SELECTED CONTENTS

Journal of Applied Horticulture Selected Contents of Year

2024 |2023 |2022 |2021 |2020 |2019 |2018 |2017 |2016 |2015 |2014 |2013 |2012 |2011 |2010 |2009 |2008 |2007 |2006 |2005 |2004 |2003 |2002 |2001 |2000 |1999 |0 |
Ramin Naderi, Hossein Ansari, Saeed Khoda Shenas and Ali Tehranifar

Water Engineering Department, International Campus of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Water Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i01.05


Key words: Soil moisture sensor, evapotranspiration, microclimate, irrigation intervals
Abstract: In today’s world, the growth of urban and suburban population has increasingly shifted the balance between the water demand and the available water resources. Moreover, the synchronization of maximum consumption of water in urban landscapes with the drinking water sector has caused the landscape to be a serious competitor for urban drinking water sources. This study investigates the effects of environmental variations at two locations (lake complex and city center park in Golbahar, Khorasan Razavi province, Iran), and irrigation intervals at three levels (daily, 2-day and 3-day) on some performance characteristics of urban landscape plants (height, root length, leaf relative water content, proline in lawn and mixed lawn, electrolyte leakage and stomatal conductance in lawn, mixed lawn and mixed tree) based on soil moisture measurements. Sensors were installed after calibration at depths of 0-10 cm for lawn and at depths of 0-10, 10-30 and 30-50 cm for mixed lawn and trees. The highest moisture depletion for lawn was observed in both locations due to the level of evapotranspiration in August, July, and June, respectively. In the city center park, the soil moisture percentage and soil adsorption rate at the time of irrigation as well as the rate of desorption was higher than the lake complex. In mixed lawn and tree pattern, the moisture content of the soil layers decreased with increase of depth, and the maximum desorption occurred in July and August. The effect of microclimate resulted higher lawn height value at the lake complex than the city center park, and there was no difference between the lawn and the mixed lawn. Also, with increase in irrigation interval, the height of lawn was significantly decreased. Moreover, the effect of location of irrigation and irrigation interval on root length was not significant. The relative water content percentage decreased 28 % in three-day irrigation compared to daily irrigation. For proline concentrations, only location and irrigation intervals were significant. The lower levels of electrolyte leakage indicated higher resistance of tree in similar irrigation conditions, which increased 12 percent with increase in irrigation intervals, from 1 to 3-day. The average stomatal conductance in the leaves indicated that it was less for the lawn than the tree in the same irrigation interval due to the greater resistance of the tree to drought against lawn. Upon the results, soil moisture sensors can be used as a tool in irrigation decision making which could contribute to water saving in amenity urban landscapes.
Katsumi Ohta, Rintaro Makino, Takashi Akihiro and Takaaki Nishijima

Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan. National Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8519, Japan.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i01.01


Key words: Flower number, lateral shoot length, photosynthetic rate, plant growth regulator, Solanum lycopersicum
Abstract: The effect of planting densities on yield, plant morphology, and physiological characteristics in determinate-type cooking Suzukoma tomato were examined [high density (HD), medium density (MD), and low density (LD), corresponding to 792, 396, and 264 plants a11]. Although the fruit yield per plant under HD was 0.6 and 0.5-fold lower than that under MD and LD, respectively, the yield per area under HD was 1.2- and 1.5-fold higher than that under MD and LD, respectively, because planting density under HD was 1.5- and 3.0-fold higher than under MD and LD, respectively. There were no differences among planting densities of fruit set ratio, fruit weight, marketable fruit ratio, and soluble solids content. Lateral shoot length at the first cotyledonary node and third to fifth true leaf nodes under HD was shorter than one third of those under LD. Hence, the total numbers of flowers and fruits per plant were the lowest under HD. The extent of reduced photosynthetic rates and SPAD values for the third, fifth, and seventh true leaves under HD were not so larger compared to LD, despite being extremely reduced photosynthesis photon flux density (PPFD) at a low position in the plant community. The causes of decreased lateral shoot length at intermediate nodes under HD compared to LD suggested that the concentrations of isopentenyl adenine riboside (iPR) and trans-zeatin riboside (tZR) in stems, and IAA, iPR, tZR, and trans-zeatin (tZ) in lateral shoots under HD were lower than in those under LD. From these results, it was indicated that yield per area under HD was higher than under LD due to the morhological and physiological change of the plants by light conditions in the plant community.
T.T. Tuan, N.S. Thien, H.C. Nguyen, D.H. Nguyen, L.Q. Loan, T.D. Thai, N.T.H. Trang, N.H. Dung, D.D. Giap, T.X. Du, T.T. Huong and D.H. Truong

Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 9/621 Ha Noi Avenue. Linh Trung ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho, Tan Phong, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, 140 Le Trong Tan, Tay Thanh, Tan Phu, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i01.06


Key words: Banana extract, coconut water, Dendrobium officinale, DPPH assay, phytoconstituents.
Abstract: Tissue culture has become a promising technique to produce biomass and active secondary metabolisms in some species of medicinal plant in short periods of time. However, most of the plant growth regulators utilized as vital agents in the culture process are harmful to human bodies. In this study, Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo PLBs was subcultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 30 g L-1 sucrose, 8 g L-1 agar, and various concentrations of coconut water or banana extract to investigate the effect of these organic additives on Protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) proliferation and shoots regeneration. Subsequently, the chemical composition of the material was qualitatively analyzed by standard color reactions and the methanolic extract were also tested upon DPPH radical scavenging and inhibition assay for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity assessment, respectively. The nutrient screening showed that treating 0.3 g fresh PLBs of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo in medium containing 20% coconut water produced the highest PLB biomass (2.21 g) whereas the similar culturing using 20% banana extract generated only 1.98 g PLB biomass. The qualitative chemical tests recognized the presence of various phytoconstituents such as glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes, phenolic compounds, and saponins. The DPPH assay revealed the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract in a dose dependent manner with the IC50 value of 0.84 mg.mL-1. In addition, this methanol extract showed a stronger inhibitory activity against Gram negative bacteria than Gram positive bacteria. These finding suggested that coconut water could be a potential alternative nutrient to common unhealthy regulators in the production of the biomass of interest.
Lemuel Ohemeng Mintah, Linda Arhin, John Ofosu-Anim and George Oduro Nkansah

Forest and Horticultural Crops Research Centre-Kade, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences University of Ghana, Legon. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Oil Palm Research Institute- (Coconut Programme), P.O. Box 245, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana. School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon..

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i01.07


Key words: Coconut water, trans- zeatin riboside, indole-3-acetic acid, axillary bud, plantain
Abstract: The effect of endogenous content of cytokinin (trans- zeatin riboside, T-ZR) and auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) in coconut water from fruits at four different fruit maturity stages: liquid endosperm, solid endosperm formation stage, semi matured endosperm stage and fully matured dried fruit stage on proliferation of axillary bud initiation and development of local plantain cultivar (cv. Asamienu, Musa AAB) was investigated at the University of Ghana Forest and Horticultural Crops Research Centre, Kade. The results indicated that the IAA content decreased while the T-ZR content increased with fruit maturity. Three weeks after treatments, the highest number of well-differentiated axillary buds was obtained for suckers treated with coconut water from fruits at liquid endosperm formation stage whilst the highest number of fully developed plantlets was produced from treatments with coconut water at semi-endosperm formation stage. One month after the application of the split corm technique, the highest number of additional well-differentiated axillary buds and fully developed plantlets were produced from treatments with coconut water at the liquid endosperm formation stage. In general, treatments with coconut water from fully matured dried fruits produced the largest and the most vigorously growing plantlets.
F. Rachmadiarti and G. Trimulyono

Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Ketintang Campus, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i01.08


Key words: Salvinea molesta, Marsilea crenata, lead, phytoremediation
Abstract: This study focused on the absorption of lead (Pb) by two species of ferns, Salvinea molesta Mitch and Marsilea crenata Presl. The aim of this research was to describe the accumulation of lead in S. molesta and M. crenata roots and leaves, and in addition, to find whether these are accumulators or excluders. Both of these ferns were grown in a hydroponic system to which there was added Pb at 0, 5, 10, and 15 ppm concentration, exposed for 7 and 14 days. After the treatment, determination of the lead amounts in the roots and leaves used the AAS method and the RGR calculation. The data were analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS Program 16 edition. The results showed that the accumulation of lead was higher in the roots than the leaves. Both of the ferns had a bioconcentration factor of more than 1 and the factor of translocation was low, i.e., less than 1. It is concluded that S. molesta and M. crenata are appropriate species for phytoremediation, especially as excluders.
Z. Khazaei Kojori, M. Rezaei, A. Sarkhosh and S. Gharangik

