Department of Botany, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.03
Key words: Ensete superbum, conservation, micropropagation, cormlets, glutamine, Knop’s solution.
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Abstract: Ensete superbum from the family Musaceae is commonly known as Kallu vazha (wild/ rock/cliff banana). The species holds a precise position in the field of medicine for its anti-hyperglycemic, anti-diuretic and spermicidal potential as well as ornamental value in botanical gardens. Due to deforestation, habitat fragmentation, indiscriminate harvesting for commercial gain, absence of suckers, and recalcitrant nature of seeds; this species is facing a drastic reduction in its propagation. The present study developed a protocol for the production of cormlets from explants isolated from inflorescence. The explants were cultured on MS media supplemented with 4mg L-1 BAP and 1.5 mg L-1 KIN and an average of six to ten cormlets were produced/ explants within eight weeks. Shoot induction occurred from the cormlets on MS medium with 3mg L-1 IBA and 1.5 mg L-1 BAP. Cormlets inoculated on MS medium supplemented with 1000 mg L-1 glutamine for a period of four weeks enhanced the size of cormlets which in turn increased the number of shoots. An average of ten multiple shoots were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 5 mg L-1 BAP. Maximum rooting was obtained on half strength MS medium with 3 mg L-1 IBA, 0.1 mg L-1 BAP and 1% activated charcoal. The plantlets were transferred to Knop’s solution for acclimatization. Rooted plants were hardened successfully in cocopeat along with sand in 1:1 combination and transferred to soil with 98% survival rate.
Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.04
Key words: Independent variables, leaf area simulation, Lepidium sativum, Raphanus sativus
Abstract: Leaf area information is required in various horticultural and physiological studies. Leaf area measurements require easy, quick and possibly non-destructive methods. The objective of this study was to establish equations to estimate leaf area (LA) using length (L), width (W), fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW), length×width (L×W), length + width (L+W), width/length (W/L), length2 (L2) and width2 (W2) of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) leaves as a leafy vegetable and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) as a root vegetable. A soil-cultured experiment was carried out in 2010 under greenhouse conditions to study relationship between leaf dimension and weight with LA of these two vegetable plants. Observed LA was obtained by an automatic measuring device and leaf dimensions were measured by a ruler. Regression analyses of LA versus L, W, FW, DW, L×W, L+W, W/L, L2 and W2 led several models that could be used for estimating the area of individual cress and radish leaves. A linear model employing FW as an independent variables [LA=0.295 (Fresh W.)+ 1.430] resulted in the most accurate estimate (R2 = 0.912, RMSE = 1.52) of cress LA. For radish, a linear model using W as an independent variable [LA=22.50 (W) + 7.46] showed the most accuracy (R2 = 0.874, RMSE = 11.26) estimating LA. Validation of the regression models showed that the correlation between measured and simulated values using these equations were quite acceptable (R2 = 0.922, 0.876).
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.01
Key words: Cocos nucifera L., dwarf coconut, floral morphogenesis, flower initiation, histology, palm
Abstract: Basic information on the inflorescence and flower development of Thai aromatic dwarf coconut was developed. Histology of inflorescences of the Thai dwarf aromatic coconut, �Nam Hom�, was compared to that of a typical tall-type coconut. Both types had the same stages of inflorescence and flower development. �Nam Hom� had the same or higher number of inflorescences than did the tall type at any of the developmental stages. During two years of reproductive development, floral morphogenesis took about one year, while sex determination occurred in 3-4 months before spadix opening. Despite the difference in number of bunches per year observed in the two coconut types, their inflorescence and flower development were not different in the length of time and in the time of occurrence.
Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004, Heraklio, Greece. Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43, OAL, U.K.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.05
Key words: Disease control; inoculation; lesion area; nutrients; Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Cucumis sativus.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of different concentrations of nitrogen on downy mildew severity on cucumber plants. Nitrogen (100-600 mg L-1) was applied to plants grown in pots under greenhouse conditions through irrigation water. The cucumber leaves were inoculated with a zoospore suspension of Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the causal agent of powdery mildew. Disease symptoms in plants treated with 300 mg L-1 nitrogen were significantly lower and 24% severity reduction was recorded. A positive effect on the leaf area was also noticed in cucumber plants with the application of 300 mg L-1 nitrogen. The results indicated that a cubic regression curve can be fitted to the disease progress for downy mildew, regardless of N treatments. Furthermore, the N enrichment affected the NH4-N and NO3-N content in leaves and soil as well as P content in the leaves. The application of 100 mg L-1 N significantly reduced Mn content in leaves. Therefore, nitrogen supply in the form of ammonium nitrate fertilizer could be considered as an efficient method for the control of downy mildew of cucumber.
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Lucknow (U.P.) - 226002, India. Central Institute for Sub-tropical Horticulture, Lucknow- 243122, India. Central Institute for Sub-tropical Horticulture, Regional Research Station, Malda, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.06
Key words: Community based adoption, ICAR-FUSICONT, banana, Fusarium wilt, TR-4 management, impact
Abstract: The profitability of commercial G-9 banana cultivation in the banana growing countries is not only significantly reduced due to serious outbreak of wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense Tropical race 4 (Foc TR-4) rather its cultivation is totally stopped at many places. The virulent and polycyclic nature of the pathogen limits the field level success of the control initiatives through chemicals, resistance breeding and biological control. In India, outbreak of Foc TR-4 during 2017 in the districts of Ayodhya in Uttar Pradesh and Katihar in Bihar attracted intensive research program for the management of the disease to avoid nationwide threat. �ICAR-FUSICONT� a bio-formulation comprising of consortia of effective antagonistic and growth promoting microbes on a patent protected modified CSR-BIO media was developed and validated through participatory community based management in the hotspots of Foc TR-4. The current study aims to assess the efficacy of the bio-formulation in the control of the disease, impact on restoring the yield and increasing the income of the banana growers at hotspot sites. The investigation was carried out by descriptive survey from 2017 to 2018 with both adopters and non-adopters of the technology. Results showed that formation of community based organization and ICAR-FUSICONT bio-formulation application during the critical growth phases of the crop resulted in an overall decrease in disease incidence in both the states of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) and Bihar with the adopters. Adopters recorded an average of 6.08 % disease incidence while non- adopters had 45.68 % disease incidence at harvest. An average yield of 25.98 kg/plant with a significantly higher net income of Rs.182949.40/acre was obtained by adopters compared to non-adopters income (Rs. 33514/acre). The study also showed that most of the adopters were from the age group of 30 to 40 years with educational status of above secondary level. The results of this study furthermore indicate that the community enabled technology adoption of ICAR-FUSICONT would be a critical component in the control of the banana Fusarium wilt (Foc TR-4) in the areas of disease epidemic.
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Kamper street, Bogor 16680, Indonesia. Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Kamper Street, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.07
Key words: Chemotherapy, shoot tip culture, thermotherapy, virus-free plantlets
Abstract: Viral diseases on shallot in Indonesia has been reported and have important role in yield loss. Viral diseases are easily transmitted via infected bulbs in generations and in regions. Cultivation of virus-free bulbs is considered the most effective method of controlling viral diseases, so the production of virus-free bulb are important and necessary. Elimination of viruses on local cultivars was achieved using shoot tip culture combined with thermotherapy. In this research, the method for elimination of Potyvirus and Carlavirus from shallot bulbs was developed using combination of thermotherapy (30 °C, 37 °C, in homogenous and heterogenous condition) with different size of explant shoot tip culture (1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm). The result showed that virus-free plantlets could be derived from 1 mm-explant. Treatment combination of 2 mm-explant with homogenous temperture 37 °C was also able to eliminate virus.
