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Department of Botany, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli- 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.41
Key words: Plectranthus bourneae, embryogenic callus, somatic embryogenesis, leaf explant, glutamine, ISSR
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Abstract: An effective somatic embryogenesis protocol was established for Plectranthus bourneae an Endemic plant to Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India. High frequency (77.28 %) of embryogenic callus was achieved from leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The embryogenic callus was subcultured in a combination of 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 50 mg/L glutamine (GLU) which produced somatic embryos(84.22 %). Different stages of embryos (globular, heart, torpedo and cotyledonary stage) were observed. Maturation and the frequency of somatic embryo germination increased when transferred onto half-strength MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L gibberellic acid (GA3) and 0.5 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (BA). Plantlets were acclimatized successfully with 90 % survival. Histological studies revealed the development of primary and secondary embryos. The genetic fidelity of mother plants and in vitro raised plants was established by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The established protocol assists the rapid production of true-to-type plants by somatic embryogenesis and hence could provide a valuable target material for genetic transformation experiments.
1Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia. 2Present address: Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, South Kuta, Badung, Bali (80362), Indonesia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.02
Key words: LC-MS, profile metabolite, ethanolic extracts, Curcuma domestica Val, Turina-1
Abstract: The metabolite profile of Curcuma domestica Val. variety Turina-1, one of the superior varieties of turmeric was studied by analysing ethanol extract of the variety. The samples for this research were obtained from BPPT Bogor-Indonesia and were extracted using ethanol (96 %) and then analyzed using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS System (Waters), mass spectrometry: XEVO-G2QTOF (Waters), in ESI positive resolution mode, using gradient method with mobile phase: water, formic acid and acetonitrile. The study revealed 13 metabolites viz., Demethoxycurcumin-2 (48.23 %), ?-Turmerone (19.623 %), Curcumin (18.550 %), Bisdemethoxycurcumin-3 (9.064 %), Curcumin-1, (1.706 %), and other compounds with amount less than 1 % (Kaempferol 3-O-glucosyl-rhamnosyl-galactoside, Demethoxycurcumin, ar-Turmerone Bisdemethoxycurcumin, a-Terpinolene, L-Tyrosine and L-Alanine, L-serine). Based on this research, the main metabolite in the ethanol extract of Turina-1 having the potential as antioxidants is the curcuminoids.
1Department of Agriculture, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore-641114, India. 2Department of Food and Agricultural Process Engineering, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641003, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.03
Key words: Coconut, principal component analysis, score plot, grading
Abstract: Grading of the coconuts adds value to the product and gives better economic return to the farmers as grading reduces the ambiguity in pricing. The aim of the study was to identify the suitable parameters for grading dehusked coconut. In this study, major diameter, minor diameter, length, weight of nut, shell, copra, kernel and water, thickness of shell and kernel were considered. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to achieve the least possible number of parameters which governs an original variation in the dehusked coconut. From the PCA results, two plots viz., score plot and loading plot were obtained for three different size ranges of dehusked coconut (80-90, 91-100 and 101-110 mm diameter). The loading plot revealed that, the weight of nut and weight of kernel was the chief important variables in all the ranges of sizes of dehusked coconut. Score plot was helpful to find the variation between the weights of nut in each size range of dehusked coconuts. Therefore, the present study concluded that the dehusked coconut can to be graded by size as well as weight which may fetch more profit to the coconut producers rather than grading manually by size alone.
1CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic (CIMAP), Research Centre, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand-263149, India. 2CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow-226015, Uttar Pradesh, India. 3CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Purara, Post-Gagrigole, Bageshwar- 263641 (Uttrakhand), India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.04
Key words: Rose-scented geranium, cultivars, diurnal, geranium oil, composition
Abstract: Geranium is an economically important aromatic plant for its highly priced essential oil. The essential oil yield and composition is influenced by genetic, agronomical and environmental factors but at maturity, the right harvesting time during the day without affecting the quality is not clear. Present study was undertaken to study the change in essential oil yield and composition at different harvesting time during day in three geranium cultivars i.e., Bourbon, Bio-G-171, and CIM-Pawan. Randomised samples from three cultivars were harvested at crop maturity stage to obtain oil yield and composition of essential oil at different times (06 A.M, 10 A.M, 02 P.M, and 06 P.M.) during the day. Results indicated that essential oil yield increased significantly from 06 A.M. (0.18 %) to 06 P.M. (0.40 %) in Bourbon only and not in Bio-G-171 and CIM-Pawan. With respect to quality of essential oils, no significant quantitative variations in marker compounds was recorded. Citronellol/geraniol ratio is a quality criteria as per industry need and results unveiled high ratio in Bourbon (1.85) and CIM-Pawan (1.73) in afternoon and in Bio-G-171 (1.78) during forenoon, compared with other harvesting time during the day. The study revealed that essential oil significantly increased in cultivar Bourbon during the day but not in Bio-G-171 and CIM-Pawan cultivars. With respect to quality, considering C/G ratio, one can go for harvesting in cultivar Bourbon and CIM-Pawan in the afternoon and for cultivar Bio-G-171, harvesting in forenoon is advisable.