Horticulture Science Department, Agriculture Faculty, Shahrood University of Technology, P.O. Box 3619995161, Shahrood, Iran. Horticultural Sciences Department University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 U.S.A. Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Agriculture Faculty, Shahrood University of Technology, P.O. Box 3619995161, Shahrood, Iran.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i01.09


Key words: Bud break, scale removal, growth inhibitors, plant growth regulator, tissue culture
Abstract: We tested the effects of bud scale removal and different application rates of gibberellin (GA3) on bud break of dormant vegetative buds of two apricot cultivars. The shoot explants of "Jafari" and "Rajabali" cultivars were collected from one-year-old dormant branches and cultured in woody plant medium (WPM), supplemented with 2 mg L-1 of benzyl amino purine (BAP), 0.04 mg L-1 3-bndolebutyric acid (IBA). Treatments included three different concentrations of GA3 (4, 6, and 8 mg L-1), and removed and unremoved scale bud forms. The results indicated that none of the unremoved scale buds sprouted even when GA3 treatments were used (P?0.01). The average of bud sprouting in removed scales buds was 62.77%. The maximum bud sprouting (72.5%) occurred in treatment with 8 mg L-1 of GA3 and removed scale buds. There was a significant difference between two apricot cultivars on vegetative dormant bud break percentage when scale removal of buds was done. The removed scale bud of "Jafari" and "Rajabali" cultivars sprouted 55.22% and 70.33%, respectively. This study showed that the scales are probably containing inhibitory substances such as abscisic acid and by removing them, bud break will occur. Also, this method provides the possibility of in vitro culturing of apricot trees in non-growing seasons (winter).
M. Muthukumar, Anju Bajpai and S. Rajan

Division of Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i01.10


Key words: Mango, chloroplast genes, hybridity
Abstract: Mango (Mangifera indica L.) encompasses of diverse varieties for different traits owing to their evolution by open pollination and natural selection processes over several generations. Phylogenetic relatedness and confirmation of hybridity of out-crossed progenies in mango are the pre-requisites for improving the precision of selection in trait based breeding. In this context, two chloroplast genes namely trnL and trnF genes localized within the chloroplast LSC region were used for sequence characterization of 8 mango varieties/hybrids to affirm hybridity and trace their inheritance. Sequence annotation and analysis revealed that both these genes were able to discriminate the 8 varieties. The hybridity of Arunika, a progeny generated from a cross between Amrapali and Vanraj, was also confirmed. Sequence level variations in the hybrids in comparison with the parents indicated that the inheritance of chloroplast genes is not strictly maternal but could be even paternal or biparental in nature. Thus, chloroplast genes which were usually thought to be markers for plant species discrimination could also apparently be used as genetic markers for hybridity confirmation at the population level.
Sinan Akin and Tolga Erdem

Nam?k Kemal University, Agricultural Faculty, Biosystem Engineering Department, 59030-Tekirdag, Turkey.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i01.11


Key words: Walnut, evapotranspiration, vegetative growth parameters
Abstract: The experiment was conducted during the growing season 2014 and 2015 to evaluate the water use and vegetative growth parameters of walnut trees under different amount of irrigation water. The irrigation water was applied based on a ratio of Class A pan evaporation as 50, 75 and 100 % through drip irrigation. In the first year of the study in all treatments water was applied 8 times amounting between 58.30 and 116.59 mm irrigation water. In the second year, irrigation was applied 15 times and 95.26 and 190.47 mm of irrigation water was applied. Results revealed that the seasonal evapotranspiration in the treatments during the measurement period varied from 264.41 and 304.77 mm in 2014 and from 346.49 and 418.76 mm in 2015 depending on the irrigation treatment. The effects of different irrigation practices on the vegetative growth parameters of walnut trees were also studied. The study revealed that the amount of irrigation water applied to the walnut trees had no significant effect on vegetative growth parameters.
Jagdish Singh Arya, Narendra Singh, Preeti Singh Arya and Anil Kant

Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organization, C/o 56 APO, Leh-Ladakh (Jammu & Kashmir) India-194 101. DIHAR, DRDO, C/o 56 APO, Leh-Ladakh (Jammu & Kashmir) India-194101.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i01.12


