Abstract: Natural fibres are revived and used in various applications as a substitute for environmentally hazardous synthetic fibres. Many researches are going on for developing fabric both woven and non woven composites from fibers of banana pseudostem. Banana fibres have scope for export also. It’s year round availability and affordability, has good market potential. Today banana fibre products are produced at small scale. The possibilities of using non conventional natural fibres in regular basis need to be explored. Fabrics are made from banana fiber and can be considered green apparel of the future. This review paper discusses the fiber source, extraction, availability, applications and potential for successful commercial use for developing rural employment opportunities.
L.V. Trong, N.N. Khanh, L.T. Huyen, L.T. Lam
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Hongduc University, Thanhhoa city, Vietnam. Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi city, Vietnam. Faculty of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, Hongduc University, Thanhhoa city,Vietnam
Abstract: This paper presents research results on the changes in physiological and biochemical parameters during growth and development of mango fruit grown in Vietnam, thereby determining the physiological maturity time of the fruit. The results showed that significant changes occurred in pigments content, reducing sugar content, starch content, total organic acid content, vitamin C content, protein content, lipid content, pectin content, tannin content and changes in the activity of enzymes ?-amylase, catalase, peroxidase of mango from formation to fruit ripening. Based on the results, we found that mango fruit should be harvested at physiological maturity (16 weeks old) before completely ripening on the tree to ensure the nutritional value of the fruit during storage.
K. Raja
Vegetable Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Palur - 607 102, Tamil Nadu, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2020.v22i02.26
Key words: Jamun, genotypes, fruit traits, seed traits, seedless fruits.
Abstract: Jamun fruits collected from different locations showed wide variations in fruit and seed characters. Among 49 genotypes, SC1, SC27, SC33 and SC40 had lesser seed weight ranging from 0.3 to 0.8 g, therefore these genotypes can be considered as seedless types. Also, these genotypes had least seed content viz., 9.1 % (SC1), 10.3 % (SC27), 6.5 % (SC33) and 5.6 % (SC40). Nevertheless, these genotypes have two types of fruit in which the bigger fruits have thin seed and others have no seed. In seedless fruits, the aborted ovule was recorded. In addition, the seedless genotypes were found to have higher total soluble solids and sugars. Therefore, these genotypes can be used in the food industry particularly for the preparation of value added products and also as table fruit variety.
Deeki Lama Tamang and S. Manivannan
Department of Horticulture, Sikkim University, Gangtok- 737 102, India. Present Address: Department of Horticulture, Sikkim University, 6th Mile, Tadong, Gangtok- 737 102, India.
Abstract: Ginger is one of the major cash crops of Sikkim and being an organic state, maintaining sustainability in ginger cultivation is a challenge especially in the changing climate scenario. Soft rot caused by Pythium aphanidermatum is a major problem in ginger cultivation and the disease has resulted into reduction in the acreage under the crop in this Himalayan state. Conventional exhaustive organic inputs, self renewable organic inputs like plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were tested against the soft rot incidence in ginger for two consecutive years. Two local varieties, namely, Bhaise and Majouley were used with conventional organic inputs and PGPR, alone and in combinations. The disease causing organism was challenge inoculated. The disease symptoms were assessed by visual scoring. In addition, growth and yield parameters were recorded. The results revealed that PGPR along with the other organic inputs have a significant effect on disease suppression in addition to promoting the growth and yield parameters like plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, leaf area and yield per plant. The information generated can act as a readily available environmentally safe method for the management of soft rot in ginger through organic means.
