Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. Department of Social Medicine, Modeling in Health Research Center, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. Department of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. 4Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i03.44
Key words: Zataria multiflora Boiss, probiotics, vaginal candidiasis
Abstract: Vaginal candidiasis is one of the most common infections in women. New approaches suggest use of medicinal plants for producing effective drugs in treatment of bacterial and fungal diseases. Zataria multiflora, due to the presence of phytochemicals such as thymol and carvacrol showed antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal characteristics, so it is a valuable plant for producing effective drugs. This study aimed to compare the effect of vaginal clotrimazole, probiotic vaginal and Z. multiflora (Leucorex Vaginal Cream). This study was a clinical trial that conducted on 120 patients with vaginal candidiasis referred to women's clinic in Shahrekord (southwestern Iran). Patients were divided randomly into three groups. In each group, 40 patients including probiotic vaginal tablets (gynophilus vaginal tablet), Leucorex vaginal cream, and vaginal clotrimazole cream were administered for 7 days. Improvement of symptoms and their recurrence were recorded in the checklist. Data were analyzed in SPSSv22 using descriptive statistics, T-test, ANOVA and Chi-square tests. There were significant differences in the relief of symptoms among the three groups (P<0.05), and the improvement in Z. multiflora and probiotics groups was more than clotrimazole. No significant difference was observed between the group Z. multiflora and probiotics (P>0.05). Recurrence between the three groups was statistically significant difference (P=0.02) and recurrence of symptoms was lower in the group of Z. multiflora and probiotics. This study showed that the tablets containing probiotic bacteria and creams containing extracts of Z. multiflora based on clotrimazole act more effective in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis than the clotrimazole alone.
Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Chuncheon, 24226, Korea. Deptartment of Plant Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.17
Key words: Flower developmental stages, fruit characteristics, fruit setting management, labor saving, Prunus persica L. Batsch
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Abstract: We developed a pulsatory water spray gun system aimed at improving the efficiency of fruit setting management in peach cultivation and evaluated its feasibility for field application. In order to select the optimum water spray conditions and developmental stages of a flower for field applications, the influence of varying pressures of the power sprayer, nozzle diameters, and spray distances on flower and leaf bud thinning rate was investigated under four different developmental stages of flower such as bud sprouting, pink, balloon and flowering period using the water cutt bearing branch of ?Kawanakawase Hakuto? peach. The optimum conditions for the application of the pulsatory water spray gun were identified as a power sprayer pressure of 2 MPa at a nozzle diameter of 2 mm and spraying distance of 1 m in the ballooning and flowering stages. A flower bud thinning rate greater than 60 % and a leaf bud thinning rate lower than 7 % were observed under these conditions. In the field application test based on the selected conditions, the flower and leaf bud thinning rates were ideal for fruit production and showed higher fruit characteristics compared with fruits produced by a conventional fruit setting management method. In addition, the application of this system for flower thinning can considerably reduce the total work time compared with the conventional method. Hence, it is also expected that the newly developed system can be used for labor savings during fruit setting management in peach cultivation.
Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Hermiston OR 97838; Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu HI, 96822; Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Hermiston OR 97838.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.18
Key words: Establishment, Hawaii, herbicide tolerance, native plant, seed production, Waltheria indica.
Abstract: The Hawaii Statewide Noxious Invasive Pest Program (SNIPP) and associated storm water management plans provide statutory justification for increased use of native plants along the State of Hawaii transportation corridors. The demand for native plants exceeds the availability of plant materials or seed. To produce seed stock and ensure seed lot purity, establishment protocols for weed control must first be defined. Uhaloa (Waltheria indica), a native Hawaiian broadleaf shrub has been identified for increased roadside usage, thus will be the focus of this research. Weed control during the establishment phase of uhaloa is essential for optimising establishment success. In this study, the efficacy and phytotoxicity of the pre-emergence herbicides oxadiazon and indaziflam applied over uhaloa transplants were evaluated. Crop and weed response to granular oxadiazon at 2.24 kg ai ha-1 and 4.48 kg ai ha-1 and flowable indaziflam at 24 g ai ha-1 and 49 g ai ha-1 were determined. Unacceptable uhaloa injury with both rates of indaziflam was recorded. Oxadiazon provided excellent broad-spectrum weed control with acceptable injury to uhaloa.
Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Department of Horticulture and Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Shilin, Taipei 114, Taiwan. Department of Horticulture, National Ilan University, Yilan 260, Taiwan.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.19
Key words: Camellia japonica, indole butyric acid, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), reflectance spectroscopy, stem cutting, soil-plant analysis development (SPAD)
Abstract: There are no reports on biostimulators being used to stimulate the rooting process of camellia (Camellia japonica) cuttings. The influences of vegetation indices and biostimulators on the rooting of shoot cuttings of the camellia ?Nine Bends? were determined using the reflectance spectroscopy. Six root growth parameters were recorded, 81 days after sticking cuttings. Different groups of soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values were used. Higher SPAD and NDVI values were found to be most effective in predicting rooting stages and percentages, whereas root number and length and dry weight could not be predicted. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at a concentration of 2000 ppm alone or combined with three concentrations of thiamine (TA), ascorbic acid (AA) and catechol (CAT) were applied to cuttings of camellia. The maximum root number and dry weight were detected in TA (1000 mg?L-1) alone and IBA+TA (800 mg?L-1). However, IBA+AA (1000 mg?L-1) treated cuttings showed the highest rooting stage, root number, root length, and dry weight compared to other treatments. Cuttings treated with IBA+CAT (50 or 100 mg?L-1) produced greater root number, length, and dry weight compared to other treatments. The effects of biostimulators applied to tea stem cuttings for raising camellia plants in the nursery would offer insights into the mechanism of its action in plant conservation, and there is a need to improve propagation technology.
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia. Undergraduate Program of Agroecotechnology, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.20
Key words: Agent, biological, fruits, nutrient, sugar
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to study the effect of nutrient concentration and inoculation of biological agents (PGPR and AMF) in a hydroponic system of substrate culture on the growth and yield of cherry tomato plants. The greenhouse research was conducted in the Agrotechnopark of the University of Brawijaya at Jatikerto Village, Kromengan Sub-District, Malang Regency. The utilized research method was Completely Randomized Nested Design consisting of two factors. The first factor was the concentration of nutrient solution consisting of 100 % (3.5 dS m-1), 75 % (2.6 dS m-1), and 50 % (1.8 dS m-1) concentrations. The second factor is the inoculation of biological agents consisting of no inoculation of biological agents, PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria), AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi), and PGPR + AMF. The data were analyzed using an analysis of variance and continued with the test of Honest Significant Difference at 5 % level. The results showed that the interaction between the types of biological agents and nutrient concentrations significantly increased the number of flowers, number of fruits, fruit weight, fruit diameter, and sugar content of cherry tomatoes. The AMF application showed the highest fruit weight per plant and fruit diameter, especially at 100 % nutrient concentration. The AMF application also showed a higher sugar content compared to the control and PGPR but not significantly different from the PGPR + AMF treatment at all levels of given nutrient concentration. Fruit weight per plant with treatment of AMF, PGPR + AMF, and PGPR respectively produced 64.47, 48.75 and 29.39 % higher than without application of biological agents.
Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Research Institute of Food Science and Technology, Mashhad, Iran.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.21
Key words: Gibberellic acid, growth regulators, naphthalene acetic acid, saffron
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of growth regulator treatments on quantitative and qualitative yield of saffron. Growth regulator treatments included 50, 150 and 300 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) . Saffron corms weighing 8 to 10 g were immersed in solutions of GA3 and NAA and then were planted in 1?1 meter plots with 15 cm within row and 20 cm between row spacing. At the end of the growing season (end of June), crop traits such as total number and weight of the produced corms and the number and weight of produced corms in weighing groups of less than 4 g, 4 to 8 g, and more than 8 g were measured by harvesting one third of the cultivated corms in each plot. At the flowering time of the remaining corms of each plot (November), weight and number of flower, fresh and dry weight of stigma, and the amount of active ingredients including crocin, picrocrocin and safranal were measured. The results showed that all studied traits were affected by growth regulator compounds and indicated significant (P=0.01 and P=0.05) differences with control. GA3 improved biological yield and corm weight, in addition it could increase the quality of stigma compared to the control treatment. Application of 150 ppm GA3 increased the weight of corms by 16.25 % and the number of flower per plot by 34.99 % compared to the control treatment. Also, 300 ppm GA3 increased the dry stigma yield by 37.5 % compared to the control treatment. NAA did not affect yield production significantly and at high concentrations, prevented the growth of corms and flower production. Results indicated that concentrations higher than 150 ppm GA3 can increase the yield of saffron, and can play an important role in enhancement of saffron farms productivity.
