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Journal of Applied Horticulture Selected Contents of Year
Abstract: Widespread genetic variation occurs across carrot germplasm, and the assessment of variability provides an important foundation to take advantage of that variation for future carrot improvement. The present investigation was carried out to study the variability, heritability and genetic gain for nineteen traits in carrot. Genotypes PC-161, PC-15, PC-173 (tropical), PCO-30, PCO-5, PCO-7, PCP-2, PCP-1 and PCP-17B (temperate) were found to be superior with respect to highest total and marketable yield. Magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters which indicated role of environment on the character expression. Quantitative traits like total sugar content (%), carotene content (mg/100g), anthocyanin content(mg/100g) and lycopene content (mg/100g) had higher values of GCV, heritability and genetic gain and were found most important traits for applying selection in carrot for crop improvement.
K. Kaur1, R.K. Dubey1 and M.S. Bhullar2
1Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141001, Punjab, India. 2Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141001, Punjab, India. Corresponding e-mail: boparaik91@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.62
Key words: Hand weeding, oxyfluorfen, paddy straw mulch, rose, weeds
Abstract: An experiment was directed to assess the effect of integrated weed management practices on weed density and dry biomass in rose cv. Gruss-en-Tepltiz by using treatments paddy straw mulch 0.6 kg/m2, paddy straw mulch 1.2 kg/m2, oxyfluorfen 0.025 g/m2, oxyfluorfen 0.025 g/m2 + paddy straw mulch 0.6 kg/m2, oxyfluorfen 0.025 g/m2 + paddy straw mulch 1.2 kg/m2,hand weeding (at monthly interval) and unweeded control. The least value of weed count of diverse species was recorded in hand weeding closely followed by oxyfluorfen 0.025 g/m2 + paddy straw mulch 1.2 kg/m2. Dry biomass of weeds and weed control efficiency was also marked to be lowest in hand weeding followed by oxyfluorfen 0.025 g/m2 + paddy straw mulch 1.2 kg/m2. Since hand weeding is costly, tedious, laborious, and if not done legitimately, harms the plant and root system, the result of the study advocated using oxyfluorfen in combination with paddy straw mulch at a rate of 1.2 kg/m2 for effectively reducing weed growth.
Muhammad Munir1,2, Mohammed Refdan Alhajhoj1, Abdel-Kader Mohammed Sallam1,3, Hesham Sayed Ghazzawy1,4 and Abdul Majeed Al-Bahigan1
1Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. 2Frontier Agriculture, SOYL Precision Crop Production Division, Newbury, United Kingdom. 3College of Technology and Development, Zagazig University, Egypt. 4Central Laboratory for Date Palm Research and Development, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: mmunir@kfu.edu.sa
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.63
Key words: Date palm, Phoenix dactylifera, pollination times, fruit yield, and quality.
Abstract: The present study was conducted during the 2017 and 2018 seasons on date palm cv. Khalas to determine the most effective daytime to pollinate female palms to obtain optimum fruit set, yield, and best fruit characteristics. Nine, twelve-year-old date palm trees were selected for the experiment, and five spathes from each palm were chosen for pollination. These palms were pollinated at three different daytimes, i.e., at 8am (morning), 11am (late morning), and 2pm (afternoon). The experiment was laid out on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates for each treatment. The outcome of the study indicated significant differences among three pollination times. Date palm cv. Khalas pollinated at 11am exhibited significantly promising results regarding fruit set percentage, parthenocarpic fruit percentage, biser fruit percentage, tamar fruit percentage, bunch weight, yield per palm, fruit fresh weight, fruit length, fruit width, fruit volume, pulp weight, pulp ratio, seed ratio, pulp:seed ratio, seed weight, seed length, and fruit moisture content; however, fruit drop percentage, seed width, total soluble solids, total sugar, reducing sugar, and non-reducing sugar were not significantly affected by any pollination times. Pollination carried out at 2pm closely following to 11am pollens application time, and a number of attributes were non-significant between the two times such as fruit set percentage, parthenocarpic fruit percentage, biser fruit percentage, tamar fruit percentage, bunch weight, yield per palm, fruit volume and seed length. Early pollination time (8am) showed poor results regarding most of the attributes studied. Therefore, it is concluded that pollination should be carried out around the middle of the day when the ambient temperature is optimum, which favours pollen germination and positively influence fruit yield and quality attributes.
