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Journal of Applied Horticulture Selected Contents of Year
Tulsi Saran Ghimiray*1, Biswajit Majumdar2 and Sourav Man2
1Regional Research Station (Hill Zone), Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalimpong-734301, WB, India. 2Central Instrumentation Centre and Quality Control Laboratory, F/ Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari-736165, WB, India. 3Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, F/ Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari-736165, WB, India. Corresponding e-mail: tulsi@ubkv.ac.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i02.43
Key words: Dalle Khursani, polyploid capsicum, capsaicin content, pungency, HPLC
Abstract: Dalle Khursani, a unique landrace of Capsicum sp specific to the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya in India, is highly valued for its pungency. The present study evaluated the capsaicin content and pungency levels of seven accessions collected from diverse altitudinal locations. The concentration of capsaicin varied between 19.05 mg/g to 28.54 mg/g, with corresponding Scoville Heat Units (SHU) ranging from 304,863 to 456,636. The results indicated the presence of significant variations for pungency within the accessions of Dalle Khursani, which may be attributed to genetic factors with the micro-climatic factors, soil composition and water availability contributing to pungency. This study fills critical research gaps with the first quantitative evaluation of capsaicin content and pungency and identified accessions such as DK-02 and DK-03 as superior in capsaicin content, making them potential candidates for further selection and genetic improvement.
K. Divya1, J. Rajender2*, P. Lokesh Babu3, V. Ramya1 and Pushpavalli Snclv1
1Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana. 2BJR Agriculture college, PJTSAU, Sircilla, Telangana. 3Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, India. Corresponding e-mail: jraj.ra0680@gmail.com
Abstract: Tomato bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas species, a major concern leading to 22-44% yield losses and reduced market value in warm, humid conditions, prompted this study to investigate the disease incidence, phenotypic traits, and species profile of Xanthomonas strains in Telangana’s major tomato-growing areas. The percent disease index (PDI) of BLS ranged from 14.7% to 72.5% in the surveyed tomato fields. A total of 22 Xanthomonas strains were isolated, of which 45.45% (10 out of 22) demonstrated the ability to utilize starch and pectin. All isolates were pathogenic to tomato and were identified as X. euvesicatoria through cultural, physiological and biochemical characteristics. In vitro evaluations of bio-control agents revealed high sensitivity of the Xanthomonas isolates to Bacillus subtilis strains. Additionally, streptomycin-resistant strains were identified, underscoring the need for effective control measures to manage the disease and prevent the spread of streptomycin resistance.
S. Kaur1, S. Sharma1*, A. Kumar2*, A. Kumar3, R. Gehlot2 and V. Arya4
1School of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Regional Institute of Management and Technology, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab, 147301 India. 2Centre of Food Science and Technology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, India. 3Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India, 4Department of Vocational Studies and Skill Development, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagaland University, Medziphema 797106, Nagaland. Corresponding e-mail: ankitnagpal1995@gmail.com
Abstract: The present investigation explores the application of starch-lipid composites to enhance the shelf life and maintain the nutritional quality of jujube fruits. The research investigates the efficacy of different concentrations of starch solutions (0.1 %, 0.2 %, and 0.3 %) combined with various edible oils (olive oil, mustard oil, and soybean oil) in preserving the physicochemical and biochemical characteristics of jujube during a 12-day storage period. Various parameters, i.e., physiological loss in weight, decay percentage, moisture content, titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids, TSS/acid ratio, total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, and total chlorophyll content, were evaluated. The results demonstrate that starch-lipid composite coatings significantly reduce physiological weight loss, decay, and moisture loss. Furthermore, these coatings preserve acidity, total soluble solids, and sugars in the fruit, along with retaining ascorbic acid and chlorophyll content. The study suggests that such edible coatings could be a valuable strategy to mitigate post-harvest losses, enhance shelf life, and maintain the nutritional quality of Indian jujube fruits.
K. Manonmani* and M. Ayyandurai
Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai – 625 104, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: manonmani.k@tnau.ac.in
Abstract: Avocado, a vital nutritious fruit crop, faces significant threats from various pests and diseases, with Botryosphaeria spp. emerging as a serious postharvest pathogen affecting nursery and field conditions. This pathogen was isolated from infected avocado fruits, while Trichoderma species were isolated from the avocado rhizosphere. Evaluation of Trichoderma VOCs against Botryosphaeria scharifii SE(TKD)-7 using a paired plate assay revealed substantial inhibition of pathogen mycelial growth. Trichoderma isolates T(MP)-7 and T(PD)-2 exhibited reduced mycelial growth of 2.4 cm and 3.2 cm, respectively, compared to the control, representing percent inhibitions of 73.33% and 64.44%, respectively. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis demonstrated alterations in Botryosphaeria mycelium caused by Trichoderma VOCs, resulting in shorter and abnormal mycelium and the absence of spore production. Moreover, GC-MS analysis identified various antifungal compounds in Trichoderma VOCs, including octane, oxirane, hexanediol, oxalic acid, and pentane-1-ol, highlighting their biocontrol potential against fungal pathogens. These findings underscore the efficacy of Trichoderma VOCs in inhibiting pathogen growth and suggest their potential application in plant disease management strategies.