Yasmin de P. Lima Silva, Alexandre M. da Rosa Ferraz Jardim, Luzia F. da Silva, Damiana C. de Medeiros, Franciscleudo B. da Costa, Angela V. de Souza, Reginaldo C. Cerqueira7, Rainério M. da Silva and Marcos R. da S. Vieira
College of Agronomic Engineering, Federal University of Pará, Altamira-PA, Brazil. Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil. 3Department of Production Vegetable, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Serra Talhada-PE, Brazil. 4Department of Agropecuária, – Specialized Academic Unit in Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Macaíba-RN, Brazil. 5Center for Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Campina Grande, Pombal-PB, Brazil. 6São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Science and Engeneering, Tupã-SP, Brazil. 7Department of Human Sciences, University of the State of Bahia, Barreiras-BA, Brazil.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2020.v22i02.28
Key words: Gerbera jamesonii Bolus, ethylene, senescence, oxygen reactive species
Abstract: Gerbera is a very popular ornamental plant and used in ornamental gardens or as a cut flower. However, as a cut flower, postharvest quality is minimal, which requires solutions to ensure its longevity, especially with acidic solutions. The study was conducted understand if the action of maintenance solutions with acids influence the postharvest physiology of gerbera cv. ‘Piang’. The experimental design was factorial completely randomized consisting of two factors: four postharvest treatments and seven evaluation times. The flowers were kept in 200 mg L-1 of citric acid solution (ACS reagent, ? 99.5 % - Sigma-Aldrich), 200 mg L-1 of boric acid solution (ACS reagent, ? 99.5 %) and 200 mg L-1 of salicylic acid solution (ACS reagent, ? 99.0 %) and potable water as a control. During the postharvest period, fresh mass loss, water absorption, petal luminosity, total longevity, peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total protein and total carbohydrate content were studied. Treatments with boric and salicylic acids recorded higher percentage of fresh weight loss. Citric acid showed higher water absorption rate and better appearance in the luminosity of the petals. The total protein and carbohydrate content decreased during the evaluation period but in the citric acid treatment, the reduction was not so significant. On the other hand, citric acid induced higher peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity in the second day of evaluation and lower activity until the tenth day.
Tran Van Do, Tran Duc Manh, Dao Trung Duc, Mai Thi Linh, Nguyen Toan Thang, Dang Van Thuyet, Ly Thi hanh Huyen, Nguyen Van Tuan, Phung Dinh Trung, Nguyen Thi Thu Phuong, Ninh Viet Khuong, Dang Thi Hai Ha, Tran Cao Nguyen, Tran Hoang Quy, Pham Dinh Sam, Vu
Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam. Centre for Applied Silviculture Research and Extension, Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam. Vietnam National University of Forestry, Xuan Mai, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Abstract: Vegetative propagation method such as cutting provide uniform plant materials from mother plants. The effects of medium and exogenous hormone pretreatment on rooting were studied for golden camellia - Camellia impressinervis, a tree species which is used for healthcare. The results showed that exogenous hormone IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid), IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid), and their different concentrations significantly affected rooting efficiency. Cuttings treated with IBA and IAA had significantly higher rooting percentage than control (54.2 %). Higher rooting efficiency was obtained with IBA, which resulted in highest rooting percentage of 91.4 % at 4 months of growth by using concentration of 0.5 % (by weight). Hormone types and their concentrations did not affect mean root number (MRN) and mean root length (MRL). Cutting media significantly affected rooting efficiency, MRN per cutting, and MRL. Using medium of 100 % sand resulted in highest rooting percentage ( 91.4 %), roots per cutting (4.2) and MRL (5.4 cm) at 4 months of growth. It is concluded that to produce seedlings for C. impressinervis by cuttings, rooting medium of 100 % sand should be used and cuttings should be pretreated by 0.5 % IBA. In addition, cutting management is also important for rooting efficiency. It must be controlled with humidity of >95 % and temperature of <27oC.
Luu Thi Thuy, Im Seon Young, Muhammad Farooq and Dong-Jin Lee
Field Crops Research Institute, Hai Duong, Vietnam. Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Chungnam 3116, Republic of Korea. Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Oman.
Abstract: The Korean radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus) cvs. BDM, CDM, HGM, HTM, JKM and SJM, and a standard Vietnamese cv. R13 were evaluated for adaptability, yield and quality as affected by planting geometry in Vietnam over two growing seasons. In first season, radish cultivars were planted under the planting geometries 30 × 15 cm, 30 × 30 cm, or 60 × 30 cm. The Korean radish cultivars produced better yield of good quality than the Vietnamese cultivar. The Korean and Vietnamese cultivars had better root yield with the planting geometries of 30 × 15 cm and 60 × 30 cm, respectively. The Korean radish cultivars SJM, JKM and BDM, performed well in Vietnam, in terms of yield and quality than the Vietnamese cultivar. Therefore, Korean radish cultivars may be grown in Vietnam.