N. Tabassum1, R. Mahmood2, M. Shafiq1 and M. Ali1 M. Hashmi1
1Department of Horticulture, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. 2Department of Soil Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Corresponding e-mail: rashid.iags@pu.edu.pk
Abstract: Kalonji (Nigella sativa L.) is an important medicinal plant, cultivated as a rabi crop in Pakistan. A hydroponic sand culture experiment was conducted to know the effect of N:P supply ratio at two N and P supply levels on kalonji. N:P ratios maintained in nutrient solution ranged from 2 to 18 at two levels of N and P designated as high and low. The plants produced more biomass and seeds with higher antioxidant activity, total phenolics and flavonoids at high N and P supply levels. Biological weight, seed weight, antioxidant activity and total phenolics were not affected by N:P supply ratio. However, high N:P supply ratios i.e. 15 and 18 reduced total flavonoids in kalonji seeds. N uptake by the plant was not influenced by N:P supply ratio however, P uptake was found maximum at ratios 6 to 9. It is concluded from the results that kalonji plants with better quality seeds can be more successfully grown if N:P supply ratio is maintained at or near 7 in the growth medium.
Eric T. Stafne1 and Amir Rezazadeh2
1Extension and Research Professor, , South Mississippi Branch Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Poplarville, MS, 39470, P.O. Box 193, USA. 2Extension Agent II/Fruit and Field Crops, University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) Cooperative Extension St Lucie County, 8400 Picos Rd, Fort Pierce, FL 34945. Corresponding e-mail: eric.stafne@msstate.edu
Abstract: Passiflora incarnata L., often referred to commonly as ‘maypops’, has showy flowers and large fruit. This species has been identified in historical documents as being a food crop, although it is not presently grown as a commercial crop. To better facilitate harvest, Passiflora vines must be trellised to keep flowers and fruit off the ground. There are different methods to accomplish this, but there is little consensus as to the best model. Simple trellis systems made from t-posts, wire fencing, and cement blocks were erected onto a crushed rock covered nursery pad. One trellis was made horizontal to the ground roughly 0.3 m off the pad. The other trellis was vertical (perpendicular to the ground) and reached a height of 1.5 m. Three Passiflora species were used: Passiflora caerulea L. (blue passion flower), Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa O. Deg. (yellow passion fruit), and Passiflora incarnata (maypop). There were no statistically significant differences between vertical and horizontal trellised passion fruit vines in our study. Overall, trellis orientation did not appear to significantly impact vine growth, fruit growth, or fruit quality of Passiflora incarnata. We recommend employing a vertical trellis system for this species.
K. Nihad1, A. Abdul Haris1 and Ravi Bhat2
1Indian Council of Agricultural Research- Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, Regional Station, Kayamkulam, Kerala-690533, India. 2Indian Council of Agricultural Research- Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala-671124, India. Corresponding e-mail: nihadshukoor@gmail.com
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, Regional Station, Kayamkulam, Kerala, during 2012-2016 for identifying potential commercial heliconia varieties suitable for intercropping in the coconut ecosystem. The experiment revealed that heliconia varieties viz., Iris, Kawauchi, Sunrise and She are suitable as intercrops in coconut gardens. A combination of the varieties She and Sunrise can be planted in the ratio 1:1 for year-round production of marketable inflorescences. Variety Iris can be planted at 1.25 x 1.25 m spacing, whereas the others require spacing of 75 x 75 cm. Heliconia intercropping resulted in higher productivity of the main crop (coconut) as well. This may be due to the micro habitat’s higher moisture retention, which might have resulted in the percentage reduction of fallen nuts in coconut.
K. Man Mohan, V. Kiran Kumar1 and S. Gajalakshmi
Centre for Pollution Control and Environmental Engineering, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, 605014-India. Corresponding e-mail: dr.s.gajalakshmi@gmail.com
Abstract: Management of agriculture and horticulture waste biomass are of great concern in achieving circular economy and sustainable development goals. Use of plant biomass in sorption and biosorption is being explored for wastewater remediation cum agricultural and horticultural solid waste management. This study presents the use of the seeds of lasura/lasoda (Cordia myxa) as biosorbent for azo dye Methylene Blue (MB) from wastewater. The proximate and ultimate characterization of Cordia myxa seed powder (CMSP) was carried out for the bulk and surface characterization. Batch biosorption experiments were performed changing the range of parameters i.e. initial concentration of MB (C0), and contact time (t) at room temperature. In order to know the nature and behaviour of biosorption process, equilibrium isotherms and kinetics were deciphered by employing commonly used models i.e. Langmuir, Freundlich, PFO (pseudo first order) and PSO (pseudo second order). The maximum MB dye uptake capacity of CMSP was determined as 21.93 mg/g at room temperature (398K). The Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo second order kinetic models were found to be the best fit (R2 >0.99) for the biosorption process. This study shows the applicability of Cordia myxa seed waste as low-cost treatment of dye wastewater.