Agro-physiology, Biotechnology, Environment and Quality Laboratory, University Ibn Tofail, Kenitra-Morocco.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.22
Key words: Date, Jihel, marketing, Morocco, phoenicicultural, varieties
Abstract: Morocco?s ph?nicicultural heritage is known for its varietal diversity. The present study aims to determine the potential of the Jihel variety of dates, compared to the other most marketable varieties of dates in Morocco. Based on a bibliographic analysis, a follow-up of units of dates and an analysis of the surveys were realized along with field data recovery. The present study shows that dates of Jihel variety have many criteria that permit its position as an important commercial produce. However, many interesting measures must be envisaged, in particular, the respect of the good practices of production, the accompaniment of the phoeniculturists, the encouragement of industrialists and the promotion of the dates of Jihel variety by the implementation of an appropriate communication approach: advertising campaigns, innovative concepts of packaging and labeling. The results represent an exploitable base to establish a roadmap, aiming for the development of the phoenicultural sector in particular dates of Jihel variety of Morocco.
Department of Horticultural, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 1477893855, Iran. Agricultural Engineering Research Department, West Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Urmia, 5716963963, Iran. Department of Horticultural, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417614418, Iran.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.23
Key words: Chitosan, packaging, physicochemical properties, thyme essential oil, walnut.
Abstract: Increasing the walnut shelf life with non-synthetic materials is considered. The effect of edible coating and different packaging methods on physicochemical properties of Persian walnut kernel during 120 days of storage at 25 ?C temperature was evaluated. The treatments were: C (control sample, uncoated), K (coated with 1 % chitosan) and K500 and K1000, coated with chitosan 1 % containing 500 and 1000 ?L L-1 of thyme essential oil, respectively, and MP (Mass packaging), PP (packaging in Polypropylene bags) and AP (Active packaging using sachets made by ascorbic acid, sodium bicarbonate and iron oxide). The color properties and oxidation of walnuts have relationship together. The results showed that the amount of a* and b* values were in the following order: K1000> K500> K> C. At the end of storage L* value of all samples decreased. Coated samples had less peroxide value and free fatty acid than control. Amount of free fatty acid in the coated samples with mass packaging was less than 0.5 %. The moisture content of coated samples was more than control samples, active packaging and PP packaging had minimum moisture fluctuations respectively, and control sample had less amount of moisture.
Department of Agriculture Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia. Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, South Kuta, Badung, Bali (80362), Indonesia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.24
Key words: Turmeric, tamarind leaves, induction time, synergism antioxidant
Abstract: This study aims to determine the ratio of turmeric rhizome extract (TE) and tamarind leaf extract (TLE), which is suitable for the time of induction and the highest antioxidant synergism. The TE:TLE ratio examined was 10:1; 10:1.5 and 10:2. The chosen variable was the amount of peroxide. Observations carried out for 7 hours at one-hour intervals using ferric thiocyanate (FTC) method and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. Relationship between the time and absorbance were depicted to show the induction time and synergism in antioxidants. The results showed that all TE and TLE ratios had antioxidants that inhibited lipid oxidation reactions at the stage of initiation and propagation. TE and TLE ratios 10:1, 10:1.5 and 10:2 had induction time, respectively 2.9577; 3.0206 and 3.1882 hours with FTC method, 3.6116; 3.706 and 3.8722 h with the TBA method. Synergism antioxidant 103.534; 106.924 and 110.705 %, with the FTC method, and 102.9393; 109.522 and 115.969 % with TBA. The highest antioxidant synergism in both methods was shown by the ratio of TE:TLE = 10:2.
Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University. P.O. Box: 536-20115, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya. Department of Agriculture Research and Technology Transfer, Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board (RAB), P.O. Box: 5016 Kigali, Rwanda.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.25
Key words: Biopesticides, Botanicals, Insecticidal plants, Phytolacca dodecandra, Solanum lycopersicum L., Tephrosia vogelii, Tithonia diversifolia, Vernonia amygdalina
Abstract: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is economically and nutritionally important in Rwanda, but its production is challenged by the tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta Meyrick), an invasive pest. Synthetic insecticides which are primarily used for its control, have various drawbacks. Bioactivity of Tephrosia vogelii, Tithonia diversifolia, Vernonia amygdalina and Phytolacca dodecandra aqueous extracts was evaluated against T. absoluta in laboratory. Leaflets with third instar larvae (3.85 - 5.65 mm) of T. absoluta in mines were collected from established tomato field. Aqueous plants extracts were evaluated at a dose of 10 % weight/volume. Sterile tap water and azadirachtin 0.03 % EC were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Petri-dishes of 9 cm diameter (n=10) were used as bioassay arenas in a completely randomized design with four replications. Data on larval mortality were collected every 24 h for 5 days. Three bioassays were conducted on different dates. Results indicated that tested plant extracts exhibited a capacity to kill T. absoluta larvae in tomato leaf galleries with significant difference among them (P <0.0001). The killing capacity increased with exposure time. At 24 h of exposure, T. absoluta larvae mortality was in a range of 35.0 - 37.5 % for azadirachtin and 5.0 - 10.0 % for T. vogelii while all other aqueous extracts had 0.0 % mortality, except V. amygdalina which recorded 2.5 % in bioassay one. In all bioassays, the lowest mortality recorded 5 days after treatments with T. vogelii, T. diversifolia, V. amygdalina, P. dodecandra and azadirachtin was 32.2, 2.8. 2.5, 20.5 and 97.5 % while the highest mortality at this time was 35.1, 10.6, 13.3, 24.9 and 100 %, respectively. Tephrosia vogelii and P. dodecandra, which recorded higher efficacy compared to the other local plants, should be advanced to field evaluation. The observed higher efficacy of azadirachtin to Rwandan population of T. absoluta should also be confirmed under field conditions.
Department of Landscape Protection and Environmental Geography, University of Debrecen. Egyetem ter 1. H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary. Renewable Energy Park, Kishegyesi ut 187. H-4031 Debrecen, Hungary. Department of Meteorology, University of Debrecen.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.26
Key words: Sustainable agriculture, Jalapeno chilli, quail dung, Crucian, African catfish
Abstract: One of the concerns regarding aquaponic systems operating without conventional soil is the limited selection of plants available for cultivation. For a wider use of aquaponic systems increasing yields are inevitable. The aim of our research, started in 2017, was to eliminate the drawbacks of aquaponic systems using alternative solutions in order to remain in the framework of sustainable agriculture. In order to meet the above challenges, a hybrid, automated aquaponic system was installed in which the soil was not removed completely from the systems that are not completely closed as fish receive fresh water as well keeping in this way hormones impeding growth at a low level. Crucians and African catfish were placed into two tanks of 7 m3. Further novelty of the system is the application of quail dung in a quantity determined specially for increasing the natural efficiency of the system. Three methods of cultivation were used and plant macro- and microelements were measured. Results indicate that the system is suitable for growing different chilli types while quail dung input contributes to increase yield significantly therefore it can be integrated into aquaponic systems excellently.
Department of Horticulture, Sikkim University, 6th Mile, Tadong, Sikkim, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.27
Key words: Essential oil, hydro distillation, Sikkim mandarin (Citrus reticulata), Pomelo (C. maxima) and rough lemon (C. jambhiri)
Abstract: The fruit peel of citrus is known to be rich in essential oil. Essential oil content and its characteristics vary amongst the species and climatic factors play a major role. Essential oil, to be suitable for the specific commercial purpose should have basic characteristics. In the present study, extracted oil of selected three citrus species Citrus reticulata, C. maxima and C. jambhiri grown at different altitude of Sikkim Himalaya were characterized. The oil yield was up to 2.4 % in mature fruits and 2.5 % in immature fruits at an altitude of > 1600 m in mandarin orange with significant variations concerning species and altitude. The various analysed oil parameters and their highest values in the study are refractive index (1.49), specific gravity (0.87), free fatty acid (7.83 %), acid value (8.37 %), saponification (163.37 mg KOH / g of oil), iodine value (116 g I2/100 g), peroxide value (36.33 meq O2/ kg), thiocyanogen (77.29 %), ester value (57.63 mg KOH/g), phenol (81.92 mg/g). These parameters also showed variations with altitude and the species. The C. reticulata grown at higher altitude (> 1600 m from MSL) found to have better essential oils than C. maxima and C. jambhiri with some exceptions. The characteristics highly endorsed the use of these essential oils for food and cosmetic industries. The waste management with simultaneous production of valuable compound is the major perspective sought in the study.
