Abstract: Chemical pesticides used against house sparrows in areas where they cause significant damage to the quantity and quality of vineyard products can pollute the environment and harm the natural ecosystem. Sunflower seeds are a favourite food of house sparrows. The goal of this project, which lasted six years (2015-2020), was to see if marginal sunflower planting could reduce the amount of damage done to the vineyard crop by house sparrows. There was no marginal planting of sunflowers around the vineyard ('Red Raisin' cultivar) in the first three years of the experiment (2015-2017), and the sparrows damaged the vineyard crop by 32, 38, and 33 percent in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. The vineyard had a large population of house sparrows at first. However, in the final three years of the experiment (2018-2020), when sunflowers were marginally planted (200 m2) around the vineyard at a distance of 50 m, crop damage by sparrow beaks was 2, 4 and 2 percent in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. During these three years, the vineyard's sparrow population was low, but the marginal sunflower field's population was high. As a result, planting sunflowers in the margins of vineyards is an effective way to reduce the damage caused by house sparrows.
P.B. Lalduhawma1, Vanlalvenhima1, Elija Lalrindika1, Albana L. Chawngthu1, H. Lalhlenmawia2 and Chhungpuii Khawlhring1
1Department of Horticulture, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants (HAMP), Mizoram University, Tanhril-796004, Aizawl, Mizoram, India. 2Department of Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Sciences, Zemabawk-796017, Aizawl, Mizoram, India. Corresponding e-mail: khanalsanjaya25@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.13
Key words: Haematocarpus validus, fruit size, red pulp, natural food colour
Abstract: Haematocarpus validus is a promising fruit plant with an intense red fruit pulp that can be used as a natural food color source. The species can grow in the wild in its natural state, and it has not yet been successfully domesticated on a large scale. Fruit samples of H. validus were collected from various locations for this study, and the morphology and biochemical properties of the fruit were investigated. Observations revealed that the morphological characteristics and biochemical content of fruits collected from different geographical locations differ substantially. Furthermore, the findings of this study will serve as a starting point for future scientific research into the fruit’s potential, which includes serving as a natural source of food colour.
M. Madhavi Reddy, C.S. Shivakumara and Satish Anandan
Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, Karnataka, India. Corresponding e-mail: ahmed.rasheedy@agr.cu.edu.eg
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.14
Key words: Antiglycation, functional foods, medicinal plant and polyphenol.
Abstract: Intake of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) may be increased by consuming high-sugar meals and foods cooked at high temperatures. AGEs-induced inflammation has been linked to diabetes and degenerative diseases. Leaves from mulberry (Morus indica L) (MI) trees have been used in Chinese medicine for over 3000 years and are a functional food because of their phytochemical content. MI extract was used to substitute 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1% of wheat ?our for making MI wheat bread (MI-B). 5% of turmeric powdered bread (TM-B) was also prepared and used as a positive control. The bread’s overall acceptability was determined using a sensory evaluation on hedonic test. Further, the antioxidant capacity was assayed by using DPPH method and antiglycation effects of MI extract against the formation of ?uorescent AGEs in fortified bread samples. The overall acceptability of bread with MI extract at substitution levels of 0.5% had a good liking score. The total polyphenol content in the MI-B and TM-B were 2.01 mg GAE g-1 and 1.54 mg GAE g-1 on a dry weight basis. MI-B showed significantly higher antioxidant activities, followed by TM-B > control bread. When compared to TM-B, AGEs inhibit fluorescent formation by 31%. Overall, the findings support MI extract as a functional food ingredient in the bread system, providing consumers with a higher antioxidant intake by depleting AGEs load. However, the stability and reactivity of polyphenols during thermal processing should be considered before commercialization.
H. Hussain1, S.I.L. Kamarol1, N. Julaihi2 and R. Tommy2
1Centre for Sago Research (CoSAR), Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia. 2PELITA Mukah Sebakong Sago Plantation Sdn Bhd 1st Floor, Sublot 103, Lot 424, Mukah New Township, Jalan Orang Kaya Setia Raja, PO Box 79, 96400 Mukah, Sarawak. Corresponding e-mail:ahmed2hoba@agr.cu.edu.eg
Abstract: Sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) is an economically valuable crop and cultivated widely in Sarawak, Malaysia, for its storage starch. Under certain conditions, such as deep peat areas, some sago palms do not develop well and become stunted, described as non-trunking sago palms. Morphologically, this type of sago palm is abnormal, leading to wastage of various resources and affecting starch production. The research objective was to understand the molecular process that affects non-trunking and starch synthesis in sago palm. Representational Difference Analysis was performed to identify the differences between trunking and non-trunking sago palm transcriptome. This subtractive hybridisation technique detects the differences in gene expression. After three rounds of hybridisation, the differentiated RDA products were cloned and 24 DNA sequences obtained were compared with the sequences in the NCBI database. Results showed that the differentiated genes in response to the non-trunking sago palm have similarities to genes implicated in plant growth, cell metabolism, and salt or osmotic stress. Some of these genes are related to growth, development and signaling involving neutralising the imbalance in plant stress. The information obtained through this work could be used to develop a database on related genes and enzymes contributing to trunking and non-trunking sago palm.