Asma Arab, Mahdi Alizadeh* and Esmaeil Seifi
Horticulture Department, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran. Corresponding e-mail: mahdializadeh@gau.ac.ir
Abstract: In the past decade, numerous grape genotypes have been introduced to Iran, many showing desirable traits and adapting well to the region. However, their mass propagation is limited due to their non-native status and the challenges of traditional methods. This research explored single-node cuttings (SNCs) for grapevine propagation as an alternative and compared its effectiveness to traditional hardwood cutting (HWC) techniques. The Perlette and Fakhri grape cultivars were selected and both traditional HWCs (25 cm length, 4-5 nodes) and SNCs (5 cm length, just a single node) were procured from dormant canes. The cuttings were subjected to IBA and inserted into two different rooting substrates in a greenhouse fitted with a misting system. The comparative rooting attributes were measured in both techniques. Both cuttings showed high rooting percentages (more than 95 percent), but the SNC method yielded more plants per square meter. The SNCs planted horizontally rooted earlier and more effectively. While the rooting substrate didn’t significantly impact rooting success, the perlite and coco peat mixture (6:1) was easier to manage for SNCs. Overall, we recommend the SNC approach as a creative, quick, cost-effective and efficient method for grapevine mass propagation.
B. Nova1, F.R.M. Bagus2, L. Syukriani2, and J. Jamsari2,3*
1Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Universitas Andalas, West Sumatra 25163, Indonesia. 2Department of Agrotechnology, Universitas Andalas, West Sumatra 25163, Indonesia. 3Graduate School of Biotechnology, Universitas Andalas, West Sumatra 25163, Indonesia. Corresponding e-mail: jamsari@agr.unand.ac.id
Abstract: Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E (eIF4E) has been demonstrated as a key regulator of protein translation in vivo and it participates in plant defense mechanisms against viral pathogens. In this study, we examined the genetic variation within a local pepper variant (Capsicum annuum) called Cabai Berangkai (CB), which is characterized by the eIF4E gene. DNA isolation and sequencing of the eIF4E gene were performed, followed by comparative analysis with four reference cultivars: Doux Long Des, Landes (DDL), Yolo Wonder (YW), FloridaVR2 (F), Yolo Y (YY). We detected significant allelic variation in the eIF4E gene of CB with unique single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Results showed that comparison of the amino acids sequence of the eIF4E gene indicates high allele variation with the reference cultivars. CB also showed a unique amino acid substitution in the eIF4E protein among the different strains, possibly indicating genetic differentiation. These findings aid in understanding pepper genetics and are particularly relevant to the potential exploitation of diversity of eIF4E through breeding programs seeking increased viral resistance.
1Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri Nigeria. 2Department of Agricultural Extension, Federal University of Technology Owerri Nigeria. 3Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria. 4Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology Owerri Nigeria. Corresponding e-mail: chidinmaonoh@ymail.com
Abstract: This research demonstrated the possibility of growing and producing Gongronema latifolium using various substrate mixes and pinching regimes. The greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Research and Teaching Farm of the School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria, during the 2023 late-season farming period. The experiment followed a 4 x 3 factorial design in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and was replicated thrice. The factors were four substrate mixes (sawdust/poultry manure/biochar mix in the ratios of 3:2:0, 3:2:1, 3:2:2, and 3:2:3) and three pinching regimes (2, 4, and 6 weeks after transplanting). The substrates (sawdust, poultry manure, and ground biochar) were procured, composted, and cured for 2 weeks before mixing. The measurements were made in volume (v:v:v:v). The substrate mix was introduced into perforated black polybags of 11 cm x 13 cm size and 1 mm thickness. The filled polybags were watered and allowed 2 days for thoroughly binding the substrate mix. Seedlings from the nursery trays were then transplanted into the polybags filled with the substrate mix. Seedlings transplanted at 6 weeks of age were pinched with fingernails at the tip of the plant below the second leaf at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after transplanting, as per the experimental design. Staking, water application, and weeding were carried out at appropriate times. Data on growth and biomass production were collected. Growth and biomass production results showed significant (P<0.05) differences. Substrate mixes of 3:2:3 and 3:2:2 optimally improved growth and biomass production (number of leaves, leaf area, vine length, branches, and fresh and dry shoot weight). Pinching regimes at 4 and 6 weeks produced more leaves and branches, resulting in a larger quantity of fresh and dry shoot biomass of G. latifolium. Furthermore, the interactions of 3:2:3 + 6 weeks and 3:2:2 + 4 weeks recorded optimal leaves and fresh and dry biomass yields. As shoots and leaves are the economically significant components of the plant, pinching regimes at 4 and 6 weeks and the 3:2:3 + 6 weeks and 3:2:2 + 4 weeks are advised for farmer adoption. This method can increase vegetable output and assist in lowering world poverty.
