriber counts, emphasizing the influence of location on mean views. Correlation analysis underscored strong positive associations between subscriber counts and views/likes, highlighting the key role of subscribers in measuring audience engagement. Utilizing Principal Components Analysis (PCA), we identified six components explaining 100% of the dataset variance. Component 1 represented overall video popularity, while Component 2 captured nuances of content quality and appreciation. In conclusion, this study offers valuable insights for content creators and researchers navigating YouTube's landscape for knowledge-sharing in mango cultivation. While originality and channel categories may not be the primary drivers of viewership, geographical location and subscriber counts emerged as crucial influencers. The PCA and correlation analyses reveal intricate aspects that contribute to video performance, enabling stakeholders to enhance content strategies for efficient knowledge dissemination on YouTube.

¹College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, KAU, Kerala, 695 522, India. ²Division of Horticulture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641 114, India. ³FSRS, Sadanandapuram, Kollam, Kerala, 691 531, India. Corresponding e-mail: karishmasebastian11@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.11

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Abstract: Papaya fruits’ popularity and widespread consumption are due to their peculiar flavour and nutritional characteristics. However, rapid deterioration and high incidence of rots during handling and storage limits its shelf life. Traditionally, people resort to applying synthetic chemical fungicides to control the anthracnose caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on fruits. However, their repeated use has caused resistance in microorganisms and toxicity in humans. Hence, there is increasing interest in using natural alternatives instead of chemical treatment. Papaya variety Surya fruits collected at the fully mature green stage were subjected to different postharvest management practices and were packaged in corrugated fibre board boxes and stored till the end of shelf life under ambient conditions. Papaya fruits harvested at a fully mature green stage and subjected to precooling followed by external coating with 1% chitosan and packaging with ethylene scrubber KMnO₄ (T₇) recorded the longest shelf life of 9.67 days. The same treatment also registered the lowest physiological loss in weight (5.64 %), least ion leakage (93.41 %), maximum total carotenoids, total soluble solids, total sugar, reducing sugar and minimum acidity after nine days of storage. No fungal spoilage and fruit rot were recorded in T₇ after three days of storage, with zero percent disease index. After six and nine days of storage, the lowest disease index (16.67 and 27.78 % each) was noticed in T₇.

¹Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar-799 022, Tripura, India. ²Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar-799 022, Tripura, India. Corresponding e-mail: panna11d@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.12

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Abstract: The efficacy of rhizospheric native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from naturally growing Cassia fistula L. trees was evaluated by utilizing seeds from the same trees to assess growth and biochemical properties. This study aimed to investigate whether biochemical content could be augmented in naturally growing trees, contrasting them with greenhouse-grown seedlings. The findings revealed that arbuscular mycorrhiza-inoculated seedlings exhibited significantly higher shoot and root length, leaf area, and shoot dry weight compared to non-mycorrhizal plants under greenhouse conditions. Furthermore, there was a noteworthy increase in biochemicals such as protein, carbohydrates, and phenols in mycorrhizal-inoculated plants and naturally growing trees when compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. Interestingly, carbohydrates and phenols were significantly more abundant in naturally growing trees than in greenhouse experiment plants. Additionally, the methanolic leaf extract of non-mycorrhizal plants exhibited the lowest inhibition percentage (%) on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals in comparison to mycorrhizal plants and naturally growing trees. Moreover, the effective concentration at 50% inhibition of DPPH radicals by mycorrhizal plants and naturally growing trees was lower than that observed in non-mycorrhizal plants. The biochemical estimates obtained from mycorrhizal plants substantiate the results observed in naturally growing trees, thereby supporting the assumption that native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may enhance the levels of biochemicals in naturally growing C. fistula trees.

¹Botany Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. ²Vegetable Research Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: hayam1111@yahoo.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.13

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Abstract: The present study aims to explore various alternatives to alleviate the detrimental effects of salinity on tomato plants subjected to salt stress. An experiment was conducted in pots during the growing seasons of 2021 and 2022. Hybrid Super Strain B of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) seedlings were transplanted in pots with a diameter of 0.3 m and a capacity of 15 liters, filled with washed sand. Subsequently, fresh water was used for irrigation for two weeks, after which salinity treatments were applied. To achieve targeted EC levels (control, 2000, 3000, and 4000 ppm), saline water was mixed with fresh water. Two weeks after transplantation, foliar sprays of nano-K or nano-P were administered three times during the seasons, at two-week intervals. The findings indicate that increasing salinity levels had a significant negative impact on the growth and production aspects of all plants. However, the negative impacts were mitigated by the application of nano fertilizers, particularly nano-K. The results suggest that the mitigation effects of foliar application of nano fertilizers could be attributed to the partial recovery of nutrient imbalances caused by salinity stress.

