Department of Nano Science & Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India. Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 5025001, Israel.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i03.29

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Abstract: Abscission of plant organs is a key process during plant life cycle and prerequisite factor involved in limiting the spread of disease, shedding of un-pollinated flowers and facilitates dispersal of seeds. In agricultural context, abscission may become a major limiting factor for crop productivity. The organs abscise at a specific position called abscission zone (AZ) and it is one of the prime traits to be manipulated during the crop improvement process towards the selection of reduced abscission lines. The tomato abscission polygalacturonase (TAPG) genes are abscission induced polygalacturonases and specifically induced in the AZ, which plays a major role in AZ separation. The current study had accentuated to identify the entire polygalacturonase gene families in tomato AZs, through AZ specific customized microarray. The results revealed that TAPG1, 2, 5, 7 and TPG6, PS2 genes were specifically induced and continuously over-expressed linearly along with abscission progression in tomato flower AZ. Similarly, the same set of genes were up-regulated upon abscission induction at the early hours (24 h) in the leaf AZ, indicating potential involvement in organ abscission. Our study provides new insights for the regulation of the early events in the process of tomato organ abscission and a novel trait for molecular breeding.

Mahyco Research Centre, Maharashtra Hybrid Seed Company Private Limited, Aurangabad-Jalna Road, Dawalwadi, Jalna, Maharashtra, 431203, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i03.30

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Abstract: Brinjal is a popular vegetable crop in India and widely used in culinary, pickle and industrial purposes. Double haploid technique is used in vegetable crop improvement thus, reducing lengthy conventional breeding timelines to develop new improved varieties. A study was conducted to develop a robust double haploid (DH) protocol in brinjal. Six genotypes and six media combinations were tested. Two media types showed DH production in brinjal ranging from 0.34-9.27 %. Consequently, MSB-6 is recommended media for brinjal DH in light of the obtained results. Similarly, five out of six genotypes showed DH responsiveness. The genotype-wise responsiveness to anther culture ranged from 2.29 - 7.40 %. DH technique complements the plant breeder’s effort to bring new varieties in the shortest time. Therefore, the relevance of improvement in tissue culture assisted double haploidy and continuous improvement of available protocols remain relevant even after six decades of its original discovery.

Thammasat University, Thailand. Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. Nanjng Agricultural University, China.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i03.31

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Abstract: Shortage and inefficient use of resource in agricultural activities in Bangladesh are emphasizing to measure efficiency for increasing productivity with the highest efficiency and make sure of sustainable agricultural development. The motive of the study was to estimate technical efficiency by using stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) of brinjal and bottle gourd cultivation in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Tobit regression was applied to determine the elements affecting the efficiency and Cobb-Douglas production model was applied to pick out elements affecting the gross return of bottle gourd and brinjal. 100 (50 Brinjal +50 Bottle gourd) farmers were selected randomly as well as interviewed for collecting information through one set of questionnaires. The result revealed that bottle gourd and brinjal farmers were not perfectly efficient in Bangladesh. The mean efficiency of bottle gourd and brinjal observed 0.79 and 0.81, respectively. According to mean efficiency, farmers can be efficient in bottle gourd and brinjal farming through increasing 21 and 19 % output, respectively with on-hand resources and technologies. Tobit model suggests that the education level of farmer, training program, choosing high yielding variety and the size of the farm have an effect on farmers� efficiency positively and significantly. In addition, we observed that human labor cost, seed cost, irrigation cost, fertilizers cost, and pesticides and insecticides cost have a significant positive impact on bottle gourd and brinjal production.

Department of Botany, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India- 620 024.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i03.32

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Abstract: It is believed and essential that efforts should be made to develop protocols for vulnerable medicinal plants so as to develop new or more safe drugs. In this study, a rapid efficient plant propagation through direct shoot tip explant of Celastrus paniculatus Willd, a medicinal vulnerable plant (belonging to the family Celastraceae), was undertaken. Half strength Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with GA₃ showed maximum percentage (82.4 ± 0.50) embryo response through embryo rescue method. Shoot tip explants were transferred from cotyledonary node and inoculated to shoot induction medium supplemented with cytokinin (BAP, TDZ and Kin) and highest response (87 ± 0.70) with 3.8 shoot number was achieved in BAP 1.0 mg L^-1. Shoot multiplication was achieved with combination of BAP (1 mg L^-1) with meta - Topolin (1 mg L^-1) showed highest response (91.0±1.10) with 10.2 shoots within 10 days after inoculation. The in vitro regenerated shoots were transferred carefully to the half strength and full-strength MS medium supplemented with GA₃ (0.1 to 0.5 mg L^-1) for the elongation. The in vitro elongated shoots were treated with different auxins (IAA, IBA and NAA) individually for early rooting and treated shoots were transferred to the half strength MS medium. At the concentration IBA (0.3 mg L^-1), 91 % rooting was observed. The regenerated plantlets were acclimatized in pots containing sterilized soil and sand in 3:1 ratio and plantlets were then transferred to the field conditions. Ninty percent of the regenerants survived well. The result of the present study reveals the pioneer report on in vitro plant regeneration of C. paniculatus Willd. by using shoot tip explants.

Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, India Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kudumiyanmalai - 622 104, India. Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i03.33

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Abstract: Use of effective microorganisms as a pre-sowing seed treating agent is considered to be ecologically sound and beneficial to both seed and environment. Therefore to ensure the benefits, studies were conducted in tomato seeds with different liquid microbial cultures. The results revealed that the tomato seeds treated with liquid cultures viz., Azospirillum, phosphobacteria and Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotroph (PPFM) have showed significant increase in germination and vigour. The seeds soaked in equal volume of Azospirillum @ 1:50 dilution for 24 h or phosphobacteria @ 1:50 dilution for 12 h or PPFM liquid culture @ 1:100 dilution for 18 h have registered the higher germination and vigour. Among these microbial cultures, PPFM has performed well in enhancing the seed germination and seedling vigour. Also, the viability and vigour of the inoculants infused seed were not much affected in three months storage. However, consortia of these microbial cultures showed antagonistic effect in seed germination and seedling vigour. In addition, the seeds infused with PPFM @1:100 dilution for 18 h followed by polymer coating @ 5 ml and carbendazim fungicide treatment @ 2 g kg^-1 of have recorded significant improvement in seed germination and vigour with minimal reduction in the microbial population. Therefore, it would be possible to infuse the beneficial microbes into the seed through liquid cultures and also storing such seeds without much reduction in the microbial population. Therefore, it is beneficial if the seeds treated with the effective microorganisms which favour better seed germination and seedling growth. Also, the microbes can easily be added into the soil along with the seed which may reflect on better coloization of the microbes in plant root zone.