Phuong Tran Dong Nguyen, Ngan Hieu Luong, Phuong Thi Bich Ho, Kinh Thi Le and Linh Thi Truc Le
Biotechnology Department, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 70000.
Abstract: Yield imporovement is one of major breeding objectives of cucumber improvement. Gynoecious, an important agricultural trait which highly correlates with yield, was proved to be controlled by F locus. Conventional plant breeding approach has some limitations in terms of potential inaccuracies and time-consuming. Molecular marker - assisted breeding is, therefore, an effectively alternative solution. F locus– linked molecular marker was previously reported. The main aim of this project was to evaluate the potential applicability of this F locus– specific marker for marker–assisted selection in Vietnam cucumber breeding program. Three different cucumber populations e.g., pure lines, F2 and F3 population were utilized with 13, 131 and 84 plants, respectively for each population. Plant sexual phenotypes were determined. Sequencing reactions were performed for BCAT 3’UTR of 3 gynoecious and 2 monoecious pure lines. Plant genotypes were determined by standard PCR with a primer pair amplifying a 56 bp-deletion region in BCAT 3’UTR. A 56 bp-deletion was found in BCAT 3’UTR of gynoecious pure lines as compared with monoecious lines. The marker based on this 56 bp-deletion region in BCAT 3’UTR could help to separate cucumber plants having homozygous and heterozygous sex phenotypes. The marker genotype absolutely corresponded with monoecious trait. Especially, the marker could precisely explain for 80 % gynoecious trait. The marker highly explained for Vietnam cucumber sex traits and could be applied for marker-assisted selection in cucumber breeding program in Vietnam in future.
A.J. Lindsey, J. DeFrank, and Z. Cheng
Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, St. John Plant Science Lab 102, Honolulu, HI 96822. 2Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall 609, Honolulu, HI 96822.
Abstract: Seashore paspalum has gained increased popularity in Hawaii due to its salt tolerance and the use of non-potable water on golf courses. Bermudagrass and goosegrass are problem weeds infesting both fairways and greens on many seashore paspalum golf courses. Herbicide efficacy studies were conducted at the West Loch Golf Course (‘Salam’ seashore paspalum, greens cut) on the island of Oahu in Hawaii. The herbicides metribuzin, topramezone, mesotrione, and ethofumesate were evaluated in tank mixtures for bermudagrass and mature goosegrass control and seashore paspalum injury. Goosegrass was controlled with tank mixes that included topramezone (0.01 kg ha-1) + metribuzin (0.10 kg ha-1) with an acceptable level of seashore paspalum discoloration. Incorporating a post-spray dry down allowed for complete control of goosegrass with one spray application. Maximum bermudagrass injury was seen in treatments with mesotrione (0.07 kg ha-1) and/or ethofumesate (1.12 kg ha-1). Applications of mesotrione did not result in goosegrass control. Seashore paspalum turf bleaching from mesotrione and topramezone can be reduced with the addition of metribuzin and/or ethofumesate to the tank mix.
A.G. Mohamed, M.A. Abdel-Gayed, S.I. Ahmed, E.E. Hafez and M.A.M Selim
Vegetable Breeding Res. Dept. Hort. Res. Inst. Agric. Res. Cent. Giza, Egypt. Onion, Garlic and Oil Crops Diseases Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. Vegetative Reproduction Res. Dept. Hort. Inst. Agric. Res. Cent. Giza, Egypt. Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt.