Ratnakar M. Shet1*, T.. Shantappa2, Ashok1, Shivanand Hongal1, Raghavendra Gunnaiah3 and R.C.Jagadeesha4
1College of Horticulture Sirsi, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.-581401. 2Regional Horticultural Research & Extension Centre, Dharwad, Karnataka,India-580005. 3College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India-587104. 4 College of Horticulture, Bangalore, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India- 560065. Corresponding e-mail:ratnakar.shet@uhsbagalkot.edu.in
Abstract: Cucumis melo var. acidulus, also known as Mangalore melon, has been reported to have a shelf life of more than six months. A study was conducted to assess the variability in fruit traits with shelf life for 52 culinary melon accessions at room temperature. Fruits were suspended in the air, tied with smooth plastic fibre and pseudostem banana fibre, and hung from the roof of a laboratory, with observations made on fruit weight loss, rind colour change, and fruit decay. During storage, there was a significant variation in shelf life and rind colour change among the accessions. The correlation analysis revealed a significant positive high association between shelf life and weight loss during storage (0.602), followed by fruit weight (0.544), flesh thickness (0.401), fruit length (0.359), days to harvest (0.346), peduncle length (0.332), and fruit width (0.322). Twenty six accessions had a shelf life of more than 150 days. Green rind fruits were more prone to discoloration and decay. MS30, MS28, MS79, MS74, MS78, MS39, MS74, and MS6 were identified as promising accessions for shelf life with marginal weight loss, rind colour change, and fruit traits among the accessions. Understanding the physiological and biochemical changes that occur in fruits during storage, as well as the identification of candidate genes for shelf life, will aid in the use of this trait to improve the muskmelon
Ratnakar M. Shet1*, T.. Shantappa2, Ashok1, Shivanand Hongal1, Raghavendra Gunnaiah3 and R.C.Jagadeesha4
1College of Horticulture, Sirsi, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.-581401. 2Regional Horticultural Research & Extension Centre, Dharwad, Karnataka, India-580005. 3College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India-587104. 4College of Horticulture, Bangalore, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India- 560065. Corresponding e-mail: ratnakar.shet@uhsbagalkot.edu.in
Abstract: Culinary melon (Cucumis melo var. acidulus) also known as Mangalore melon is reported with extended shelf life of more than six months. A study was conducted to assess the variability in the fruit traits with shelf life for selected 52 accessions of culinary melon at room temperature. Fruits were hanged in the air tied with smooth plastic fiber and psuedostem banana fiber, hanged to the roof of a laboratory and observations were recorded on fruit weight loss, change in the color of rind and fruit decay. Significant variation in shelf life and rind color change was observed among the accessions during storage period. The correlation analysis revealed that shelf life had significant positive high association with weight loss during storage (0.602) followed by fruit weight (0.544), flesh thickness (0.401), fruit length (0.359), days to harvest (0.346), peduncle length (0.332) and fruit width (0.322). Twenty-six accessions exhibited shelf life of more than 150 days. Green rind fruits were less vulnerable for discoloration and decay. Among the accessions MS30, MS28, MS79, MS74, MS78, MS39, MS74 and MS6 were identified as promising accessions for shelf life with marginal weight loss, rind color change and fruit traits. Understanding of physiological and biochemical changes in fruits during storage period and identifying candidate genes for shelf life will help exploit this trait to improve the muskmelon.
Neeraj Kumar Verma1, T. Damodaran2*, R.B. Ram1, Rubee Lata1 and Kavita Yadav2
1Department of Horticulture, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025. 2ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Lucknow, 226002. Corresponding e-mail: damhort73@gmail.com
Abstract: Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) occupies a significant place in the fruit industry, since it is cultivated in both plains and hills. The fruit stands out for its organoleptic and nutraceutical properties and is appreciated worldwide for its economic returns. Despite their high sensitivity to marginal and salt-affected soil, it has potential, as fruit crops perform well in salt-affected soils when grown with the aid of innovative interventions. The current study is one such attempt where a CSR bio-inoculant comprising of salt tolerant and growth promoting rhizobacterial bio-consortia on a unique media developed at ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Insitute, Regional Station, Lucknow was assessed for its field efficacy with enrichment of different organic amendments. The field experiment was conducted during 2018-19 at the Horticulture Research Farm of the Department of Horticulture at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India, on Strawberry cv. Chandler grown on partially reclaimed alkali soil of central Uttar Pradesh. The study was laid out in RBD with twelve treatment combinations and control, replicated thrice. The results showed that runners treated with CSR bio-inoculant and applied with FYM, municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and paddy straw mulching had a significant influence on fruit yield and physicochemical properties. The maximum fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit size, fruit weight, fruit dry weight, fruit volume, fruit yield/plant (131.06g), and fruit yield/ha. (194.16q) were all statistically significant over the control in the treatment with 75% NPK+ MSWC + Mulch (Paddy straw) + CSR bio-inoculant. The experimental findings revealed that treatment with CSR bi-inoculant and 75% NPK+MSWC+paddy straw mulch could increase the yield of strawberry cv. Chandler under salt stress conditions without hampering the soil fertility status, particularly in the subtropical region of the country.