N. Verma1, R. Kumar1, J. Kaur1 and D.S. Thakur2
1Department of Vegetable Science, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni Solan HP India 173230. Department of Fruit Science, 2Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni Solan HP India 173230. Corresponding e-mail: neha-vs@pau.edu
Abstract: Artificial pollination of vegetable crops necessitates the knowledge of crop's floral biology. In this aspect present investigations were carried out, to gather the information on the floral biology of monoecious (K-75 and UHF-CUC-101) and gynoecious (GYNO-1 and GYNO-2) varieties of cucumber at the Experimental Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Dr. YSPUHF Nauni, Solan (HP) during Kharif, 2016. The experiment was laid out in a RCBD with three replications. The observations were recorded on time of anthesis, dehiscence, pollen viability (%), stigma receptivity and node number bearing first female flower. The experimental results showed that anthesis started at 6AM and completed by 8AM with the maximum anthesis between 6AM to 7AM in monoecious varieties whereas, in gynoecious varieties it was maximum upto 6:00AM in both open and controlled conditions and similar pattern was observed for dehiscence. Dehiscence occurs soon after anthesis. Maximum pollen viability was recorded on the day of anthesis and viability of pollen under refrigerated condition did not decrease as rapidly as it was under room temperature condition with the duration of pollen storage. Maximum stigma receptivity was noticed at anthesis time and pollination during this interval recorded maximum fruit set. Gynoecious lines were earlier in flowering and fruiting than monoecious varieties.
A.M.R. Abdel-Mawgoud1,2, A.S. Tantawy1, S.D. Abou-Hussein1 and Y.N. Sassine3
1Dept. Vegetable Researches, Agricultural & Biological Research Division, National Research Center (NRC), 33 El-Buhouth St., 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt. 2Agric. Affair Agency, Ministry of Works, Municipalities Affairs and Urban Planning, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain. 3Dept. Horticulture Production, Fac. Agriculture and Veterinary medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
Abstract: This work aimed to study the response of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crop to different climate change scenarios using the Aquacrop simulation model. Aquacrop calibration was performed using data from a tomato crop transplanted on October 1, 2015 in the Kingdom of Bahrain’s north. Crop yield production during the period from 2006 to 2015 was used for model testing using recorded climate data for the same period. Generated climate data for the periods of 2020-2030 and 2040-2050 using three climate models; namely, CNRS- CM, EC-Earth and GFDL with two climate scenarios RCP 4-5 and RCP 8-5 were used as inputs for Aquacrop for the specified periods compared with the reference period of 1986-2005. Aquacrop calibration showed good fitting with actual data (R2= 0.93; RMSE= 0.6 t. ha-1; NRMSE= 0.2 and d = 0.97) as well as with testing period for the yield of 2006-2015 (R2= 0.85; RMSE= 0.33 t ha-1; NRMSE= 0.093 and d = 0.936). All climate simulation models predicted an increase in both minimum and maximum air temperatures and CO2 concentration. Aquacrop simulated the response of tomato plants as an increase in total biomass and yield production compared to the reference period. The crop water requirement was reduced due to a shorter crop cycle, which was predicted to be 12-17 days shorter depending on the climate scenario and simulated period.