Date palm Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Mundra-Kachchh, Gujarat- 370421.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i03.34

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Abstract: Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is one of the subsistent horticultural crops of western India, where its commercial cultivation is concentrated in Kachchh district of Gujarat. Majority, of the plantation is raised through seedlings, hence exhibit, great diversity in fruits, however, by the research efforts of Date palm Research Station (DPRS), Mundra, cultivar Barhee has been recommended for commercial cultivation in the region during 2002, which has brought a dramatic change in the socio-economic profile of the date growers, due to increase in area and production. Variety Barhee is late maturing, with round yellow colored fruits, sweet at Khalal stage, with prolific productivity of 100-150 kg/palm for a period of 8-35 years. The roving survey under taken by the DPRS, Mundra during 2016, in various villages on Barhee orchards, brought to notice the unusual and unnatural bending of the crown of Barhee palm on many orchards. In the present investigation, it was attempted to understand the phenomena by observing different varieties, bending direction, height of the palm, number of bunches on different direction etc. Our observation indicated that it is varietal character as no other varieties in the region showed bending symptoms. Majority of the palms were bended towards East, presumed to be due to phototaxis, enhanced by severe wind velocity (West to East, av. Speed 11.2 km/hr). It was also observed that, the total number of fruit bunches were more in bending direction indicating the fact that, by keeping the fruit bunches in a balanced way may help to manage this phenomena. The bending symptom was observed on palms having a height more than 5m. Hence, this phenomenon is more predominant on older palms and severe bending may lead to uprooting causing economic loss to farmers.

Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur-416 004, (MS), India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i03.35

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Abstract: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench was popularly known as okra or ladies finger or bhindi. It is an important vegetable crop cultivated mostly in tropical and subtropical countries. The present study aims to induce variability in this economically significant crop plant using gamma rays. Mature, dry and healthy gamma rays irradiated seeds were allowed to grow in the field along with control seeds. The effect of different concentrations of gamma radiations on different agronomic traits and yield contributing characters of okra including shoot length, root length, number of secondary branches, fruits per plants, seeds per fruits and 100 seed weight, etc. were recorded for M1 and M2 generations. The observed agronomic and yield based characters in the M2 mutants at various doses of gamma rays were found to be significantly correlated. The obtained M2 mutant is useful in development of improved variety of okra with agronomically significant traits.

ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar, 191132, J&K, India. Division of Biochemistry, (SKUAST-J) Jammu, J&K, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i03.36

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Abstract: Onion (Allium cepa L.) an important vegetable and spice crop is susceptible to Stemphylium blight incited by Stemphylium vesicarium. It causes significant losses (up to 80 %) in seed as well as bulb crop. The synthetic fungicides are the only option available to farmers for its management, which in long run may result in resistance development in pathogen. So there is a need to find novel strategies for management of this disease, hence the present study was devised to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of plant extracts from eight medicinally important plant species. The test fungus S. vesicarium was isolated from symptomatic leaf samples and was identified by characteristics of spore from available literature. Methanolic extracts of selected plants at three different concentrations (0.1 %, 0.5 % and 1.0 %) were evaluated against S. vesicarium using food poison technique under in vitro conditions. The results showed that all plant extracts exhibited statistically significant antifungal efficacy from each other (P < 0.05). But Oreganum vulgare at 0.5 and 1 % concentration exhibited highest antifungal efficacy (68.23 % and 81.3 % respectively). The importance of the present study lies in, that the Oreganum extracts has the potential to manage the disease under field conditions after isolation of bioactive molecule and development of proper formulation. To the best of our knowledge this is a first kind of study conducted, where Oreganum has been reported to be effective against plant pathogen .

Study Program of Agro-ecotechnology, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i03.37

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Abstract: Okra is often useful as a traditional medicine because it contains secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Young fruits and leaves may be consumed as they are rich in minerals and dietary fiber. The objective of this study was to assess the growth and quality of young okra at plant spacing and different litter dosage composts. Results showed that plant height, crop growth rate, yield, pod weight and, fruit circumference increased with the increasing dose of N compost. The highest NR on the row spacing interactions is 50 cm and 150 kg N ha^-1. Chlorophyll content of row spacing 75 cm was higher than row spacing 50 cm. Chlorophyll content was higher at 150 kg N than 0 kg N ha^-1, 50 and 100 kg N ha^-1. Level of antioxidants decreased with the increase of N given both in row spacing of 50 cm and 75 cm.

Department of Food and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women's University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i03.39

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Abstract: The present research was conducted to extend the shelf life of fresh pears by using beeswax and cornstarch herbal edible coatings. The coatings were prepared from cornstarch and beeswax by incorporation of aqueous Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) extract. cornstarch and beeswax have good moisture and gas barrier properties while Tulsi (O. sanctum) extract acted as an antimicrobial agent in this coating therefore herbal edible coated pears have a longer shelf life as compared to uncoated pears. Coated and uncoated pears were stored at ambient temperature (31 ± 2 °C and 70 ± 8 % RH) and low temperature (4 °C). Pears were analyzed for the quality parameters such as weight loss, firmness, TSS, titratable acidity, pH and sensory evaluation. The weight loss and firmness of coated pears were significantly (P < 0.05) less as compared to uncoated pears. Beeswax herbal edible coating gave the best results in pear storage as compared to cornstarch herbal edible coating. On the other hand cornstarch herbal edible coating also gave good results as compared to uncoated pears, it enhanced the shelf life of pears for 45 days at ambient temperature and 60 days at low temperature (4 °C), in case of beeswax herbal edible coating it increased the storage life of pears for 45 days at ambient temperature and 70 days at low temperature (4 °C). Sensory evaluation of coated pears such as color, texture, overall acceptability was better for both conditions as compared to uncoated. Therefore, it is concluded that the herbal edible coatings have the potential to extend the shelf life.

Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i03.40

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Abstract: Bioefficacy of three different formulations of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae). Bb 112 isolate was assessed against aphid, Aphis gossypii (Aphididae: Hemiptera) infested tomatoes. Based on the experimental results, effective formulation of B. bassiana (Bb 112) was selected and its bioefficacy was tested against aphids under field condition using different delivery equipments. Two sprays at 14 days interval were given and the cumulative reduction in aphid population was taken into account. The microplot study revealed that the oil formulation of B. bassiana (Bb 112) (Sangamithra, 2015) accorded maximum control of aphids with highest population reduction of 45.50 per cent when compared to talc and crude formulations. Under field condition also, oil formulation of B. bassiana (Bb 112) sprayed with Controlled Droplet Applicator (CDA) recorded highest population reduction of aphid (41.02 and 46.31 per cent). Hence, the present study entails that the improved formulations applied using improved delivery systems can thereby reform the biopesticide utility.