Key words: Allium cepa L., seedling, set, cold desert, trans-Himalaya
Abstract: The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of two different planting materials (set and seedling) and genotypes on bulb yield, its quality and vegetative growth. The experimental material comprised of two planting material and ten genotypes. The experiments were conducted at High Altitude Research, Defence Research and Development Organization, Leh during 2013 and 2014 in Randomized Block Design with five replications. There was significant effect of planting material and genotypes on all the studied parameters. Wall Brown genotype showed highest plant survival, chlorophyll content, days to maturity, polar diameter, equatorial diameter, average bulb weight and bulb yield when grown through set among all the genotypes. The highest plant height and number of leaves, leaf area, were obtained in the genotype Brown Spanish. The highest TSS and dry matter were observed in the genotype Red Cereole. The lowest double/deformed bulbs and neck thickness was observed in the genotypes Lock Roy and Red Cereole. The results indicated that all the genotypes under set planting performed better than seedling ones.
Mohammad Kazem Souri, Mohammad Ahmadi and Farzaneh Yaghoubi

Department of Horticultural Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran-Iran.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i01.13


Key words: Aminochelate, Capsicum annuum, humic acid, nutrient elements, transplants
Abstract: Production of healthy, vigorous seedlings is necessary for optimum growth and high yields in field and greenhouse production of peppers. Pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a warm season crop and applying cooler temperatures during seedling growth may have some benefits, but it can reduce plant growth. In present study, effects of foliar application of synthetic and organic fertilizers were evaluated on growth and quality of chili pepper seedlings under greenhouse conditions with cool temperature of 15±3ºC. Treatments were foliar application of fertilizers in a 0.2 % concentration of: 1) N20:P10:K20, 2) Biomin (an organic aminochelate fertilizer), 3) Humifolin (a humic acid based fertilizer), 4) Biomin+Humifolin, 5) a synthetic macro-micro mixture, 6) soil application of NPK (600 mg.kg-1 of the N20:P10:K20 formulation) and 7) a no fertilizer control. Fertilizer treatments improved seedling overall growth except for plant height and stem diameter. Most growth and quality traits were best improved by foliar application of organic Biomin aminochelate followed by Humifolin fertilizer. Higher values for leaf area, leaf number, chlorophyll index, root and shoot biomass, and leaf concentration of soluble sugars, N, K, Ca and Zn, were attributed to foliar application of Biomin aminochelate and Humifolin. The mixture of Biomin+Humifolin had reduced values of those parameters indicating possible negative interaction when these two organic fertilizers are mixed. So, under cool temperature foliar feeding of organic fertilizers (aminochelate) can effectively improve nutrients status and transplant’s quality of pepper.
M. Selvamurugan, I. Chamy, V. Navaneetha Pandian and M. Manikandan

Precision Farming Development Centre, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i01.14


Key words: Plastic mulch, drip irrigation, fertigation, tomato.
Abstract: A study was conducted to assess the effect of drip fertigation and plastic mulching on tomato at Precision Farming Development Centre farm, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments consisted of 3 mulching levels of black plastic mulch of 50 micron thickness, 25 micron thickness and no mulch, and 3 fertilizer levels of 80, 100 and 120 % of Recommended Dose of Fertilizers (RDF). The results of the study showed that the different levels of drip irrigation and plastic mulching significantly influenced the plant growth parameters of tomato. Among the various treatments, black plastic mulch of 25 micron thickness and drip fertigation with 120 % RDF (240:300:300 kg of NPK/ ha) recorded maximum plant height (112 cm), earlier flowering, and fruit set and highest yield (67.41 t/ha). The highest net income and benefit cost ratio of Rs. 4,18,911/ ha and 3.66, respectively was also recorded in the black plastic mulch of 25 micron thickness along with fertigation @ 120 % RDF compared to other treatments.
M.S. Sonawane, V.S. Supe and V.P. Chimote

Department of Horticulture, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra, India. Department of Horticulture, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth,, Rahuri, Maharashtra, India. State Level Biotechnology Centre, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth,, Rahuri, Maharashtra, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i01.15


Key words: Punica granatum, pomegranate, Bhagwa, ISSR, genetic diversity, molecular characterization
Abstract: In the present study, molecular characterization of pomegranate cultivar ‘Bhagwa’ and ‘Bhagwa’ like genotypes available in Maharashtra of India was undertaken along with two other cultivars, Phule Arakta and Mridula to assess their authenticity and diversity. All the 14 ISSR primers used were found polymorphic producing a total of 171 reproducible amplicons with an average of 12.5 amplicons per primer, out of which 144 amplicons (90.28 %) were polymorphic. The similarity coefficient between the genotypes varied from 0.00 to 0.94. Maximum similarity coefficient (0.94) was observed among four different genotypic combinations and high similarity coefficient (? 0.90) was observed among 18 different genotype combinations indicating that these genotypes are least divergent from each other. The UPGMA based cluster analysis using dice similarity coefficient grouped 19 pomegranate genotypes into two major clusters. The closely related genotypes of ‘Bhagwa’ cultivar of pomegranate could be clearly differentiated from cultivars Phule Arakta and Mridula.
Georgios F. Tsanakas, Chrysothemis Georgakopoulou-Voyiatzi and Demetrios G. Voyiatzis