M.D. Nesreen1*, A.M. Hosni2 and M.S. Ouda1
1Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. 2Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: nesreen.darwish@agr.asu.edu.eg
Abstract: Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii, Asteraceae), is a perennial important commercial cut-flower crop. A common concern with gerbera cut flowers is short vase life, which is caused by neck bending and other factors. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of thyme, clove, and caraway essential oils, as well as nano-silver particles, on vase life and some parameters of gerbera cv. 'Rosalin' cut flowers. A factorial experiment was conducted with essential oils as the first factor (at 25 and 50 mg/L) and Nano-silver as the second factor (at 5 and 10 mg/L), with distilled water ÿas the control. Vase solution uptake, relative fresh weight, flower vase life, neck bending, enzyme activity of polyphenol oxidase and catalase, anthocyanin pigment, and phenols were estimated. The results showed that essential oils had a positive effect on vase life and vase solution uptake, as well as reduced neck bending, with caraway and clove oils in normal form at 50 and 25 mg/L, respectively, being the most effective treatments. Similarly, catalase levels increased significantly. Nano-silver particles, on the other hand, had no effect on neck bending. Nonetheless, there was a significant effect on vase life and vase solution uptake.
E.E. Ekpiken1, O.I. Eyong2 and A.O. Adediji3
1Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Cross River University of Technology, Cross River State, Nigeria. 2Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Cross River University of Technology, Cross River State, Nigeria. 3Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Oyo Sate, Nigeria. Corresponding e-mail:etimekpiken@yahoo.com
Abstract: Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a major root crop in sub-Saharan Africa, including Cross River State, Nigeria, where the crop is cultivated as a staple food in many communities. Cassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs) have limited cassava production across Africa. Thus, between March and August 2021, forty-five samples of symptomatic cassava leaves across the state were collected and evaluated for CMBs using molecular techniques. Partial sequencing of the African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) coat protein genes produced sequence lengths of 620 bp for representative isolates from Okpoma (MZ507578), Ababene (MZ507579) and Idundu (MZ507580), and 554 bp for an Ovonum isolate, respectively. BLASTn results for MZ507578 and MZ507580 showed a percentage similarity of 99.35 and 99.03%, respectively with the nucleotide sequence of ACMV (MH251339) from Nigeria for MZ507579, percentage similarity was 99.84% with ACMV (MG250088) from Ghana. Conversely, the Ovonum isolate showed a 100% percentage similarity with EACMV (MW826364) from Nigeria. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the Calabar isolates (MZ507578, MZ507579 and MZ507580) with MH251339 from Nigeria, MG250088 from Ghana and EU155147 from Togo while the Ovonum isolate was grouped with MW826364 and MT571462, both from Nigeria. The two main CMBs in Nigeria, ACMV and EACMV, were identified and characterized from Cross River state in this study, indicating that disease monitoring should be continuous and more virus-resistant cultivars should be introduced for proper virus management.
K. Sofiya*, K. Anbalagan, A. Richa Elson, I. Fazal Fathima and M. Vignesh Kumar
Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur- 603203, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: sofiyak@srmist.edu.in,ksofiya26@yahoo.co.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.18
Key words: Rosa x damascena, organic solvents, composition analysis, multistage solvent extraction
Abstract: Four different solvents, ethyl acetate, ethanol, petroleum ether, and hexane, were used for the multistage solvent extraction of rose concrete oil from the aromatic plant species of Rosa x damascena. The components present in the concrete oils were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer. After the multistage solvent extraction process, the solvent was removed by using a rotary vacuum evaporator. Methyl alpha d-glucopyranoside, 5-hydroxy methyl furfural, 2,3-butanediol, and ethyl-d glucopyranoside were the major components identified using ethyl acetate ethanol, hexane, and petroleum ether as a solvent, respectively. The phenyl ethyl alcohol and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural were identified as the repeated components in all four solvents. The solvent ethanol showed a different composition when compared to the other three solvents. A high yield was obtained when ethanol was used as a solvent. The type of solvent used significantly impacts the compositions of the concrete oil of Rosa x damascena.