Department of Economics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow (UP) -226007, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i03.41

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Abstract: The paper examines the role of horticulture sector in Uttar Pradesh at disaggregate level from 2004-05 to 2015-16. The share of horticulture sector in gross cropped area has not only been gradually increasing but has witnessed an increase in productivity of fruits, vegetables and spices. The value of output of various types of horticultural crops grown at a regional level reveals mixed trends while the value of output of horticulture by its sub sectors has accelerated considerably with its rate being the highest in Bundelkhand as compared to the other regions. The results of regression reveal that the factors such cold storage, agricultural markets, agricultural sector loan, expense on district level schemes, electrified villages, literacy level, net irrigated area have positive and significant impact while maximum temperature has negative but significant impact on per hectare value of output. It concludes that shifting orientation from cereal dominance to horticultural and high value crops via the instrument of crop diversification could prove to be immensely useful in supplementing farmers’ income. The development of agricultural and rural infrastructure besides value chain development and food processing in specialty agriculture can help the horticulture sector to flourish considerably in the long run.

Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. Department of Social Medicine, Modeling in Health Research Center, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. Department of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i03.42

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Abstract: Berberis vulgaris has been associated with various pharmacological properties such as antioxidant and antibacterial effects. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common infection in women within child bearing ages that creates gynecologic problems, pelvic infection, urinary tract infection, and malodorous discharges could lead to infertility, premature birth and miscarriage in women. This study was conducted to compare the effect of metronidazole gel and B. vulgaris gel on the treatment and recurrence of BV. This double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 80 women with BV who referred to women’s clinic in Hajar Hospital (southwestern Iran) in 2016 with convenience sampling. The diagnosis criteria were Amsel’s criteria, gram staining and culture. The participants were divided in 2 groups. First group received metronidazole gel 0.75 % for 5 nights and the second received B. vulgaris gel 5 % for 5 nights vaginally. The symptoms were evaluated at 7 and 21 day follow up. The descriptive and inferential statistics (chi square, t-test and ANOVA) were used to analyze the data using SPSS software. After 7 days of treatment, a significant difference was observed in terms of improving symptoms of irritation, dyspareunia and dysuria in both groups and this level was higher in the group taking B. vulgaris gel (P < 0.05). The results of recurrence of symptoms after 21 days of intervention showed that the complete recovery of various symptoms was significantly higher in B. vulgaris gel than the metronidazole gel group (P=0.001). B. vulgaris gel is more effective than metronidazole gel in treating bacterial vaginosis and could be considered as a new therapeutic approach in BV treatment.

Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, New Mexico, 88130, USA. College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i03.43

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Abstract: Jujube, a a drought- and frost-tolerant fruit species can be widely planted across the state of New Mexico. Recently, interest in jujube from consumers and growers is surging. The major challenge is a very limited availability of jujube plants. The experiment was conducted in Portales, NM from 2017 to 2018 to study the effects of sucker height and diameter on jujube survival. Jujube suckers of four different sizes (height and diameter) were transplanted in the experimental field and replicated three times. Result show that the most suitable size of jujube sucker for transplantation is 50-100 cm height with 0.36-0.75 cm diameter. This result could be useful for growers who plan to plant jujubes trees in the semi-arid regions like New Mexico. It is expected that jujubes could become a valuable alternative fruit crop in the United States.

Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. Department of Social Medicine, Modeling in Health Research Center, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. Department of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. 4Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i03.44

Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Chuncheon, 24226, Korea. Deptartment of Plant Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.17

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Abstract: We developed a pulsatory water spray gun system aimed at improving the efficiency of fruit setting management in peach cultivation and evaluated its feasibility for field application. In order to select the optimum water spray conditions and developmental stages of a flower for field applications, the influence of varying pressures of the power sprayer, nozzle diameters, and spray distances on flower and leaf bud thinning rate was investigated under four different developmental stages of flower such as bud sprouting, pink, balloon and flowering period using the water cutt bearing branch of ?Kawanakawase Hakuto? peach. The optimum conditions for the application of the pulsatory water spray gun were identified as a power sprayer pressure of 2 MPa at a nozzle diameter of 2 mm and spraying distance of 1 m in the ballooning and flowering stages. A flower bud thinning rate greater than 60 % and a leaf bud thinning rate lower than 7 % were observed under these conditions. In the field application test based on the selected conditions, the flower and leaf bud thinning rates were ideal for fruit production and showed higher fruit characteristics compared with fruits produced by a conventional fruit setting management method. In addition, the application of this system for flower thinning can considerably reduce the total work time compared with the conventional method. Hence, it is also expected that the newly developed system can be used for labor savings during fruit setting management in peach cultivation.

Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Hermiston OR 97838; Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu HI, 96822; Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Hermiston OR 97838.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.18

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Abstract: The Hawaii Statewide Noxious Invasive Pest Program (SNIPP) and associated storm water management plans provide statutory justification for increased use of native plants along the State of Hawaii transportation corridors. The demand for native plants exceeds the availability of plant materials or seed. To produce seed stock and ensure seed lot purity, establishment protocols for weed control must first be defined. Uhaloa (Waltheria indica), a native Hawaiian broadleaf shrub has been identified for increased roadside usage, thus will be the focus of this research. Weed control during the establishment phase of uhaloa is essential for optimising establishment success. In this study, the efficacy and phytotoxicity of the pre-emergence herbicides oxadiazon and indaziflam applied over uhaloa transplants were evaluated. Crop and weed response to granular oxadiazon at 2.24 kg ai ha^-1 and 4.48 kg ai ha^-1 and flowable indaziflam at 24 g ai ha^-1 and 49 g ai ha^-1 were determined. Unacceptable uhaloa injury with both rates of indaziflam was recorded. Oxadiazon provided excellent broad-spectrum weed control with acceptable injury to uhaloa.

Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Department of Horticulture and Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Shilin, Taipei 114, Taiwan. Department of Horticulture, National Ilan University, Yilan 260, Taiwan.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.19

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Abstract: There are no reports on biostimulators being used to stimulate the rooting process of camellia (Camellia japonica) cuttings. The influences of vegetation indices and biostimulators on the rooting of shoot cuttings of the camellia ?Nine Bends? were determined using the reflectance spectroscopy. Six root growth parameters were recorded, 81 days after sticking cuttings. Different groups of soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values were used. Higher SPAD and NDVI values were found to be most effective in predicting rooting stages and percentages, whereas root number and length and dry weight could not be predicted. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at a concentration of 2000 ppm alone or combined with three concentrations of thiamine (TA), ascorbic acid (AA) and catechol (CAT) were applied to cuttings of camellia. The maximum root number and dry weight were detected in TA (1000 mg?L^-1) alone and IBA+TA (800 mg?L^-1). However, IBA+AA (1000 mg?L^-1) treated cuttings showed the highest rooting stage, root number, root length, and dry weight compared to other treatments. Cuttings treated with IBA+CAT (50 or 100 mg?L^-1) produced greater root number, length, and dry weight compared to other treatments. The effects of biostimulators applied to tea stem cuttings for raising camellia plants in the nursery would offer insights into the mechanism of its action in plant conservation, and there is a need to improve propagation technology.

Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia. Undergraduate Program of Agroecotechnology, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.20

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Abstract: The purpose of this research was to study the effect of nutrient concentration and inoculation of biological agents (PGPR and AMF) in a hydroponic system of substrate culture on the growth and yield of cherry tomato plants. The greenhouse research was conducted in the Agrotechnopark of the University of Brawijaya at Jatikerto Village, Kromengan Sub-District, Malang Regency. The utilized research method was Completely Randomized Nested Design consisting of two factors. The first factor was the concentration of nutrient solution consisting of 100 % (3.5 dS m^-1), 75 % (2.6 dS m^-1), and 50 % (1.8 dS m^-1) concentrations. The second factor is the inoculation of biological agents consisting of no inoculation of biological agents, PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria), AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi), and PGPR + AMF. The data were analyzed using an analysis of variance and continued with the test of Honest Significant Difference at 5 % level. The results showed that the interaction between the types of biological agents and nutrient concentrations significantly increased the number of flowers, number of fruits, fruit weight, fruit diameter, and sugar content of cherry tomatoes. The AMF application showed the highest fruit weight per plant and fruit diameter, especially at 100 % nutrient concentration. The AMF application also showed a higher sugar content compared to the control and PGPR but not significantly different from the PGPR + AMF treatment at all levels of given nutrient concentration. Fruit weight per plant with treatment of AMF, PGPR + AMF, and PGPR respectively produced 64.47, 48.75 and 29.39 % higher than without application of biological agents.

Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Research Institute of Food Science and Technology, Mashhad, Iran.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.21

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Abstract: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of growth regulator treatments on quantitative and qualitative yield of saffron. Growth regulator treatments included 50, 150 and 300 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) . Saffron corms weighing 8 to 10 g were immersed in solutions of GA3 and NAA and then were planted in 1?1 meter plots with 15 cm within row and 20 cm between row spacing. At the end of the growing season (end of June), crop traits such as total number and weight of the produced corms and the number and weight of produced corms in weighing groups of less than 4 g, 4 to 8 g, and more than 8 g were measured by harvesting one third of the cultivated corms in each plot. At the flowering time of the remaining corms of each plot (November), weight and number of flower, fresh and dry weight of stigma, and the amount of active ingredients including crocin, picrocrocin and safranal were measured. The results showed that all studied traits were affected by growth regulator compounds and indicated significant (P=0.01 and P=0.05) differences with control. GA3 improved biological yield and corm weight, in addition it could increase the quality of stigma compared to the control treatment. Application of 150 ppm GA3 increased the weight of corms by 16.25 % and the number of flower per plot by 34.99 % compared to the control treatment. Also, 300 ppm GA3 increased the dry stigma yield by 37.5 % compared to the control treatment. NAA did not affect yield production significantly and at high concentrations, prevented the growth of corms and flower production. Results indicated that concentrations higher than 150 ppm GA3 can increase the yield of saffron, and can play an important role in enhancement of saffron farms productivity.

Agro-physiology, Biotechnology, Environment and Quality Laboratory, University Ibn Tofail, Kenitra-Morocco.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.22

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Abstract: Morocco?s ph?nicicultural heritage is known for its varietal diversity. The present study aims to determine the potential of the Jihel variety of dates, compared to the other most marketable varieties of dates in Morocco. Based on a bibliographic analysis, a follow-up of units of dates and an analysis of the surveys were realized along with field data recovery. The present study shows that dates of Jihel variety have many criteria that permit its position as an important commercial produce. However, many interesting measures must be envisaged, in particular, the respect of the good practices of production, the accompaniment of the phoeniculturists, the encouragement of industrialists and the promotion of the dates of Jihel variety by the implementation of an appropriate communication approach: advertising campaigns, innovative concepts of packaging and labeling. The results represent an exploitable base to establish a roadmap, aiming for the development of the phoenicultural sector in particular dates of Jihel variety of Morocco.

Department of Horticultural, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 1477893855, Iran. Agricultural Engineering Research Department, West Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Urmia, 5716963963, Iran. Department of Horticultural, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417614418, Iran.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.23

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Abstract: Increasing the walnut shelf life with non-synthetic materials is considered. The effect of edible coating and different packaging methods on physicochemical properties of Persian walnut kernel during 120 days of storage at 25 ?C temperature was evaluated. The treatments were: C (control sample, uncoated), K (coated with 1 % chitosan) and K₅₀₀ and K₁₀₀₀, coated with chitosan 1 % containing 500 and 1000 ?L L^-1 of thyme essential oil, respectively, and MP (Mass packaging), PP (packaging in Polypropylene bags) and AP (Active packaging using sachets made by ascorbic acid, sodium bicarbonate and iron oxide). The color properties and oxidation of walnuts have relationship together. The results showed that the amount of a* and b* values were in the following order: K₁₀₀₀> K₅₀₀> K> C. At the end of storage L* value of all samples decreased. Coated samples had less peroxide value and free fatty acid than control. Amount of free fatty acid in the coated samples with mass packaging was less than 0.5 %. The moisture content of coated samples was more than control samples, active packaging and PP packaging had minimum moisture fluctuations respectively, and control sample had less amount of moisture.

Department of Agriculture Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia. Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, South Kuta, Badung, Bali (80362), Indonesia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.24

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Abstract: This study aims to determine the ratio of turmeric rhizome extract (TE) and tamarind leaf extract (TLE), which is suitable for the time of induction and the highest antioxidant synergism. The TE:TLE ratio examined was 10:1; 10:1.5 and 10:2. The chosen variable was the amount of peroxide. Observations carried out for 7 hours at one-hour intervals using ferric thiocyanate (FTC) method and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. Relationship between the time and absorbance were depicted to show the induction time and synergism in antioxidants. The results showed that all TE and TLE ratios had antioxidants that inhibited lipid oxidation reactions at the stage of initiation and propagation. TE and TLE ratios 10:1, 10:1.5 and 10:2 had induction time, respectively 2.9577; 3.0206 and 3.1882 hours with FTC method, 3.6116; 3.706 and 3.8722 h with the TBA method. Synergism antioxidant 103.534; 106.924 and 110.705 %, with the FTC method, and 102.9393; 109.522 and 115.969 % with TBA. The highest antioxidant synergism in both methods was shown by the ratio of TE:TLE = 10:2.

Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University. P.O. Box: 536-20115, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya. Department of Agriculture Research and Technology Transfer, Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board (RAB), P.O. Box: 5016 Kigali, Rwanda.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.25

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Abstract: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is economically and nutritionally important in Rwanda, but its production is challenged by the tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta Meyrick), an invasive pest. Synthetic insecticides which are primarily used for its control, have various drawbacks. Bioactivity of Tephrosia vogelii, Tithonia diversifolia, Vernonia amygdalina and Phytolacca dodecandra aqueous extracts was evaluated against T. absoluta in laboratory. Leaflets with third instar larvae (3.85 - 5.65 mm) of T. absoluta in mines were collected from established tomato field. Aqueous plants extracts were evaluated at a dose of 10 % weight/volume. Sterile tap water and azadirachtin 0.03 % EC were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Petri-dishes of 9 cm diameter (n=10) were used as bioassay arenas in a completely randomized design with four replications. Data on larval mortality were collected every 24 h for 5 days. Three bioassays were conducted on different dates. Results indicated that tested plant extracts exhibited a capacity to kill T. absoluta larvae in tomato leaf galleries with significant difference among them (P <0.0001). The killing capacity increased with exposure time. At 24 h of exposure, T. absoluta larvae mortality was in a range of 35.0 - 37.5 % for azadirachtin and 5.0 - 10.0 % for T. vogelii while all other aqueous extracts had 0.0 % mortality, except V. amygdalina which recorded 2.5 % in bioassay one. In all bioassays, the lowest mortality recorded 5 days after treatments with T. vogelii, T. diversifolia, V. amygdalina, P. dodecandra and azadirachtin was 32.2, 2.8. 2.5, 20.5 and 97.5 % while the highest mortality at this time was 35.1, 10.6, 13.3, 24.9 and 100 %, respectively. Tephrosia vogelii and P. dodecandra, which recorded higher efficacy compared to the other local plants, should be advanced to field evaluation. The observed higher efficacy of azadirachtin to Rwandan population of T. absoluta should also be confirmed under field conditions.

Department of Landscape Protection and Environmental Geography, University of Debrecen. Egyetem ter 1. H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary. Renewable Energy Park, Kishegyesi ut 187. H-4031 Debrecen, Hungary. Department of Meteorology, University of Debrecen.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.26

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Abstract: One of the concerns regarding aquaponic systems operating without conventional soil is the limited selection of plants available for cultivation. For a wider use of aquaponic systems increasing yields are inevitable. The aim of our research, started in 2017, was to eliminate the drawbacks of aquaponic systems using alternative solutions in order to remain in the framework of sustainable agriculture. In order to meet the above challenges, a hybrid, automated aquaponic system was installed in which the soil was not removed completely from the systems that are not completely closed as fish receive fresh water as well keeping in this way hormones impeding growth at a low level. Crucians and African catfish were placed into two tanks of 7 m³. Further novelty of the system is the application of quail dung in a quantity determined specially for increasing the natural efficiency of the system. Three methods of cultivation were used and plant macro- and microelements were measured. Results indicate that the system is suitable for growing different chilli types while quail dung input contributes to increase yield significantly therefore it can be integrated into aquaponic systems excellently.

Department of Horticulture, Sikkim University, 6^th Mile, Tadong, Sikkim, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.27

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Abstract: The fruit peel of citrus is known to be rich in essential oil. Essential oil content and its characteristics vary amongst the species and climatic factors play a major role. Essential oil, to be suitable for the specific commercial purpose should have basic characteristics. In the present study, extracted oil of selected three citrus species Citrus reticulata, C. maxima and C. jambhiri grown at different altitude of Sikkim Himalaya were characterized. The oil yield was up to 2.4 % in mature fruits and 2.5 % in immature fruits at an altitude of > 1600 m in mandarin orange with significant variations concerning species and altitude. The various analysed oil parameters and their highest values in the study are refractive index (1.49), specific gravity (0.87), free fatty acid (7.83 %), acid value (8.37 %), saponification (163.37 mg KOH / g of oil), iodine value (116 g I₂/100 g), peroxide value (36.33 meq O₂/ kg), thiocyanogen (77.29 %), ester value (57.63 mg KOH/g), phenol (81.92 mg/g). These parameters also showed variations with altitude and the species. The C. reticulata grown at higher altitude (> 1600 m from MSL) found to have better essential oils than C. maxima and C. jambhiri with some exceptions. The characteristics highly endorsed the use of these essential oils for food and cosmetic industries. The waste management with simultaneous production of valuable compound is the major perspective sought in the study.

Division of Floriculture and Crop Improvement, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. Division of Floriculture and Landscaping, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi- 110012.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.28

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Abstract: Availability of planting material is a limiting factor in the cultivation of Asiatic hybrid lily and small farmers are facing the constrains by frequently importing the Lilium bulbs for planting. An experiment was carried out to study the effect of light condition and height of flower harvesting on bulb and bulblet production in Asiatic hybrid lily at CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. The treatments consisted of four shade conditions i.e., 30 % green shade net (G1), 50 % green shade net (G2), 75 % green shade net (G3) and open field condition (control) (G4) in main plot, four height of flower harvesting i.e., 15 cm above ground (H1), 30 cm above ground (H2), 45 cm above ground (H3) and no flower harvesting (H4) in sub plot and three cultivar i.e., Gran Paradiso (V1), Novecento (V2) and Adelina (V3) in sub-sub plot. Experiemnt was laid out in split-split plot design with three replications. Comparison was made for the treatment effect on characters related to number of bulb and bulblet production, circumference (cm) and weight characters. Results revealed that green shade net significantly improved the bulb and bulblet production and higher number of bulb and bulblet per plant were produced under 50 % green shade net whereas least number of bulb were found in open field condition. More number of bulb and bulblet production were observed where no flowers were harvested. Among varieties, Gran Paradiso produced more number of bulb and bulblet per plant while minimum number of bulb per plant was observed by Novecento. Higher bulb circumference (cm) of bulb and bulblet was found with 50 % green shade net condition. The maximum bulb circumference was found in no flower harvesting treatment and minimum in 15 cm above ground of harvesting. The cultivar Gran Paradiso noted maximum bulb and bulblet circumference (cm). Results indicated that 50 % green shade net gave maximum weight of bulb and bulblet per plant. No flower harvesting treatment produced maximum weight of bulb and bulblet per plant. Among cultivars, Gran Paradiso produced highest weight of bulb per plant while cultivar Novecento produced minimum bulb weight per plant.