Department of Fruit Crops, Horticulture College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India. Department of Fruit Crops, Horticulture College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India. Horticultural College & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India. Department of Fruit Crops, Horticultural College & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India. Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.08
Key words: Jackfruit, coffee ecosystem, pulney hills, genetic variability
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to evaluation of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.,) local genotypes under coffee ecosystem of lower pulney hills at Horticultural Research Station, Thadiyankudisai and its adjoining areas, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during year 2016-2017 with an objective to characterize the promising local genotypes for commercial cultivation and studies of genetic improvement with jackfruit, five fruits of each of thirty five genotypes were evaluated based on IPGRI, 2000 (Bio-versity international) jackfruit descriptor. Fruit characters viz., bearing habit, bearing position, clustering habit, shape, length, diameter, weight, stalk attachment, spine density per 25 cm2, fruit rind weight and flake characters viz., total weight of flakes per fruit, weight of individual flake with seed, weight of individual flake without seed, number of flakes per fruit, flakes: fruit ratio, rind: flakes ratio, flake length, flake width, shape of flake, flake colour. Results were evaluated by descriptive statistics viz., mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, standard error of mean. It was concluded that a more variation of fruit character was found under lower pulney hills of Tamil Nadu, it will help to breeder for accounting potential fruit character in future.
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Assam University, Silchar, Assam-788011 (India). Department of Food Engeering, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonepat, Haryana-131028 (India).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.09
Key words: King chilli, postharvest, capsaicin, proximate composition, marketing distribution.
Abstract: King chilli (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) is an indigenous variety of capsicum to the northeast region of India and has been familiar as the hottest chilli in the World. In this article possible nutritional value of king chilli was studied for the health benefit. It has also been great prospective for its pungency and medicinal value utilized by the native people of the northeast India. It is consumed in different form as normal chilli but have especial demand on national and international markets for its extra powerful pungency and aroma. Even though being a valuable crop with high potential value for income sources for the indigenous people, so it is essential to emphasis on studies directed towards the different systematic production (morphological, cultivation practices, postharvest processing and marketing) of king chilli. Due to high demand there need to standardize the production and postharvest technology which may help to improve the yield, quality and shelf life extension for long chain marketing and distribution. The present review is focused on production and processing practices of king chilli.
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran. Faculty Member of Soil and Water Research Department, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Rasht, Iran.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.10
Key words: Peanut shells, compost, bulk density, peat, organic material, total porosity, Viola spp.
Abstract: Peanut shells, leftover as wastes from peanut planting, in combination with considerable amount of compost can be used as an alternative source to replace with peat in cultivation of ornamental plants. In this experiment, five treatments in a completely randomized design with three replications were conducted outdoors at Lahijan ornamental plants research station. The treatments comprised of 2 peat + 1 perlite + 0 Shells Peanut composts (control), 1.5 Peat + 1 perlite + 0.5 Shells peanut compost, 1 peat + 1 perlite + 1 Shells Peanut composts, 0.5 Peat + 1 perlite + 1.5 peanut shells compost, 0 peat + 1 perlite + 2 peanut shells compost. The estimated parameters included number of flowers, plant height, fresh and dry weight of canopy, root length, fresh and dry weight of roots, and physical and chemical properties of substrates on Viola spp. that were cultivated on them. The results showed that replacement with peanut shells compost had a significant effect on number of flowers, plant height, dry weight of canopy and fresh as well as dry weight of roots in comparison to control. Increasing levels of peanut shells compost caused reduction in bulk density and an increase in total porosity, water capacity and air fill porosity.
Faculty of Agriculture, SohagUniversity, Sohag, Egypt. Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable and Melon Crop, Astrakhan, Russia. Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan, Russia. National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt-Kazan Agricultural University, Kazan, Russia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.11
Key words: Tomato, Crezacin, Energene, plant growth regulators, ascorbic acid, nitrate.