¹Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. ²Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kumulur, India. ³ Department of Spices and plantation crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.⁴Mathematics, Department of Agricultural Meteorology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. Corresponding e-mail: saiprasanthravuri@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.14

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Abstract: Capsicum annuum L., also known as bell or sweet pepper, is a globally significant horticultural crop in the Solanaceae family. India’s red and yellow colored capsicum holds 13^th rank in export. In India, color capsicum is a valuable crop, yielding 2.34 times more per square meter in protected cultivation comparing open field. Tamil Nadu contributes 16,689 tonnes on 284 hectares, comprising 5.13% of India’s total. Modern agriculture benefits from automation and robotics, especially in protected cultivation for selective, high-quality capsicum harvesting, reducing labor fatigue. In consideration to the issues like timely and repetitive harvestings and shortage of labour a study was focused to develop a robotic harvester. The study evaluated the engineering attributes of red and yellow capsicum during protected cultivation, classified into size categories A, B and C. Moisture content ranged from 83.6% to 87.12%. Capsicum dimensions spanned 57 mm to 110 mm in length, 52 mm to 98 mm in width, and 51 mm to 96 mm in thickness. Red capsicum had slightly larger arithmetic, geometric, square mean, and equivalent diameters, with sphericity ranging from 0.89 to 0.93. Surface area varied from 87 cm² to 316 cm², volume from 108 cm³ to 363 cm³, and mass from 67 g to 226 g, with red capsicum slightly larger. The highest static friction coefficient was with aluminum, at 0.61 to 0.66. Using the CIELAB model for color estimation, the significant color difference for red and yellow capsicum were 79.26 and 70.28 respectively. Moisture content was negatively correlated with aspect ratio and sphericity, and other attributes had positive correlations. This data is valuable for potential capsicum harvesting mechanization in robotics and protected cultivation.

¹Department of Vegetable Science, C.O.H., V.R. Gudem, Andhra Pradesh. ²Department of Horticulture, C.O.H., Chinalataripi, Andhra Pradesh.³Department of Horticulture, Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Andhra Pradesh. ⁴Department of Soil Science and Agronomy, C.O.H., Parvathipuram, Andhra Pradesh. ⁵Department of agricultural statistics, C.O.H., V.R. Gudem, Andhra Pradesh. Corresponding e-mail: bsvas333@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.15

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Abstract: Commercial exploitation of bitter gourd hybrids is primarily focused on yield, while limited research has been conducted on the quality aspects of this crop. The study was conducted during the Summer and Kharif seasons of 2022 to identify superior hybrids compared to the standard checks in terms of significant quality traits. A total of 21 crosses were produced by crossing seven genetically distinct parents in a half diallel mating pattern during the summer of 2022. A total of 7 parents, 21 F1 hybrids, and 2 checks were assessed using a randomized complete block design with three replications during the Kharif season of 2022. The crosses, viz., Kashi Mayuri x IC-44418 and IC-44418 x IC-68314 have shown better performance in terms of quality aspects such as TSS. On the other hand, Kashi Mayuri x Special Boldar and IC-44418 x Special Boldar were found to be superior than commercial checks, Pragathi and Monarch for vitamin-C. Significantly greater heterosis for iron content was observed in the crosses viz., Kashi Mayuri x IC-469512, IC-433630 x IC-469512, and Kashi Mayuri x Special Boldar. Charantin, known for its antidiabetic properties, is a significant quality character present in fruits. The hybrids viz., IC-44418 x IC-68314, IC-433630 x IC-68314, and IC-68314 x IC-469512 demonstrated a significant increase in charantin heterosis. The superior cross combinations identified in this study warrant further evaluation to assess their potentiality and stability for commercial release as hybrids or varieties.