B. Petrovic?1, R. Pokluda1, C. Richard2, and K. Fonteno2
1Department of Vegetable Sciences and Floriculture Mendel University in Brno, Valticka 337, 69144 Lednice, Czech Republic. 2School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences Louisiana State University Agriculture Center 137 JC Miller Hall, Baton Rouge, LA70803, USA.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.20
Key words: Cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, production economics
Abstract: This study investigated the economic differences between organic and conventional seedling production of vegetables in Louisiana (US) during 2018. Broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower organic and conventional seeds were used. Cost analysis was conducted for organic and conventional seedling production, including trays, containers (100 count flats), seeds, substrate, fertilizers, water used for fertilizer treatment, and irrigating the crop, labour, and greenhouse space utilized. Calculations were based on total production cost and net returns for 1 flat, 100 flats, for the production of 100 flats in 3 repetitions, and for the space of 100 m2 in the greenhouse. After seedlings reached suitable growth for transplanting, a survey was conducted to determine potential demand for the production of organic and conventional vegetable seedlings for home gardeners. The total production cost of one plant/repetition equated to organic broccoli $0.31, organic cabbage $0.26, and organic cauliflower $0.30, whereas conventional seedlings equated to broccoli $0.15, cabbage $0.11, cauliflower $0.16. The net returns in the production of conventional seedlings for 100 flats 3x per year for broccoli $2,808.1, cabbage $3,498.1, cauliflower $2,760.7 was higher compared to organic seedlings: broccoli $1,201.01 (57.2 % lower than conventional), cabbage $2,118.06 (39.4% lower than conventional), cauliflower $1,572.1 (43 % lower than conventional). In the production of seedlings per 100 m2, net returns were almost doubled for conventional seedlings compared to organic seedlings. Despite needing to recoup higher costs for organic vegetable transplants, more Louisiana consumers (65 %) prefer to pay a higher price to buy organic vegetable seedlings compared to conventional vegetable seedlings.
1Department of Horticulture, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan-313 001 (India). 2Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan-313 001 (India)
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to develop a fertigation schedule and assess the effect of different levels of NPK on the growth, yield and quality attributes of tomato grown under polyhouse conditions. There were nine different treatments of 75, 100 and 125 per cent RDF at three intervals (two, three and four days) of fertigation. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. Most of the traits under study were significantly influenced by various levels of fertigation except specific gravity. Results revealed that maximum plant height (241.70 cm), number of branches (18.24), leaf area (328.70 sq cm), number of fruits per plant (83.42), weight of fruits (88.53 g), volume of fruits (90.88 cc), length of fruit (5.88 cm), yield per plant (7385.04 g) and yield per square meter (17.72 kg) were reported for treatment 125 % RDF at three days interval) followed by 125 % RDF at two days interval). In contrast, treatment 125 % RDF at four days interval) taken minimum days to first harvest (84.97) and was earliest among the treatments studied. Thus, tomato crops grown under polyhouse conditions should be supplemented with 125 percent of RDF i.e. 225 kg N, 125 kg each of P and K per ha, along with three days interval of fertigation for higher yield.
R. Chandraprakash, P. Masilamani, P. Rajkumar, R. Geetha, V. Alex Albert and T. Eevera
Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Navalur Kuttappattu, Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu-620027, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i02.22
Key words: Coriander, specific gravity separator, germination, seedling vigour, field emergence
Abstract: An attempt was made to study the effect of specific gravity separation on seed germination and biochemical properties of coriander var. CO3 seed at Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, TNAU, Kumulur, Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu. The seeds were graded in a specific gravity separator viz., horizontal height (cm), vertical height (cm) and air blow rate (m3/hr) adjustments of 0.5, 1.0 and 3.5, respectively at 485 rpm. Coriander seeds were classified into five grades, numbered one through five, and labeled A, B, C, D, and E (grade A represents light weight seeds and grade E represents heavy weight seeds). The seeds were graded and then tested for seed recovery percentage, 100 seed weight, seed filling percentage, germination percentage, speed of germination, seedling length (cm), dry matter production (g/10 seedlings), vigour index, field emergence (%), and biochemical analysis. The results revealed that higher germination per cent was recorded in the E grade (74 per cent) than A, B, C and D grades as well as F-ungraded bulk seeds. Estimation of storage reserves revealed that variation existed among the grades separated by the specific gravity separator. E grade seeds recorded higher protein, oil and carbohydrate contents, which would have substantiated the higher germination, vigour and field emergence.
V. Viji1, R. Balakumbahan1 V. Sivakumar2 and V. Davamani3
1Department of Vegetable Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Periyakulam East, Theni district, Tamilnadu-625 604. 2Coconut research Station, Aliyarnagar, 3Department of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore -641 003.