Horticultura. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Estado de México 56230, México Agroforestería para el Desarrollo Sostenible. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Estado de México, 56230, México.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.16

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Abstract: Main objective of this paper is selection of tree and vegetable combination for success in new horticulture based alley cropping plantations, fruit, legume and wood tree are integrated in several associations with annual vegetable, Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava, Citrus spp., Leucaena spp., Gliricidia sepium, Cajanus cajan, Populus spp., Eucalyptus, Hevea brasiliensis are the main tree used. Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Solanaceae families and tuber crops are the main associated vegetable crops. This system can be adapted for specific farmers, regions, and countries for vegetable, fruit and wood requirements. The specific credits and subsidies can increase natural, economic, social capital of the world.

Department of Agriculture Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia. Present address: Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, South Kuta, Badung, Bali (80362), Indonesia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.02

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Abstract: The production of bio-plastics from modified cassava starch and konjac glucomannan had been widely and dependently developed but still demonstrated characteristics that do not meet international quality standards. Therefore the key question for further exploration was to improve the protocol so as to develop a composite bio-plastic using the aforementioned materials. This study aimed to determine the ratio of modified cassava starch and konjac glucomannan and the concentration of acetic acid solution required to produce bio-plastic composites with the best characteristics. This study followed a Factorial Randomized Block Design with two factors. Factor I was the ratio of the modified cassava starch and konjac glucomannan, and consisted of 5 levels namely 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0: 100. The factor II was the concentration of acetic acid which consisted of 5 levels, viz., 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 %. Each treatment combination was grouped into 4 blocks based on the processing time of making bio-plastic composites, resulting in an altogether 100 experimental units. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s multiple comparison tests. The results showed that the ratio of the modified cassava starch and konjac glucomannan, the concentration of acetic acid and its interaction had a very significant effect on the tensile strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus, swelling and the degradation time of bio-plastic composites. The ratio of the modified cassava starch:konjac glucomannan :: 75:25 with supplemented with 1 % acetic acid produced the best bio-plastic composites with the desired characteristics viz., tensile strength of 1997.40 MPa, elongation at break of 8.90 %, Young’s modulus of 22442.70 MPa, swelling of 10.40 % and the degradation time of 6.33 days. The surface profile of bio-plastic composites in longitudinal appearance displayed presence of regular waveforms along with air cavities or regular pores. Bio-plastic composite profile in transverse appearance revealed arrangement of fibers in the form of regular nets and smooth cross links. These bio-plastic composites contained -OH, -CH, -C-C, -C=C, -NH and -C=O functional groups.

Department of Botany, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.03

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Abstract: Ensete superbum from the family Musaceae is commonly known as Kallu vazha (wild/ rock/cliff banana). The species holds a precise position in the field of medicine for its anti-hyperglycemic, anti-diuretic and spermicidal potential as well as ornamental value in botanical gardens. Due to deforestation, habitat fragmentation, indiscriminate harvesting for commercial gain, absence of suckers, and recalcitrant nature of seeds; this species is facing a drastic reduction in its propagation. The present study developed a protocol for the production of cormlets from explants isolated from inflorescence. The explants were cultured on MS media supplemented with 4mg L^-1 BAP and 1.5 mg L^-1 KIN and an average of six to ten cormlets were produced/ explants within eight weeks. Shoot induction occurred from the cormlets on MS medium with 3mg L^-1 IBA and 1.5 mg L^-1 BAP. Cormlets inoculated on MS medium supplemented with 1000 mg L^-1 glutamine for a period of four weeks enhanced the size of cormlets which in turn increased the number of shoots. An average of ten multiple shoots were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 5 mg L^-1 BAP. Maximum rooting was obtained on half strength MS medium with 3 mg L^-1 IBA, 0.1 mg L^-1 BAP and 1% activated charcoal. The plantlets were transferred to Knop’s solution for acclimatization. Rooted plants were hardened successfully in cocopeat along with sand in 1:1 combination and transferred to soil with 98% survival rate.

Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.04

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Abstract: Leaf area information is required in various horticultural and physiological studies. Leaf area measurements require easy, quick and possibly non-destructive methods. The objective of this study was to establish equations to estimate leaf area (LA) using length (L), width (W), fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW), length×width (L×W), length + width (L+W), width/length (W/L), length² (L²) and width² (W²) of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) leaves as a leafy vegetable and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) as a root vegetable. A soil-cultured experiment was carried out in 2010 under greenhouse conditions to study relationship between leaf dimension and weight with LA of these two vegetable plants. Observed LA was obtained by an automatic measuring device and leaf dimensions were measured by a ruler. Regression analyses of LA versus L, W, FW, DW, L×W, L+W, W/L, L² and W² led several models that could be used for estimating the area of individual cress and radish leaves. A linear model employing FW as an independent variables [LA=0.295 (Fresh W.)+ 1.430] resulted in the most accurate estimate (R² = 0.912, RMSE = 1.52) of cress LA. For radish, a linear model using W as an independent variable [LA=22.50 (W) + 7.46] showed the most accuracy (R² = 0.874, RMSE = 11.26) estimating LA. Validation of the regression models showed that the correlation between measured and simulated values using these equations were quite acceptable (R² = 0.922, 0.876).

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.01

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Abstract: Basic information on the inflorescence and flower development of Thai aromatic dwarf coconut was developed. Histology of inflorescences of the Thai dwarf aromatic coconut, �Nam Hom�, was compared to that of a typical tall-type coconut. Both types had the same stages of inflorescence and flower development. �Nam Hom� had the same or higher number of inflorescences than did the tall type at any of the developmental stages. During two years of reproductive development, floral morphogenesis took about one year, while sex determination occurred in 3-4 months before spadix opening. Despite the difference in number of bunches per year observed in the two coconut types, their inflorescence and flower development were not different in the length of time and in the time of occurrence.

Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004, Heraklio, Greece. Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43, OAL, U.K.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.05

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Abstract: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of different concentrations of nitrogen on downy mildew severity on cucumber plants. Nitrogen (100-600 mg L^-1) was applied to plants grown in pots under greenhouse conditions through irrigation water. The cucumber leaves were inoculated with a zoospore suspension of Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the causal agent of powdery mildew. Disease symptoms in plants treated with 300 mg L^-1 nitrogen were significantly lower and 24% severity reduction was recorded. A positive effect on the leaf area was also noticed in cucumber plants with the application of 300 mg L^-1 nitrogen. The results indicated that a cubic regression curve can be fitted to the disease progress for downy mildew, regardless of N treatments. Furthermore, the N enrichment affected the NH₄-N and NO₃-N content in leaves and soil as well as P content in the leaves. The application of 100 mg L^-1 N significantly reduced Mn content in leaves. Therefore, nitrogen supply in the form of ammonium nitrate fertilizer could be considered as an efficient method for the control of downy mildew of cucumber.

Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Lucknow (U.P.) - 226002, India. Central Institute for Sub-tropical Horticulture, Lucknow- 243122, India. Central Institute for Sub-tropical Horticulture, Regional Research Station, Malda, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.06

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Abstract: The profitability of commercial G-9 banana cultivation in the banana growing countries is not only significantly reduced due to serious outbreak of wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense Tropical race 4 (Foc TR-4) rather its cultivation is totally stopped at many places. The virulent and polycyclic nature of the pathogen limits the field level success of the control initiatives through chemicals, resistance breeding and biological control. In India, outbreak of Foc TR-4 during 2017 in the districts of Ayodhya in Uttar Pradesh and Katihar in Bihar attracted intensive research program for the management of the disease to avoid nationwide threat. �ICAR-FUSICONT� a bio-formulation comprising of consortia of effective antagonistic and growth promoting microbes on a patent protected modified CSR-BIO media was developed and validated through participatory community based management in the hotspots of Foc TR-4. The current study aims to assess the efficacy of the bio-formulation in the control of the disease, impact on restoring the yield and increasing the income of the banana growers at hotspot sites. The investigation was carried out by descriptive survey from 2017 to 2018 with both adopters and non-adopters of the technology. Results showed that formation of community based organization and ICAR-FUSICONT bio-formulation application during the critical growth phases of the crop resulted in an overall decrease in disease incidence in both the states of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) and Bihar with the adopters. Adopters recorded an average of 6.08 % disease incidence while non- adopters had 45.68 % disease incidence at harvest. An average yield of 25.98 kg/plant with a significantly higher net income of Rs.182949.40/acre was obtained by adopters compared to non-adopters income (Rs. 33514/acre). The study also showed that most of the adopters were from the age group of 30 to 40 years with educational status of above secondary level. The results of this study furthermore indicate that the community enabled technology adoption of ICAR-FUSICONT would be a critical component in the control of the banana Fusarium wilt (Foc TR-4) in the areas of disease epidemic.

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Kamper street, Bogor 16680, Indonesia. Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Kamper Street, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.07

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Abstract: Viral diseases on shallot in Indonesia has been reported and have important role in yield loss. Viral diseases are easily transmitted via infected bulbs in generations and in regions. Cultivation of virus-free bulbs is considered the most effective method of controlling viral diseases, so the production of virus-free bulb are important and necessary. Elimination of viruses on local cultivars was achieved using shoot tip culture combined with thermotherapy. In this research, the method for elimination of Potyvirus and Carlavirus from shallot bulbs was developed using combination of thermotherapy (30 °C, 37 °C, in homogenous and heterogenous condition) with different size of explant shoot tip culture (1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm). The result showed that virus-free plantlets could be derived from 1 mm-explant. Treatment combination of 2 mm-explant with homogenous temperture 37 °C was also able to eliminate virus.

Department of Fruit Crops, Horticulture College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India. Department of Fruit Crops, Horticulture College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India. Horticultural College & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India. Department of Fruit Crops, Horticultural College & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India. Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.08

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Abstract: An experiment was conducted to evaluation of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.,) local genotypes under coffee ecosystem of lower pulney hills at Horticultural Research Station, Thadiyankudisai and its adjoining areas, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during year 2016-2017 with an objective to characterize the promising local genotypes for commercial cultivation and studies of genetic improvement with jackfruit, five fruits of each of thirty five genotypes were evaluated based on IPGRI, 2000 (Bio-versity international) jackfruit descriptor. Fruit characters viz., bearing habit, bearing position, clustering habit, shape, length, diameter, weight, stalk attachment, spine density per 25 cm², fruit rind weight and flake characters viz., total weight of flakes per fruit, weight of individual flake with seed, weight of individual flake without seed, number of flakes per fruit, flakes: fruit ratio, rind: flakes ratio, flake length, flake width, shape of flake, flake colour. Results were evaluated by descriptive statistics viz., mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, standard error of mean. It was concluded that a more variation of fruit character was found under lower pulney hills of Tamil Nadu, it will help to breeder for accounting potential fruit character in future.

Department of Agricultural Engineering, Assam University, Silchar, Assam-788011 (India). Department of Food Engeering, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonepat, Haryana-131028 (India).

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.09

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Abstract: King chilli (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) is an indigenous variety of capsicum to the northeast region of India and has been familiar as the hottest chilli in the World. In this article possible nutritional value of king chilli was studied for the health benefit. It has also been great prospective for its pungency and medicinal value utilized by the native people of the northeast India. It is consumed in different form as normal chilli but have especial demand on national and international markets for its extra powerful pungency and aroma. Even though being a valuable crop with high potential value for income sources for the indigenous people, so it is essential to emphasis on studies directed towards the different systematic production (morphological, cultivation practices, postharvest processing and marketing) of king chilli. Due to high demand there need to standardize the production and postharvest technology which may help to improve the yield, quality and shelf life extension for long chain marketing and distribution. The present review is focused on production and processing practices of king chilli.

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran. Faculty Member of Soil and Water Research Department, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Rasht, Iran.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.10

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Abstract: Peanut shells, leftover as wastes from peanut planting, in combination with considerable amount of compost can be used as an alternative source to replace with peat in cultivation of ornamental plants. In this experiment, five treatments in a completely randomized design with three replications were conducted outdoors at Lahijan ornamental plants research station. The treatments comprised of 2 peat + 1 perlite + 0 Shells Peanut composts (control), 1.5 Peat + 1 perlite + 0.5 Shells peanut compost, 1 peat + 1 perlite + 1 Shells Peanut composts, 0.5 Peat + 1 perlite + 1.5 peanut shells compost, 0 peat + 1 perlite + 2 peanut shells compost. The estimated parameters included number of flowers, plant height, fresh and dry weight of canopy, root length, fresh and dry weight of roots, and physical and chemical properties of substrates on Viola spp. that were cultivated on them. The results showed that replacement with peanut shells compost had a significant effect on number of flowers, plant height, dry weight of canopy and fresh as well as dry weight of roots in comparison to control. Increasing levels of peanut shells compost caused reduction in bulk density and an increase in total porosity, water capacity and air fill porosity.