¹Department of Agriculture, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, South Africa. ²ARC – Vegetable, Industrial and Medicinal Plants, Private Bag x 293, Pretoria, South Africa. ³Department of Soil- and Crop- and Climate Sciences, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa. ⁴Department of Microbiology, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag X540001, Durban, South Africa. ⁵Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa. Corresponding e-mail: zkhetsha@ut.ac.za

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.16

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Abstract: Plants get exposed to multiple stresses throughout their phenological growth stages. At most, these stresses are attributed to single or combined stresses like salinity, water deficits, wounding, mineral deficiencies, potting bag size, soil/root media density and type, soil pH, and the type of production system employed. Multistress factors have been widely reported to reduce the plant growth and development, strength, yield, and quality of horticultural crops globally. In the literature, reports extensively recommended the use of silicon-based biostimulants to improve the growth and development of commercial horticultural plants; however, little has been reported in South Africa on the recovery response mechanisms of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and kale (Brassica oleracea L.) grown under multi-stress conditions treated with silicon-based biostimulants, and using the cheaper eco-friendly production systems. In South Africa, most silicon-based biostimulant production companies reserve their novel concoctions as their company secrets; thus, many of the products are never tested in public to ascertain and monitor compliance with the Fertilizers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies, and Stock Remedies Act 36 of 1947 in South Africa. On the other hand, emerging farmers and smallholder growers are failing to afford existing agricultural insurance options, thereby affecting their yields against the commercially developed farmers. Although the government aids farmers, the assistance does not cover all costs associated with the multistress losses. Some farmers and growers adopted advanced production systems; however, at most, these systems are costly and rely primarily on electricity as a source of power, which is a challenge in South Africa. This paper explains various production systems used by commercial and emerging farmers, and the smallholder growers in South Africa to reduce costs related to multistress losses. Moreover, an alternative eco-organic production system that applies silicon-based biostimulant as a novel idea for commercial vegetables grown under extreme multi-stress conditions is recommended for emerging farmers and smallholder growers in South Africa. Future studies should be based on eco-friendly production systems in vegetable production in line with Sustainable Development Goals, to combat poverty and improve the livelihood of the African countries.

¹Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram- 695522. ²Deparment of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram- 695522. Corresponding e-mail: pmerinpjose@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.17

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Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at the Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala, to evaluate the efficacy of micro irrigation and mulching on growth and yield of bhindi in rain shelter. The experiment was carried out in a split plot design with four replications. The treatment consisted of 5 main plot treatments (i₁: Surface drip irrigation, i₂: Rain hose irrigation, i₃: Sub surface drip irrigation at 10 cm, i₄: Sub surface drip irrigation at 15 cm, i₅: Sub surface drip irrigation at 20 cm) and 2 sub plot treatments (m₁: No mulch, m₂: Organic mulch). Dry banana leaves available in the area was used as organic mulch @ 10 t ha^-1. Results of the study revealed that types of irrigation had significant influence on yield and yield attributes, water productivity, water use efficiency and economics of bhindi. Sub surface drip irrigation at 10 cm depth recorded the highest fruit yield m^-2 (2.29 kg). Water productivity and water use efficiency was 45% and 27% higher in sub surface drip irrigation at 10 cm depth than rain hose irrigation. Significantly higher net returns (? 5.31 lakhs ha^-1) and B: C ratio (2.39) were observed in sub surface drip irrigation at 10 cm depth, which was on par with sub surface drip irrigation at 15 cm depth. Based on the findings of the study, sub surface drip irrigation at 10 cm depth along with organic mulching can be recommended for bhindi cultivation for obtaining higher yield, water use efficiency and economics.

¹Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Odisha. ²Department of Chemistry, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751004, Odisha. ³Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Odisha. Corresponding e-mail: pradip_callme@yahoo.co.in, nanda.spandan56@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.18

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Abstract: For a realistic solution, the synthesis of a cost-effective and efficient photocatalyst for the environmental need is utmost essential. Here, a simple in situ hydrothermal method that is a type of “green synthesis” since it doesn’t require harmful chemicals was used to synthesise the simple catalyst Co₃O₄/reduced graphene oxide/biochar (CBG). The Co₃O₄ nanoparticles are finely distributed over the sheets of reduced graphene oxide and biochar during the morphological examination, making the composite stable and appropriate for environmental applications. This catalyst was specifically used to create a Z-scheme heterostructure composite that significantly improves the Co₃O₄ and biochar/rGO photocatalytic performance when exposed to visible light. When it comes to dye and heavy metal Chromium (VI) degradation, the catalyst composite exhibited significantly greater catalytic efficacy compared to individual catalysts. The structural, morphological, and optical features of the CBG nanocomposite were primarily responsible for its exceptional visible light photocatalytic activity with a maximum kinetic rate constant. By optimising the catalyst ratio, the herein described technology can be used to create a promising photocatalyst for environment friendly and sustainable development.