1Department of Vegetable and Spice Crops, Faculty of Horticulture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Coochbehar-736165, India. 2Department of Plantation Crops and Processing, Faculty of Horticulture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Coochbehar-736165, India. Corresponding e-mail: safalrai93@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i02.50
Key words: Bell pepper, capsicum, growing environment, arecanut shade, open field
Abstract: Bell pepper is commonly produced in protected conditions with constraints. To study alternatives to shaded structures, this experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, during the rabi season of 2022-23 with two growing environments, i.e., arecanut shade (G1) and open field (G2) (as factor A), while five varieties—California Wonder (V1), Pusa Capsicum - 1 (KTPC -1) (V2), VLCP 2016-57 (V3), KTOC -1 (V4), and KTYC - 17 (V5)—were taken as factor B, laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. Following comparable agronomic techniques in G1 and G2, growth, yield, and quality metrics were measured for the five varieties. The results substantiated that shade had a positive influence on bell pepper, as most parameters—such as plant height (26.32 cm, 36.96 cm, and 63.17 cm at 30, 60, and 90 DAT, respectively); internode length (2.72 cm, 4.61 cm, and 6.58 cm at 30, 60, and 90 DAT, respectively); days to first flowering (53.78 DAT); number of flowers per plant (18.28); number of fruits per plant (10.37); fruit length (6.57 cm); fruit width (5.74 cm); pericarp thickness (4.75 mm); average fruit Regarding the varieties, California Wonder (V1) reported better results for a few parameters: days to first flowering (52.30 DAT), number of flowers per plant (19.75), and number of fruits per plant (10.55). However, for most yield-attributing parameters—such as fruit length (7.17 cm), pericarp thickness (4.68 mm), average fruit weight (98.00 g), and fruit yield per plant (0.81 g)—the variety KTOC- 1 (V4) outperformed. The efficient utilization of natural resources under arecanut shade may have favored bell pepper productivity. However, the variety KTOC-1 as an intercrop would be the most appropriate choice for the Terai region of West Bengal.
Ranjit Singh, Ashna Acharya*and Parminder Singh
Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab -141004, India. Corresponding e-mail: ashnaacharya1997@gmail.com
Abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of eight tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L) varieties, namely Royal Virgin, Christmas Dream, Tom Pouce, Strong Gold, Apeldoorn, Lalibela, Purple Prince and Attila Graffiti, in open-field under subtropical conditions of Punjab. Variety Royal Virgin took significantly less number of days to sprout (43.00 days) along with early flowering (77.22 days), followed by Christmas Dream and Lalibela taking (47.11, 81.00) and (49.22, 81.11) days, respectively. Lalibela had the highest sprouting percentage (100%), flowering percentage (100%), and blossom length (32.33 days), followed by Christmas Dream and Royal Virgin, respectively. Royal Virgin had the maximum leaves (4.22), and the largest flower diameter (7.75 cm). The highest values for plant height (35.00 cm) and scape length (30.89 cm) were observed in Lalibela. Further, the Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was performed and a dendrogram was constructed with three clusters. HCA supported our results as Royal Virgin, Christmas Dream and Lalibela were grouped in cluster I with minimum days to sprouting and flowering along with maximum sprouting and flowering percentage, flower duration, plant height, scape length, number of leaves and desirable bulb traits. Based on the overall performance, Royal Virgin, Christmas Dream and Lalibela varieties were found promising under agro-climactic conditions of Punjab.