Division of Floriculture and Crop Improvement, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. Division of Floriculture and Landscaping, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi- 110012.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.28
Key words: Light condition, bulb, bulblet, Asiatic hybrid lily, shade, varieties, Gran Paradiso, Novecento, Adelina
Abstract: Availability of planting material is a limiting factor in the cultivation of Asiatic hybrid lily and small farmers are facing the constrains by frequently importing the Lilium bulbs for planting. An experiment was carried out to study the effect of light condition and height of flower harvesting on bulb and bulblet production in Asiatic hybrid lily at CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. The treatments consisted of four shade conditions i.e., 30 % green shade net (G1), 50 % green shade net (G2), 75 % green shade net (G3) and open field condition (control) (G4) in main plot, four height of flower harvesting i.e., 15 cm above ground (H1), 30 cm above ground (H2), 45 cm above ground (H3) and no flower harvesting (H4) in sub plot and three cultivar i.e., Gran Paradiso (V1), Novecento (V2) and Adelina (V3) in sub-sub plot. Experiemnt was laid out in split-split plot design with three replications. Comparison was made for the treatment effect on characters related to number of bulb and bulblet production, circumference (cm) and weight characters. Results revealed that green shade net significantly improved the bulb and bulblet production and higher number of bulb and bulblet per plant were produced under 50 % green shade net whereas least number of bulb were found in open field condition. More number of bulb and bulblet production were observed where no flowers were harvested. Among varieties, Gran Paradiso produced more number of bulb and bulblet per plant while minimum number of bulb per plant was observed by Novecento. Higher bulb circumference (cm) of bulb and bulblet was found with 50 % green shade net condition. The maximum bulb circumference was found in no flower harvesting treatment and minimum in 15 cm above ground of harvesting. The cultivar Gran Paradiso noted maximum bulb and bulblet circumference (cm). Results indicated that 50 % green shade net gave maximum weight of bulb and bulblet per plant. No flower harvesting treatment produced maximum weight of bulb and bulblet per plant. Among cultivars, Gran Paradiso produced highest weight of bulb per plant while cultivar Novecento produced minimum bulb weight per plant.
Horticultura. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Estado de México 56230, México Agroforestería para el Desarrollo Sostenible. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Estado de México, 56230, México.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.16
Key words: Agroforestry, fruit tree, legume tree, wood tree, annual vegetable, silvoarable system
Abstract: Main objective of this paper is selection of tree and vegetable combination for success in new horticulture based alley cropping plantations, fruit, legume and wood tree are integrated in several associations with annual vegetable, Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava, Citrus spp., Leucaena spp., Gliricidia sepium, Cajanus cajan, Populus spp., Eucalyptus, Hevea brasiliensis are the main tree used. Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Solanaceae families and tuber crops are the main associated vegetable crops. This system can be adapted for specific farmers, regions, and countries for vegetable, fruit and wood requirements. The specific credits and subsidies can increase natural, economic, social capital of the world.
Department of Agriculture Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia. Present address: Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, South Kuta, Badung, Bali (80362), Indonesia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.02
Key words: Bio-plastic composites, modified cassava starch, konjac glucomannan, acetic acid concentration
Abstract: The production of bio-plastics from modified cassava starch and konjac glucomannan had been widely and dependently developed but still demonstrated characteristics that do not meet international quality standards. Therefore the key question for further exploration was to improve the protocol so as to develop a composite bio-plastic using the aforementioned materials. This study aimed to determine the ratio of modified cassava starch and konjac glucomannan and the concentration of acetic acid solution required to produce bio-plastic composites with the best characteristics. This study followed a Factorial Randomized Block Design with two factors. Factor I was the ratio of the modified cassava starch and konjac glucomannan, and consisted of 5 levels namely 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0: 100. The factor II was the concentration of acetic acid which consisted of 5 levels, viz., 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 %. Each treatment combination was grouped into 4 blocks based on the processing time of making bio-plastic composites, resulting in an altogether 100 experimental units. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s multiple comparison tests. The results showed that the ratio of the modified cassava starch and konjac glucomannan, the concentration of acetic acid and its interaction had a very significant effect on the tensile strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus, swelling and the degradation time of bio-plastic composites. The ratio of the modified cassava starch:konjac glucomannan :: 75:25 with supplemented with 1 % acetic acid produced the best bio-plastic composites with the desired characteristics viz., tensile strength of 1997.40 MPa, elongation at break of 8.90 %, Young’s modulus of 22442.70 MPa, swelling of 10.40 % and the degradation time of 6.33 days. The surface profile of bio-plastic composites in longitudinal appearance displayed presence of regular waveforms along with air cavities or regular pores. Bio-plastic composite profile in transverse appearance revealed arrangement of fibers in the form of regular nets and smooth cross links. These bio-plastic composites contained -OH, -CH, -C-C, -C=C, -NH and -C=O functional groups.