Faculty of Agriculture, SohagUniversity, Sohag, Egypt. Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable and Melon Crop, Astrakhan, Russia. Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan, Russia. National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt-Kazan Agricultural University, Kazan, Russia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.11

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Abstract: This study aims to enhance growth characteristics and quality parameters for tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) by applying different doses of Crezacin (synthetic) and Energene (natural) as growth regulators instead of Chemical fertilization. A specific experiment has been carried out to study the effect of two types of plant growth regulators Crezacin: Active substances (475 g/L): Orth-o-cresoxyacetic acid triethanolammonium salt with applied doses (100, 200 and 300 ppm) and Energene: active substances (700 g/kg) humic acid with applied doses (250, 500 and 700 ppm) on growth and physiological characteristics of tomato plants (Kendras F1). Both Crezacin and Energene were applied three times (Soaking tomato seeds for 24 hours before sowing, spraying on plants at 35 DAP, spraying on plants at 70 DAP). Application of humic acid “Ener-700” increased plant height (78.0 cm), number of leaves/plant (57.8), fresh weight (250.2 g), dry weight (75.1 g) of arial parts, flowers number (48.1), fruits number (35.1) and fruit weight (64.0 g). Also using “ Ener-700” improved tomato fruit’s quality by enhancing level of dry matter (7.6 %), sugar contents (5.8 ^oBrix), Ascorbic acid (26.9 mg 100 g^-1), Maturity Index (12.61) and Taste Index (1.09), while level of nitrate rose by increasing humic acid and the maximum level (22.0 mg kg^-1) obtained from Ener-700. Applying Ener-500 gave the maximum titratable acidity (0.48%) and carotenoids contents (4.89 mg 100 g^-1)

Central Horticultural Experiment Station, (Indian Institute of Horticultural Research), Chettalli -571248, Kodagu, Karnataka.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.12

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Abstract: Avocado is propagated by seed in India. The plants produced from seeds are not uniform and take long time to start bearing and fruit quality is unreliable. The propagation of superior clones of avocado by vegetative method is essential to avoid these problems. Thus a study was conducted to standardize the method and time of propagation of avocado through vegetative means. There were four methods of multiplication namely veneer grafting, cleft grafting, T- budding and patch budding which were performed in all the months of the year at CHES (IIHR), Chettalli. After 90 days of grafting , mean percent success was highest in cleft grafting (32.5%) while lower mean success was observed in veneer grafting (8.3%), T- budding (7.5%)and patching budding (5.8%). Among different months, highest mean success was recorded in month of September (32.5%) followed by 22.5 per cent in the month of March and August. Among different combinations of months and propagation methods, highest success (70 %) was recorded in cleft grafting performed in the month of September. This was closely followed by same method done in the month of March (60%). The success in cleft grafting is higher than other three methods in all 12 months. The growth of the scion was higher in grafting methods than budding methods. The percent transplantable seedlings after one year were highest (60%) in cleft grafting done in the month of September. It was concluded that cleft grafting in the month of September and March was found most suitable for the vegetative propagation of avocado under humid tropical conditions.

Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board, P.O. Box 5016, Kigali, Rwanda. Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-0625 Kangemi, Nairobi, Kenya.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.13

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Abstract: Pepper (Capsicum spp.) is an important vegetable crop in the Eastern Africa region where it is grown mainly by small-scale farmers. However, productivity of the crop is limited by many abiotic and biotic constraints. The abiotic constraints include high cost of seeds and inputs, shortage of improved varieties, drought, low soil fertility and lack of technical knowhow among others, while biotic constraints are dominated by diseases and insect pests. Numerous diseases especially those that are caused by viruses pose serious threats in pepper production. Currently, over 68 viruses are known to affect pepper on a worldwide scale and have serious impact on the quantity and quality of pepper produced. Out of the 68 viruses, 12 belonging to seven genera namely Potyvirus, Cucumovirus, Tobamovirus, Polerovirus, Tospovirus, Alfamovirus and Potexvirus have been reported in Eastern Africa. Pepper veinal mottle virus, Potato virus Y and Cucumber mosaic virus are the most widespread and damaging viruses in the region. Yield losses ranging from 10 to 100% in pepper production have been reported for various viruses namely; Pepper veinal mottle virus, Potato virus Y, Chilli veinal mottle virus, Ethiopian pepper mottle virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, Pepper mild mottle virus, Tobacco mosaic virus, Pepper vein yellows virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus, Alfaalfa mosaic virus and Potato virus X. This article provides an overview of the important pepper viruses occurring in Eastern Africa with reference to their geographic distribution, yield-losses, symptoms, transimission, management methods and research gaps that need to be addressed. It can be concluded that viruses are a major constraint to pepper production in the target region.

Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, U. S. Nagar, Uttarakhand, India. Present address: Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, L.P.U., Phagwara- 144411, Punjab, India. Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, U. S. Nagar, Uttarakhand, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.14

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Abstract: Foliar fertilization and microbe supplemented iron bioavailability can fulfill the iron demand of plants. Plants of low-chill peach cv. Pant Peach-1 were selected to find out the effect of Pseudomonas flouresecens PBAP-27 inoculation along with foliar spray of ferrous sulphate. The experiment consisted of eight treatments viz. T₁: control (water spray), T₂: P. fluorescens PBAP-27, T₃: FeSO_4. 7H₂O (0.5 %) spray once, T₄: FeSO_4. 7H₂O (0.5 %) spray twice, T₅: FeSO_4. 7H₂O (0.5 %) spray thrice, T₆: P. fluorescens PBAP-27+FeSO_4.7H₂O (0.5 %) spray once, T₇: P. fluorescens PBAP-27+FeSO_4.7H₂O (0.5 %) spray twice, T₈: P. fluorescens PBAP-27+FeSO_4.7H₂O (0.5 %) spray thrice. Leaf area, chlorophyll content, active iron, total iron, ferric iron and iron: manganese ratios of leaves were studied. Maximum leaf area was recorded with P. fluorescens PBAP-27+FeSO_4.7H₂O (0.5 %) by spraying twice. Whereas, chlorophyll content, active iron, total iron, ferric iron and iron: manganese ratio were recorded higher in P. fluorescens PBAP-27+FeSO_4.7H₂O (0.5 %) sprayed thrice. Findings indicate that the three foliar spray of ferrous sulphate (0.5 %) along with inoculation of P. fluorescens strain can be used as useful strategy for iron fertilization for improving physiological parameters (leaf area and chlorophyll content) and leaves iron status (active iron, total iron, ferric iron ) in low chill peach.

ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012. ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi-110012.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.15

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Abstract: Marigold is an annual flower crop and it is mainly cultivated and propagated through seeds. Seed quality is the key issue in flower seed industry. Indeterminate flowering in marigold leads to differential maturity of seeds resulting in wide differences in the seed quality, major constraints in marigold seed production are optimum stage of physiological maturity and stage of seed harvest. Hence, a study was undertaken to identify the optimum stages of seed maturity in African marigold varieties. The experimental results showed that, on-set of germination starts at 8-10 DFA; and quality seeds in marigold can be harvested between 46-48 DFA. Besides, total oil content in seeds recorded of about 35 % during physiological maturity and of about 33% at harvest maturity; its content also varied with genotype as well as stage of seed maturity.