Natasha Gurung1*, Om Prakash Awasthi2, Sujit Sarkar1 and Sajeed Ali3
1ICAR-IARI Regional Station Kalimpong-734301. 2ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012. 3UBKV, RRS, Hill Zone, Kalimpong-734301. Corresponding e-mail: natashagurung23@gmail.com
Abstract: An experiment was carried out to study the influence of three commercial rootstocks, i.e., Rangpur Lime, Rough Lemon and Trifoliate Orange on the growth characteristics, grafting success, biochemical and nutrient accumulation in the leaves of Darjeeling mandarin. Data were collected 180 days after grafting for growth parameters and one year after grafting for biochemical and nutrient accumulation by the scion of Darjeeling mandarin. The results revealed significant variation across the rootstocks under study. Rough lemon recorded the highest grafting success (91.25 %) followed by Rangpur lime (87.50 %). In terms of growth parameters rough lemon demonstrated the highest rootstock length (22.26 cm), scion length (11.72 cm), and leaf area (39.59 cm²). Darjeeling mandarin was recorded highest starch content (2.9 mg/g), total sugar (1.31 mg/g), total protein (3.98 mg/g), and total phenol content (0.941mg/g). Higher proline content (1.9 mg/g) in rough lemon indicates a high stress tolerance. Trifoliate Orange recorded the lowest scion length (4.87 cm), leaf area (17.92 cm²) and total sugar content (0.89 mg/g). Concerning macronutrient and micronutrient accumulation, Rangpur Lime recorded the highest calcium (2.35 %), magnesium (0.42%) and iron content (149.8 %). Thus, the findings revealed that Rough Lemon and Rangpur Lime are the most promising rootstocks for improving growth, nutrient uptake, and biochemical traits of Darjeeling Mandarin, making them ideal rootstocks for commercial propagation on Darjeeling mandarin.
L.K. Akilan1*, T. Anuradha1, K.B. Soni1, Swapna Alex1 and N. KrishnA Radhika2
1Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, Thiruvananthapuram, India; 2ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram, India. Corresponding e-mail: akilanbiotech14@gmail.com
Abstract: Cassava is a starchy root crop used for food, feed, and industrial purposes. Antibiotic resistance genes are used as a marker for selecting transformed cells from non-transformed cells in genetic engineering. The optimum concentration of selective antibiotics is crucial for transforming and regenerating transformed plants. The current study aims to determine the optimal cytotoxic concentration of hygromycin for screening both transformed and non-transformed calli. The embryogenic calli were subjected to particle bombardment using the binary vector pCAMBIA 1305.1, which included the GUS reporter gene and the hptII gene. Hygromycin was added to the callus induction and regeneration medium at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L-1 concentrations to identify the optimal selective concentration. Results indicated that 50 mg L-1 of hygromycin inhibited non-transformed calli and maintained the health of transformed calli. This concentration provided sufficient selective pressure with minimal cytotoxic effects, thus serving as the optimal level for distinguishing transformed cells in the cassava genetic transformation system.
Gomez Saji*, Prasad Patil, Jacob Sharon, C.V. Sruthi and Bintu Kuruvila
Department of Postharvest Management, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala, India-680656. Corresponding e-mail: saji.gomez@kau.in
Abstract: Despite being the largest fruit in the world, huge quantities of jackfruit are wasted in almost all jackfruit-growing countries. Post-harvest handling and market gluts are some of the bottlenecks posing challenges in the value chain. Tender jackfruit is widely consumed for its culinary applications to prepare various dishes owing to the meat like texture. About 60 % of tender jackfruit is comprised of inedible portions. When minimally processed, it becomes 100 % edible, adds convenience and can be prepared and consumed in less time. The present study evaluated the impact of antioxidants ascorbic and citric acids in combination with the antimicrobial compound sodium benzoate, packaging of the product in LDPE and PP over-wrapped with cling film, followed by storage at ambient and low temperatures. The pretreatments and packaging materials effectively prolonged the shelf life of minimally processed jackfruit by up to nine days when stored at low temperatures. The protocol adopted was effective in quality maintenance in terms of PLW, ascorbic acid, total carbohydrates, total phenols and retarded proliferation of bacteria, mould and yeast. E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus could not be detected throughout the storage period.