Laboratory of Floriculture, Laboratory of Biology of Horticultural Plants, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2017.v19i03.32


Key words: Arching, bending, cultivation, flower, high rack, hydroponics, Rosa, shoot
Abstract: In the light of the global financial crisis, inexpensive and easily applicable cultivation techniques are a necessity for the grower in order to maintain his profit, while old cultivation techniques resulting in low productivity and yield are gradually eliminated. In the present paper the bending cultivation system of greenhouse cut roses is described, with its two key modifications: the ‘arching’ and the ‘high rack’ practice. The advantages of this system, that can improve the quality of flower shoots and increase production of cut roses, are described along with the commercial and physiological characteristics of the cut flower shoots and the overall physiology of the rose plant. The impact of shoot bending on the sink-source relationship in rose plants is also assessed. Moreover, the cultivation technique of partially removing the first compound leaf below the harvest cut is described and according to this treatment, an early harvest up to 7-10 days (15-20%) can be achieved. Finally, the effect of the pruning height on the quality and yield is discussed. The above mentioned cultivation techniques can be very easily applied with minimum cost, especially in cases when harvest programming for high-demand seasons is important.
K. Pavitra, A. Rekha and K.V. Ravishankar

Division of Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru 560 089, India. Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Post Graduate Studies, Jain University, Jayanagar, Bengaluru 560 011, India. Division of Fruit Crops, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru 560 089, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2017.v19i03.33


Key words: Musa; microRNA; transcription factors; Fusarium wilt; Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense.
Abstract: Fusarium wilt caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc1) is one of the important diseases affecting banana production. MicroRNAs, the short non-coding RNAs containing 22 to 24 nucleotides function in post-transcriptional regulation of target gene expression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) as gene expression regulators relate to several abiotic stress responses that have already been reported. However, the evidence for the interaction of miRNAs-mRNA in plant response to biotic stresses is very limited. Hence, this study mainly focuses on microRNAs and their target genes in fusarium wilt infection in banana. Here, we have examined the miRNA-mRNA expression patterns between two contrasting banana genotypes in response to fungal infection using quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR). A total of 6 miRNAs and 9 targets were examined for their expression at two-time points after infection (3 and 10 days post inoculation (dpi)) in both uninfected control and infected root samples. Based on expression analysis, we observed early and continuous down regulation of miRNAs and up-regulation of the nine targets in tolerant genotype “Calcutta-4”. This negative relation was not observed in the susceptible genotype “Kadali”. The mode of expression level of miRNAs and their putative target genes will help in understanding the roles of miRNAs imparting tolerance to fusarium wilt in banana (Musa spp.).
Moritani Shigeoki, Nanjo Hirotada and Itou Atsushi

Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan. Professor Emeritus, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan. Agriculture Research Institute, Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, 82-9 Tanaka, Kuroishi, Aomori, 036-0522, Japan.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2017.v19i03.34


Key words: strawberry, cooling, geo-thermal energy, heat pump, temperature, greenhouse
Abstract: A commercial heat pump was utilized to cool strawberry plants using a heat exchanger well at 10 m of soil depth. Two lines of strawberry were planted to grow fully on a high bench of 20 m length. The cooling treatment was conducted through a water tube connected to the chiller tank of the heat pump. A single water tube was buried under the soil surface. Two kinds of set-up for the water tube on the soil surface were designed to cool the strawberry crown. Compared with that of the control, the temperature of crown and soil was effectively lowered by the two treatments. Regardless of the setup of the water tube, the temperature of soil and crown did not differ between the two treatments. Considering the high water temperature of the heat exchanger tank of the heat pump system, the length of the heat exchange well was insufficient for the extraction of sufficient geothermal energy in this experiment. However, the converted heat pump and facile establishment of wells achieved cooling of the 4 benches effectively and at a reasonable cost.

View All
Google Scholar



Journal of Applied Horticulture