Abstract: This study aims to enhance growth characteristics and quality parameters for tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) by applying different doses of Crezacin (synthetic) and Energene (natural) as growth regulators instead of Chemical fertilization. A specific experiment has been carried out to study the effect of two types of plant growth regulators Crezacin: Active substances (475 g/L): Orth-o-cresoxyacetic acid triethanolammonium salt with applied doses (100, 200 and 300 ppm) and Energene: active substances (700 g/kg) humic acid with applied doses (250, 500 and 700 ppm) on growth and physiological characteristics of tomato plants (Kendras F1). Both Crezacin and Energene were applied three times (Soaking tomato seeds for 24 hours before sowing, spraying on plants at 35 DAP, spraying on plants at 70 DAP). Application of humic acid “Ener-700” increased plant height (78.0 cm), number of leaves/plant (57.8), fresh weight (250.2 g), dry weight (75.1 g) of arial parts, flowers number (48.1), fruits number (35.1) and fruit weight (64.0 g). Also using “ Ener-700” improved tomato fruit’s quality by enhancing level of dry matter (7.6 %), sugar contents (5.8 oBrix), Ascorbic acid (26.9 mg 100 g-1), Maturity Index (12.61) and Taste Index (1.09), while level of nitrate rose by increasing humic acid and the maximum level (22.0 mg kg-1) obtained from Ener-700. Applying Ener-500 gave the maximum titratable acidity (0.48%) and carotenoids contents (4.89 mg 100 g-1)
Central Horticultural Experiment Station, (Indian Institute of Horticultural Research), Chettalli -571248, Kodagu, Karnataka.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.12
Key words: Avocado, propagation, grafting, budding
Abstract: Avocado is propagated by seed in India. The plants produced from seeds are not uniform and take long time to start bearing and fruit quality is unreliable. The propagation of superior clones of avocado by vegetative method is essential to avoid these problems. Thus a study was conducted to standardize the method and time of propagation of avocado through vegetative means. There were four methods of multiplication namely veneer grafting, cleft grafting, T- budding and patch budding which were performed in all the months of the year at CHES (IIHR), Chettalli. After 90 days of grafting , mean percent success was highest in cleft grafting (32.5%) while lower mean success was observed in veneer grafting (8.3%), T- budding (7.5%)and patching budding (5.8%). Among different months, highest mean success was recorded in month of September (32.5%) followed by 22.5 per cent in the month of March and August. Among different combinations of months and propagation methods, highest success (70 %) was recorded in cleft grafting performed in the month of September. This was closely followed by same method done in the month of March (60%). The success in cleft grafting is higher than other three methods in all 12 months. The growth of the scion was higher in grafting methods than budding methods. The percent transplantable seedlings after one year were highest (60%) in cleft grafting done in the month of September. It was concluded that cleft grafting in the month of September and March was found most suitable for the vegetative propagation of avocado under humid tropical conditions.
Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board, P.O. Box 5016, Kigali, Rwanda. Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-0625 Kangemi, Nairobi, Kenya.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.13
Key words: Cucumber mosaic virus, distribution, pepper viruses, Pepper veinal mottle virus, Potato virus Y, yield-losses
Abstract: Pepper (Capsicum spp.) is an important vegetable crop in the Eastern Africa region where it is grown mainly by small-scale farmers. However, productivity of the crop is limited by many abiotic and biotic constraints. The abiotic constraints include high cost of seeds and inputs, shortage of improved varieties, drought, low soil fertility and lack of technical knowhow among others, while biotic constraints are dominated by diseases and insect pests. Numerous diseases especially those that are caused by viruses pose serious threats in pepper production. Currently, over 68 viruses are known to affect pepper on a worldwide scale and have serious impact on the quantity and quality of pepper produced. Out of the 68 viruses, 12 belonging to seven genera namely Potyvirus, Cucumovirus, Tobamovirus, Polerovirus, Tospovirus, Alfamovirus and Potexvirus have been reported in Eastern Africa. Pepper veinal mottle virus, Potato virus Y and Cucumber mosaic virus are the most widespread and damaging viruses in the region. Yield losses ranging from 10 to 100% in pepper production have been reported for various viruses namely; Pepper veinal mottle virus, Potato virus Y, Chilli veinal mottle virus, Ethiopian pepper mottle virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, Pepper mild mottle virus, Tobacco mosaic virus, Pepper vein yellows virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus, Alfaalfa mosaic virus and Potato virus X. This article provides an overview of the important pepper viruses occurring in Eastern Africa with reference to their geographic distribution, yield-losses, symptoms, transimission, management methods and research gaps that need to be addressed. It can be concluded that viruses are a major constraint to pepper production in the target region.
Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, U. S. Nagar, Uttarakhand, India. Present address: Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, L.P.U., Phagwara- 144411, Punjab, India. Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, U. S. Nagar, Uttarakhand, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.14
Key words: Ferrous sulphate, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Chlorophyll content, Iron content
Abstract: Foliar fertilization and microbe supplemented iron bioavailability can fulfill the iron demand of plants. Plants of low-chill peach cv. Pant Peach-1 were selected to find out the effect of Pseudomonas flouresecens PBAP-27 inoculation along with foliar spray of ferrous sulphate. The experiment consisted of eight treatments viz. T1: control (water spray), T2: P. fluorescens PBAP-27, T3: FeSO4. 7H2O (0.5 %) spray once, T4: FeSO4. 7H2O (0.5 %) spray twice, T5: FeSO4. 7H2O (0.5 %) spray thrice, T6: P. fluorescens PBAP-27+FeSO4.7H2O (0.5 %) spray once, T7: P. fluorescens PBAP-27+FeSO4.7H2O (0.5 %) spray twice, T8: P. fluorescens PBAP-27+FeSO4.7H2O (0.5 %) spray thrice. Leaf area, chlorophyll content, active iron, total iron, ferric iron and iron: manganese ratios of leaves were studied. Maximum leaf area was recorded with P. fluorescens PBAP-27+FeSO4.7H2O (0.5 %) by spraying twice. Whereas, chlorophyll content, active iron, total iron, ferric iron and iron: manganese ratio were recorded higher in P. fluorescens PBAP-27+FeSO4.7H2O (0.5 %) sprayed thrice. Findings indicate that the three foliar spray of ferrous sulphate (0.5 %) along with inoculation of P. fluorescens strain can be used as useful strategy for iron fertilization for improving physiological parameters (leaf area and chlorophyll content) and leaves iron status (active iron, total iron, ferric iron ) in low chill peach.
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012. ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi-110012.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.15
Key words: Seed development, Tagetes seeds, on-set of germination, physiological maturity, harvest maturity and total oil in seeds.
Abstract: Marigold is an annual flower crop and it is mainly cultivated and propagated through seeds. Seed quality is the key issue in flower seed industry. Indeterminate flowering in marigold leads to differential maturity of seeds resulting in wide differences in the seed quality, major constraints in marigold seed production are optimum stage of physiological maturity and stage of seed harvest. Hence, a study was undertaken to identify the optimum stages of seed maturity in African marigold varieties. The experimental results showed that, on-set of germination starts at 8-10 DFA; and quality seeds in marigold can be harvested between 46-48 DFA. Besides, total oil content in seeds recorded of about 35 % during physiological maturity and of about 33% at harvest maturity; its content also varied with genotype as well as stage of seed maturity.
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91779-8974 Mashhad, Iran. Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i03.30
Key words: Herb yield, height, flower, leaf, plant spread, sowing date, oregano, seed, morphology, essential oil, stem, medicinal plant
Abstract: Over utilization of medicinal plants from wild habitat is causing genetic diversity loss of these valuable plants. In order to determine the optimum planting date and density of oregano for successful production, a field experiment was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Iran. The experimental design was split-plot based on randomized complete blocks with three planting dates (April 19, May 5 and May 20) as main plots and four plant densities (8.33, 10, 12.5 and 16.67 plants m-2) were assigned as sub-plots, all of which replicated three times. Results showed that planting date had significant effects on all traits except the stem proportion and 1000 seed weight. The highest values for all traits were obtained from the first date of planting, whereas values decreased with later planting dates. Also, stem number, plant spread, fresh and dry herb yield, seed yield and essential oil yield significantly influenced by plant density. With increase in plant density, stem number in per plant and plant spread decreased. The maximum fresh and dry herb yield (10618.23 and 2934.36 kg ha-1, respectively) and essential oil yield (42.786 kg ha-1) were obtained at the highest plant density. In conclusion, first planting date with higher plant density caused the greater essential oil yield, fresh and dry herb yield.