Harshit Mishra1*, Supriya1, Narendra Kumar Gupta2, Ankit Kumar Tiwari1 and Deep Chand Nishad1
1Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.) – 224 229, India. 2Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Kamla Nehru Institute of Physical and Social Sciences, Sultanpur (U.P.) – 228 118, India. Corresponding e-mail: wehars@gmail.com.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i02.55
Key words: Bitter Gourd, Cobb-Douglas, farm business income, production, profitability, resource use efficiency
Abstract: This study aimed to assess the profitability and resource use efficiency of bitter gourd production during the agricultural year 2021-22 in Sultanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. A multistage stratified purposive cum random sampling technique was employed to select the district, block, villages, and respondents. A pre-tested questionnaire collected primary data and information from 100 bitter gourd-producing farmers. These farmers were classified into 66 marginal, 23 small, and 11 medium categories, selected from five villages in the Dubeypur block of Sultanpur district. Cobb-Douglas production function was employed to estimate resource use efficiency and analyse the functional relationship between inputs and output. The t-test was used to examine the significance of factor elasticities, while the F-test was applied to test the significance of the R2. The findings of the study revealed that the return to scale in bitter gourd production was increasing, indicating the potential for further investment in variable inputs to optimize income. Moreover, the Marginal Value Product was greater than one in most cases, indicating favourable prospects for investment. Aggregate measures calculated for financial efficiency indicated that marginal farms yielded higher profitability than small and medium farms. This demonstrates the comparative advantage of marginal farms regarding farm business income. The study highlights the importance of resource allocation and investment decisions for enhancing profitability in bitter gourd production.
S.C. Ravi1, T. Damodaran1*, M. Muthukumar1, Maneesh Mishra1, Shailendra Rajan1, Ram Gopal2, Alok Shukla1 and Prasenjit Debnath1
1ICAR- Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow (U.P.) – 226101.2Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, (U.P.) -224229. Corresponding e-mail:damhort73@gmail.com
Abstract: India is the largest banana producer in the world, with a production of 36.61 million tons and Grand Naine is the leading variety cultivated. However, Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4), poses a significant challenge to this industry. The disease in India was first reported during 2017 in Uttar Pradesh further the disease has spread to other banana growing states like Bihar, Karnataka jeopardizing both commercial and subsistence farming. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of ICAR FUSICONT a bio-pesticide for managing Fusarium wilt on yield and economics in two cultivars viz., Grand Naine and Elakki. We used economic surplus method assuming closed economy model to assess the returns to research investment. The performance of ICAR FUSICONT led to significant improvements in yield and net returns. ICAR FUSICONT technology has been adopted in an area spanning 8,550 hectares. In Elakki banana, the yield increased by 8.25 t/ha in Karnataka, while the incremental yield was about 16.5 t/ha in Grand Naine variety in UP and Bihar. The farmers who adopted the technology witnessed a twofold increase in the net returns while the returns per rupee of expenditure increased from 1.30-1.34 to 1.78-1.85. Stepwise dummy variable regression indicated a substantial increase in net returns with adopting FUSICONT technology (Rs. 2,36,824 per ha). The total producer’s surplus generated by the technology was Rs. 210 crores and Rs. 94 crores for consumers, leading to a total economic surplus of Rs. 304 crores. In the era of increased threat caused by Foc TR4, the widespread adoption of the technology must ensure sustainability in banana cultivation and protect the producers' livelihood.
Warheel Ali1*, Nizar Mohammed2, Zeinab Younis3, Pashtiwan Zeebaree1 and Mohammed Qasim1
1Duhok Polytechnic University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. 2Akre University for Applied Sciences, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. 3Erbil Polytechnic University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.Corresponding e-mail: warheel.nadir@dpu.edu.krd
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i02.57
Key words: Paulownia plants, NPK, cytokinin, and gibberellic acid, GA3
Abstract: The investigation sought to examine the effects of nano NPK, cytokinin, and GA3 on the growth and chemical composition of Paulownia tree seedlings. The experiment comprised three treatments: Nano NPK at concentrations of 0 and 6 g L-1, applied monthly from April to September; cytokinin at concentrations of 0, 100, and 200 mg L-1, applied thrice in March, July, and September; and GA3 at concentrations of 0, 200, and 400 mg L-1, applied biannually in May and August. Plant sprayed with 6 g L-1 Nano NPK increased all vegetative and chemical parameters compared with control. Furthermore, plants sprayed with 200 mg L-1 cytokinin increase plant height to 96.67 cm, leaves number 31.22 leaf plant-1, stem diameter 5.56 cm, leaves area 277.83 cm2, nitrogen content in leaves 1.65 %, and total carbohydrate in leaves 8.94 % compared with control. In contrast, the plants sprayed with 400 mg L-1 GA3 plant height increased to 92.11 cm, leaves number 29.50 leaf plant-1, leaves area 257.90 cm2, nitrogen and phosphorus content in leaves 1.77- 2.80 %, and total carbohydrate in leaves 8.30 %. Nonetheless, plants treated with 200 mg L-1 GA3 exhibited an increase in total chlorophyll content in leaves to 24.40 mg g-1 fresh weight in comparison to the control group. Further investigation is necessary to ascertain whether higher concentrations than those employed in this study may produce better outcomes.