CSIR-Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, P.O. Box 7, Bunso, Eastern Region, Ghana.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.05
Key words: Eggplant, cultivars, germination, harvesting time, seed quality
Abstract: Seed quality is a key factor in crop production and food security, particularly during the increasing uncertainty due to climate change. In this study, the effect of harvesting time on seed quality of six eggplant cultivars (Solanum gilo: Dwomo, Kpando, Solanum melongena: GH 3870, GH 3887, Solanum macrocarpon: GH 1072, GH 4918) was assessed at the experimental site of CSIR-Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, Bunso, Eastern Region, Ghana. The experiment was arranged in a randomised complete block design with three replications. Fruits of six eggplant cultivars were harvested at the fully ripe stage at weekly intervals for a period of nine weeks and seeds extracted after each harvest. Seed quality of eggplant cultivars was assessed by 100-seed weight, seed vigour and germination percentage at weekly intervals. The results showed a significant difference in 100-seed weight among all the cultivars at different harvesting times. GH 1072 had the highest 100-seed weight with the lowest being Dwomo at all harvesting times. No germination was observed at first harvest among the six cultivars. Seed vigour increased at 7, 8 and 9 weeks after harvesting in all the cultivars. The highest vigour and germination percentage were observed in GH 1072 followed by GH 3870. The results obtained indicates that seed quality of eggplant cultivars increases with harvesting time. This varied within and among eggplant species.
1Rand Water, PO Box 1127, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa. 2 Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.06
Key words: Hydrozone, ornamental landscape, plant database, plant coefficient, plant factor, indigenous plants, exotic plants
Abstract: About 27 % of available water in South Africa is utilised in the urban environment. Estimates for South Africa place ornamental landscape water use as high as 50 % of urban water use. South Africa’s average annual rainfall is approximately 495 mm. Rainfall patterns are erratic with periodic droughts of anticipated increased frequency. Ornamental landscapes require additional watering to minimise impacts of dry periods. These landscapes are often over- rather than under-watered. One method of reducing urban ornamental landscape water use is to group plants according to predefined hydrozones to optimise water use through improved site maintenance, landscape design and irrigation application. Currently no extensive researched database of commonly grown ornamental landscape plants linked to hydrozones exists for South Africa. To produce such a plant database, an analysis determining the hydrozone rating of plants sold in South African nurseries was undertaken. The result of this study is a database of plant species suitable for ornamental landscape hydrozones (high, medium, low and very low water requirements) and linked to a plant factor. This provides South African Green Industries Council members, especially landscapers with a database to assist in selecting the most appropriate plants for each hydrozone for their ornamental landscapes and gardens. The database will support South African ornamental landscape water use models.
Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Jayanagar, Bangalore – 560 011.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.01
Key words: Artificial wounding, mechanical stress, flavonoid, phenol, antioxidant, reactive oxygen species, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
Abstract: The objective of the study was to evaluate biochemical response to two different types of wounding damage in leaves of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and also to investigate the influence of pre-wounding on subsequent salt stress exposure. Wounding experiment was performed by small punctures either on the midrib or leaf lamina. Results showed that damage by wounding elicited a rapid increase in H2O2 levels within the first few hours of wound stress. H2O2 levels, total phenolic and flavonoid levels were significantly higher in midrib damage than either the lamina damage or control conditions. Wounding pre-treatment reduced the toxic effects of NaCl stress in plants. Alleviation of salt induced damage was greater in midrib cuts through the stabilization of relative water content and also an increase in antioxidant scavenging activity. These results confirm that wounding pre-treatment induced cross-tolerance to salinity stress in tomato plants. It is suggested that an early and significantly elevated generation of H2O2 with local midrib injury could induce a priming response systemically, thereby providing protection to the subsequent salt stress injury.
Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Eachangkottai, Thanjavur-614 902, Tamil Nadu, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.07
Key words: Banana, benzyl amino purine (BAP), indole butyric acid (IBA), Poovan, shoot tip, thidiazuron (TDZ)
Abstract: In vitro micropagation of banana is nowadays pinned towards development of disease free clones. An efficient protocol has been developed for micropropgation of banana cv. Poovan by using shoot tip as explant. The explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different concentrations of benzyl amino purine (BAP) and thidiazuron (TDZ) for the development of shoots and inodole butyric acid (IBA) for root induction. MS medium supplemented with TDZ was found to be effective for shoot multiplication than MS medium supplemented with BAP. The highest average number of shoots (7.1) for each explant was found in MS medium containing 1.0 mg L-1 TDZ, while, the maximum of five shoots were produced per explants in MS medium containing BAP (3 mg L-1). The result of this study showed that the maximum multiplication of shoots (8) was obtained in MS medium containing BAP (3 mg L-1) and TDZ (0.5 mg L-1) with four successive subcultures. Shoot elongation was found to be the best in MS medium containing GA3 (0.4 mg L-1). The well-developed shoots were transferred to the rooting media after three to four subcultures. More number of roots were produced in the medium having IBA (1.0 mg L-1). Rooted plantlets were successfully transferred to plastic pots containing autoclaved garden soil, farmyard manure and sand (2:1:1) for hardening. Regenerated plantlets successfully established in field and showed morphological characters identical to mother plants with success rate of 90 per cent. These findings suggested that the protocol might be used for commercial production of disease free Poovan clones through micropropagation.
1Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia. 2Present address: Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, South Kuta, Badung, Bali (80361), Indonesia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.08
Key words: Arak, adsorbent ratio, distillation period, bioethanol
Abstract: Arak is one of traditional Balinese drink that has potential alcohol content used as a raw material in making bioethanol. The aim of this research was to study the influence of adsorbent-arak ratio and distillation period on the characteristics of bioethanol and to identify the right method to produce bioethanol with the best characteristics using distillation-adsorptive purification method. This research used a completely randomized design with factorial experiment. The first factor was an adsorbent-arak ratio, i.e., 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4. The second factor was the distillation period, i.e., 1, 2, 3 h. Each factor was grouped into two groups based on the two times of arak production so that there were 18 experimental units. The data was analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range test. The result showed that the ratio of adsorbent-arak and distillation period had a significant effect on ethanol content, density, specific gravity, API gravity, and heating value. The combination of 1:3 adsorbent-arak ratio and one-hour distillation period produced the best characteristic viz.,: ethanol content 91.86 %, density 0.83 kg/L, specific gravity 0.81, API gravity 42.31, and heating value 11081.9 kcal/ kg.
Centre for Pollution Control and Environmental Engineering, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry-605 014, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.09
Key words: Earthworms, vermicomposting, nutrients, neem, Azadirachta indica
Abstract: The soil is a natural dynamic body with properties derived from combined effects of climate and biotic activity. It is a porous medium made up of minerals, water, chemicals, organic matter, and micro-organisms which supports plant growth and development. On the other side, the leaf litter from the plants upon decomposition release nutrients and helps in nutrient recycling. In nature, leaf litter is processed by soil organisms of which earthworms are one of the major contributors in nutrient cycling. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the nutrient dynamics while vermicomposting neem leaf litter employing two epigeic earthworm species, Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae. In addition, an assessment has been made on the presence and quantification of the nitrogen (N2) fixing bacteria during the vermicomposting of leaf litter. From this study, it was found that the nutrients were higher in the earthworm worked leaf litter than the control. It was also found that the nutrients were higher on the 30th day from the start of the vermicomposting process, and tend to reduce by the 60th day with further fall on the 90th day.
1Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, RVSKVV College of Horticulture, Mandsaur-458001 (Madhya Pradesh) India. 2RVSKVV Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Agar Malwa-465441 (Madhya Pradesh) India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.10
Key words: Growth, isabgol, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, yield
Abstract: An experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2015-16 at Horticulture Experimental Farm, College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (Madhya Pradesh) to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on growth and yield of isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk) using randomized block design with 3 replications. There were 9 treatments in the experiment viz., 30:15:10 kg NPK ha-1, 30:15:20 kg NPK ha-1, 30:30:10 kg NPK ha-1, 30:30:20 kg NPK ha-1, 60:15:10 kg NPK ha-1, 60:15:20 kg NPK ha-1, 60:30:10 kg NPK ha-1, 60:30:20 kg NPK ha-1 and absolute control. Results revealed that application of 60:30:20 kg NPK ha-1 gave significantly higher value of growth, and yield attributes and economics as compared to other treatments.
1Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. 2Sherubtse College, Royal University of Bhutan, Bhutan. Corresponding e-mail: hgiri@afu.edu.np
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.11
Key words: Key word: Cauliflower, technical efficiency, farmer, agriculture, Bangladesh
Abstract: The research was conducted to explore the technical efficiency of the cauliflower production in Savar and Keraniganj Upazila of Dhaka district, Bangladesh by applying the stochastic production frontier approach. Primary data were collected from 120 households cultivating the cauliflower following the face to face interview by using a structured questionnaire. The estimated results revealed that the mean technical efficiency was 85 % which implies that the household cultivating the cauliflower can increase the revenue by 15 % at given level of resources. Lastly, the inefficiency model suggested that the seedlings of improved varieties, more access to market information, and better training and extension service can minimize the farm level inefficiency.
1College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China. 2Department of Management and Finance, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. 3 Department of Agribusiness and Marketing, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.4Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.12
Key words: Asset ownership, Bangladesh, empowerment, income, vegetable
Abstract: Use of homestead gardening in developing countries may be a method for improving income and employment of rural women, but determinants for adoption by women are not well understood. The study identified determinants of adoption of homestead gardening and its effect on income and decision making power of women. A total of 150 adopter and non-adopter women were interviewed and the Mann-Whitney test, and probit model was used to analyze data. Age, years of education, training, farm size, and income influenced the adoption of homestead gardening. Annual income in adopters were 40 % more than non-adopters. Women involved in homestead gardening increased household food production and income which helped them to contribute in decision making and could improve the status of women in the society.
1Vegetable Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. 2Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El Minia, Eg-61517, Egypt.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.13
Key words: Artichoke, GA3, chitosan, garlic extract, moringa leaves extract, salicylic acid
Abstract: Two field experiments were carried out during two successive winter seasons of (2018/2019-2019/2020). The purpose of these experiments was to investigate the response of globe artichoke (French cultivar) plants to foliar spray with each of GA3, chitosan, garlic extract, moringa leaves extract or salicylic acid or the combination of each material with GA3. Plant parameters of vegetative growth, earliness, yield quantity and quality as well as some chemical composition were recorded. The results indicated that spraying plants with moringa leaves extract increased vegetative growth i.e. plant height, number of shoots, leaf length and leaf width compared to control plants and other treatments in both seasons. GA3 + moringa leaves extract ranked second. The same results were obtained with yield parameters (early, middle, late and total) by moringa leaves extract. The lowest values were obtained from control plants treatments for all studied characters. The results indicate that there were significant effects of the interaction treatments i.e., GA3 + chitosan, GA3 + garlic extract, GA3 + moringa leaves extract or GA3 + salicylic acid where the highest values were obtained from GA3 + moringa leaves extract treatment compared with all other interaction treatments. It can be concluded that a foliar spray application of moringa leaves extract or the combination of GA3 + moringa leaves extract is more suitable strategy for artichoke yield improvement under quite similar environmental conditions.
Department of Horticulture Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Mizoram University- Aizawl, Mizoram 796004.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.14
Key words: Nanofertilizers, chitosan, chlorophyll, nanozeolite, proliferation, food security
Abstract: Current horticultural practices are being upgraded and updated by use of various technologies including nanotechnology. Use of nanotechnology for developing nanofertilizers could improve the nutrient use ef?ciencies, reduce nutrient loss, replenish soil fertility, increase crop yield, maintain ecosystem, soil health and curtail serious soil problems. Nano-fertilizers are formulated to deliver and emit nutrient tardily and deliberately. Regular release of nutrients by nanofertilizers help in augmenting nutrient use efficiency beyond several related adverse outcome. Nanofertilizers may increase the fruit yield and quality of various horticultural crops which will inturn increase the nutritive content of products as well as increase the global food security. The present review discuses different aspects of nanofertilizer application in horticulture.