Abstract: Moringa oleifera, a tropical vegetable crop of India, has gained importance for its nutrient-rich leaf production. A study was conducted at the Department of Vegetable Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam, to increase leaf biomass productivity and quality attributes of moringa leaves using liquid microbial inoculum. Microbial inoculum included Azospirillum, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, potassium solubilizing bacteria and pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs along with graded level of inorganic water soluble fertilizer. The annual moringa var. PKM -1 seeds were sown at a spacing of 40 x 20 cm on well prepared raised beds. Among the different treatments, combinations, tested moringa plants that received RDF 125 % of the recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers (337.5: 56.25: 112.5 kg NPK ha-1) along with a liquid form of bio inoculants viz., Azospirillum, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, potassium solubilizing bacteria @ 500 mL each ha-1 through drip system and foliar application of pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs @ 500 mL ha-1 produced higher biomass yield. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, ascorbic acid, tocopherol, crude protein, crude fiber, and total carbohydrates were found to be higher in the same treatment group.
Rio Tensakti Hutabarat, Uswatun Nurjanah and FahrurroziFahrurrozi
Crop Production Department, University of Bengkulu, Bengkulu 38121, Indonesia.
Abstract: Cucumber responses to mulching vary by season, region, and mulching material. A field experiment, arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates, was established to assess the effect of organic mulches on weed growth and cucumber yield. Treatments consisted of no mulch, palm oil leaf litter mulch, rice husk litter mulch, blady grass litter mulch, coffee husk litter mulch, and black-silvered plastic mulch. Treatment effects were evaluated in terms of the dry weight of weeds (broad and narrow leaf) and yield of cucumber (fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit number plant-1, fruit weight, total fruit weight plot-1and weight of marketable fruits plant-1). Results indicated that the use of mulches effectively reduced weed growth, increased growth, and yield of cucumbers. The effectiveness of black-silvered plastic, coffee husk litter, rice husk litter, palm oil leaf litter, blady grass litter mulches to control weeds were 98, 68, 58, 56, and 54 %, respectively. Cucumbers grown with mulch increased fruit diameter, fruit weight, number of fruit plant-1, weight of marketable fruits, and total fruit weight plot-1 that were 7, 91, 25, 78, 134, and 78 % higher than those grown without mulch, respectively. These findings provids a valuable technique for cucumber growers in the low altitude of equatorial areas.
Elsie E. Salamat1, L.M. Borines, Enrico C. Virrey1, Wences Rey de la Pe?a1, Vanessa IsraelandYan Diczbalis2
1Department of Pest Management, Visayas State University, Visca, Baybay City, 6521, Leyte, Philippines. 2Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Australia.
Abstract: Seedling dieback caused by Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) is a significant problem in jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) nurseries in Eastern Visayas, Philippines. It has been linked to insufficient knowledge of inoculum sources and possible factors contributing to seedlings’ health. This study was conducted to identify potential sources of Phytophthora inoculum in representative nurseries in Eastern Visayas and evaluate the effect of possible factors that contribute to seedling health. Phytophthora detection was conducted from random samples of potting media, irrigation water, germination beds, and roots of seedlings from representative nurseries supplying seedlings in the region. Detection was done through tissue baiting and the use of a Phytophthora-specific diagnostic kit. The effect of the air-filled porosity (AFP) of potting media, sanitation, pathogen inoculation, and phosphonate on plant growth and seedlings’ health was evaluated. Phytophthora propagules were positively detected in most samples, suggesting that seedlings most likely already harbor the pathogen when distributed to farms in the region. Among the factors, AFP of the potting medium had the most profound effect on seedlings’ growth and health. The tallest plants with the largest stem diameter, highest dry weight biomass, and least disease rating were grown in the most porous medium (21 % AFP) consisting of 20 % garden soil, 20 % carbonized rice hull, 20 % rice hull, 20 % coco coir dust, 10 % sand, and 10 % chicken dung. The benefit of a highly porous medium was, however, seen only when external fertilization was undertaken. Unsterilized media resulted in healthier seedlings compared to sterilized media. Sterilized potting media that were inoculated with the pathogen after sterilization resulted in more severe disease. Sterilized potting media was beneficial for jackfruit seedlings when supplied with adequate nutrients and as long as contamination with the pathogen does not occur. Sterile media, therefore, should be kept away from recontamination with the pathogen otherwise more severe disease may occur. The addition of the plant defense regulator phosphonate showed no effect on the growth and health of seedlings under the trial’s conditions.
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