Abstract: This study was conducted during the winter seasons of 2015 to 2019 to select garlic clones superior in yield, quality and tolerant or resistant to white rot disease. Fourteen mutants from Balady and five mutants from Egassed-1 garlic cvs. were isolated in stable form and selected after 4 successive generations (M1V4) from previous breeding program using mutagens viz., di-ethyel sulphate (DES), di (2-chloro ethyel) amine (DEA) and gamma ray. Cloves of two local garlic cultivars (Balady and Egassed-1) were irradiated with gamma ray doses i.e. 1, 3, 5,10 and 15 Gy or treated with previous mutagens. Out of Balady selected clones, Mut 6-1 and Mut 6 had the heaviest cloves compared to the original cultivar with values of 3.8 and 3.6 g/cloves, in 2015/2016 and 2016/2017seasons, respectively. Likewise, Mut 6-2 and Mut 7 which resulted from Eggaseed-1 cv. had the heaviest cloves compared to the original cultivar with values of 7.6 and 7.2 g/cloves, in the first and second seasons, respectively. Significant positive correlations were detected between the most of the desirable traits. Artificial infestation with Sclerotium cepivorum was carried out under greenhouse conditions during two successive seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 and under natural infestation in the open field to evaluate the resistance in the two cultivars and their mutants. In case of Balady cv., Mut 6-1 (10 GY) and Mut 2 (0.1 % DEA) were highly tolerant in the two tested seasons with infection percentage of 11.33 and 12.33 % in the first season and 13.33 and 15.33 % in the second one with efficacy 80.4, 78.74 and 78.15, 74.87 %, respectively, compared to Balady (58 and 61 % infection). Regarding, Eggaseed-1 cv., Mut 6-2 and Mut 6-1 resulted from irridiation (10 GY) were highly tolerant mutants in the two tested seasons with infection percentage of 8.33 and 10.67 % in the first season and 9 and 10.67 % in the second one with efficacy 81.21, 75.93 % and 81.38, 79.99 %, respectively as compared to original cultivar,(44.33 and 48.33 % infection). Results of employed QRT-PCR technique showed that Mut 6-1 (10 GY) which had significantly high tolerance to garlic white rot disease showed great regulation-up of detective defense genes (PR1, PR5, PAL and HQT) with high relative expression values compared to original cultivar, Balady. Similar results were obtained in case of Eggaseed-1 cv. Results showed that respective encoded PR and polyphenol synthase genes might have played important role in defense reaction of obtained mutants of two tested garlic cultivars against S. cepivorum infection. Mutants with high tolerance to garlic white rot disease could be used by growers in the infested areas.
Muhammad Munir
Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. Frontier Agriculture, SOYL Precision Crop Production Division, Newbury, United Kingdom.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2020.v22i01.03
Key words: Date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L., pollination, pollen grains suspension, fruit yield, fruit quality
Abstract: Present study was designed to evaluate the response of date palm cultivars Khadrawy and Zahidi to varied concentrations of pollen grains liquid suspension (1, 2, 3 and 4 g L-1). The experiment was arranged in two-factorial randomized complete block design. Results of the study revealed that the pollen application of 4 g L-1 significantly increased fruit set (86 %), fruit weight (11.27 g), fruit length (38.27 mm), fruit width (23.70 mm), fruit thickness (18.90 mm), fruit geometric diameter (24.93 mm), fruit arithmetic diameter (26.96 mm), fruit surface area (1953.93 mm2), fruit volume (11.29 cc), yield per palm (23.97 kg), seed length (2.40 cm), pulp weight (9.83 g), pulp:seed ratio (6.88) and moisture content (22.72 %). However, fruit drop parameter was minimal (37 %) in that treatment as compared to others. All other parameters (fruit sphericity, seed weight, seed diameter, percent of pulp, percent of seed, total soluble solids, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars) were statistically not different. However, application of 3 g L-1 pollen grains liquid suspension treatment was closely followed by 4 g L-1 pollen grain application regarding all these attributes. Comparison between the date palm cultivars, Khadrawy was observed superior than Zahidi regarding aforesaid parameters. The interaction of both factors showed positive impact of 4 g L-1 pollen suspension concentration when applied to cultivar Khadrawy, which was closely followed by 3 g L-1 application. It is therefore, concluded from the present research that although the application of 4 g L-1 pollen suspension treatment gave the best results in both cultivars, application of 3 g L-1 pollen suspension can also be practiced at a minimal compromise on date palm yield and quality for both cultivars.
E.M. Azo’o, W.B. Bissou and F.F.N. Tchuenguem
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 814, Cameroon. Department of Agriculture, Livestock and By-Products, National Advanced School of Engineering of Maroua, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 46, Cameroon. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 454, Cameroon.
Abstract: Comparing the foraging behaviour and the pollination efficiency of honey bee (Apis mellifera) with a carpenter bee (Xylocopa olivacea) in the farmer garden of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) was conducted in Maroua (Cameroun) in 2016 and 2017. Several foraging parameters were assessed for each bee species during the blooming period of watermelon and comparisons were made between fruit and seed yields from four pollination treatments on female flowers including the no bee visit treatment (T0), the one bee visit treatment for A. mellifera (T1) and X. olivacea (T2) and the unrestricted treatment (T3). Results showed an important difference in the rhythm of activity between the two bee species with a peak of floral activity of X. olivacea at 07:00-08:00 a.m. time interval and that of A. mellifera at 09:00-10:00 a.m. A. mellifera was prominent than X. olivacea regarding the frequency of floral visits in 2016 (77.74 and 22.26 %) and in 2017 (81.28 and 18.72 %) and the density of individuals per 1000 flowers in 2016 (442/1000 flowers and 97/1000 flowers) and in 2017 (476/1000 flowers and 88/1000 flowers). Despite the higher foraging intensity of A. mellifera compared with that of X. olivacea, the carpenter bee was a more efficient pollinator than the honey bee. Indeed, the mean treatments for fruiting rate, mean fruit weight, mean fruit diameter, and mean mature seeds per fruit of watermelon were higher on the one visit basis in T2 than T1.Moreover, the unrestricted treatment T3 produced fruit with the best marketable value than restricted treatments T2, T1, and T0. X. olivacea should be associated with A. mellifera in a watermelon field to optimize the pollination of this crop for obtaining improved yields. Considering very high pollinating efficiency of X. olivacea, the means of conservation must be developed for this solitary bee which appeared in this work as a synergistic or alternative pollinator of the honey bee within a watermelon farm.
S. Parthasarathy, G. Thiribhuvanamala, K. Ramalingam, M. Daniel Jebaraj and K. Prabakar
Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641003, India,
Abstract: The aim of the research was to identify the emerging rust disease in fig cultivation. In commercial orchards in the Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India, trees infected with rust exhibited reddish-brown angular leaf spots on their upper surfaces while their lower leaf surfaces contained numerous orange to reddish, rust pustules. An intensive survey was conducted to determine the incidence and severity of rust in fig orchards of the different districts of the Western Ghats and found that the incidence was very severe (100 %) in Pannaikadu, Dindigul district. To confirm the pathogen and its infection module, scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze these rust pustules and their anatomy. Based on the microscopy study, the subjected pathogen was identified as Cerotelium fici, this is the first detailed report of C. fici infection on fig plants in India.
Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal - 576104, Karnataka. India. Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal - 576104, Karnataka. India.
Abstract: The pre-treatment of seeds with physical and chemical agents or exposure to different temperatures improves the viability and germination of seeds. The current study was aimed to explore the consequence of various pre-treatments on in vitro seed germination percentage of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) var. Mattu Gulla. The seeds were pre-treated with Helium-Neon (He-Ne) laser (632.8 nm, 7.1 mW with a power density of 4.0198 mW/cm2), low and high temperatures, acid and alkali. The pre-treated seeds were surface sterilized and germinated aseptically on Murashige and Skoog medium and incubated at 25±2 ºC with 16 h photoperiod. A positive effect of the pre-treatments on germination percentage was observed for He-Ne laser (30 J/cm2), low temperature (4 and -20 °C) and sulphuric acid (30 %). The low temperature pre-treatments were significantly improved the germination of Mattu Gulla seeds while alkali pre-treatment with potassium hydroxide (2.5, 5.3 and 7.6 M KOH) showed inhibitory effect on in vitro seed germination. Thus, the study revealed the integral role of pre-treatment especially with low level laser irradiation and low temperature treatment for the augmented in vitro seed germination of brinjal variety.
Khushal Khan Liwal, Manohar Vohra, Hashir Sheikh, Obada Al-Khatib, Nidhal Abdul Aziz, and Czarina Copiaco
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong Dubai, Dubai, UAE.
Abstract: This paper summarizes the implementation of a vertical Micro-Farm that uses a WiFi network to communicate with sensors and actuators from multiple nodes. It addresses the issue of ordinary vertical farms, which require the user to monitor it occasionally to provide fertilizer and water. The system can be easily configured to automatically control supply of nutrients, water and light requirements for various plant types through a web enabled Interface. The web dashboard can further provide complex analysis of the whole system by collecting values from different sensors. The designed vertical farm system is power efficient, self-sustained, and can be setup easily by the user as each vertical rack acts as a single node or module. The user only needs to plant the seeds and fill up the tanks. Due to the modular approach, the system is also scalable without requirement of more complicated materials or wiring.
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