Ramesh Babu Damarla1,2* and K.V. Narasimha Rao2
1Assistant Professor, S.R. University, Warangal, Telangana, India 506371. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhrrrrrra Pradaesh, India 522502. Corresponding e-mail: rameshdamarla2009@gmail.com
Abstract: Apples attract humans with their dominant appeal and eating quality. The most dominant properties are color and texture. This review paper discusses the scientifically published results of apple texture through understanding internal properties like structural, physiological, physical, mechanical, water and cell wall contributions and post-harvest handling and storage methods. A critical appraisal is made of factors responsible for inner texture and sustenance during post-harvest and storage periods. The status of research data available is discussed from a firmness point of view of Indian apple varieties vis-à-vis those grown in other countries. Most of the research work on Indian apples reported physico-chemical parameters like weight, diameter, firmness, bio-chemical and nutrient components. The latest literature did not find data for the long term behaviour in CAS (6 to 10 months). The research data on factors responsible for texture loss is also very limited for Indian-origin apples. There are still large gaps in research on firmness loss in apple. Hence, suggestions are made on the scope for future research on apples grown in India for the benefit of farmers, traders, and consumers.
Mobeen Ali1, Syeda Shehar Bano Rizvi1, Muhammad Shafiq1, Muhammad Arshad Javed1, Ahmad Ali Shahid2, Numan Ali1, Muhammad Haseeb1,Nosheen Tabassum1, Shumail
1Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2 CEMB, University of the Punjab New campus, Lahore, Pakistan. Corresponding e-mail: shafiq.iags@pu.edu.pk
Abstract: Nonexpresser of pathogenesis-related proteins 1 (NPR1), and its paralogue are important salicylic acid (SA) receptors that play important roles in plant defense. NPR gene family analysis has not yet been conducted in C. reticulata. The CrNPR1-like and AtNPR1-like protein sequences were retrieved from online genome databases and were subjected to various bioinformatics tools. This study presents the first genome-wide identification of NPR1 gene in C. reticulata, resulting in 7 family members. Phylogenetic analysis of 7 CrNPR1-like proteins, along with NPR1-related proteins from 15 species revealed that the proteins were grouped into three major clades. The CrNPR1-like genes in the same Arabidopsis subfamilies had similar protein domain compositions, number of exons and conserved motifs. All 7 CrNPR genes were segmented duplicated, and no tandem duplicate was observed. Transcriptome data revealed note-worthy expression in leaf, fruit and rind patterns of CrNPR1-like genes. Nearly six out of seven CrNPR, expressed in leaf infected with Xylella fastidiosa, indicates that these tissues and organs contribute to improved defense response against pathogens. These results pave the way for more functional characterization of NPR1s in C. reticulate and related species.
M. Lachheb, M. Ben El Caid, S. El Merzougui, I. Boudadi, A. El mousadik and M.A. Serghini
Laboratory of Biotechnology and Natural Resources Valorization, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, 8106, Morocco. Corresponding e-mail: lachheb.mohamed91@gmail.com
Abstract: Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is an autumnal herbaceous triploid plant; it is the source of saffron spice, recognized as the most expensive spice in the world. In this study, genetic diversity among 14 saffron accessions collected from different ancestral geographic areas in Morocco, Greece and France, has been assessed using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) markers system. Ten ISSR primers were amplified, a total of 143 fragments of which 44.05 % are polymorphic with an average of 6.3 polymorphic fragments per each primer and average of polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.236. ISSR markers proved to be a powerful tool for assessment of genetic diversity among saffron accessions. Cluster analysis using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient and supported by the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), divided the studied accessions into three major groups, and showed that genetic distance is independent of geographical distance. In this paper, we report for the first time the level of genetic diversity among Moroccan saffron; this information allows an unequivocal development of a suitable approach for the conservation of C. sativus germplasm and reduce its genetic erosion.
Sakhidin1, Jaime A.Teixeira da Silva2, Anung Slamet Dwi Purwantono1 and Slamet Rohadi Suparto1
1Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University, Jl. Dr. Soeparno, Purwokerto 51123, Central Java, Indonesia; 2Independent, Ikenobe 3011-2, Kagawa-ken, 761-0799, Japan. Corresponding e-mail: sakhidin@unsoed.ac.id
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.44
Key words: Citrus nobilis L., pruning intensity, doses of N, P, K fertilizers, sugar
Abstract: Pruning and fertilization are factors that can determine the production and quality of citrus. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pruning intensity and fertilizer doses of N (nitrogen), P (phosporus), and K (potassium) on citrus production and quality. The study was carried out in a citrus orchard in Central Java, Indonesia, over the course of two seasons, 2016-17 and 2017-18.The experiment was conducted as a two-factorial, completely randomized block design where the first factor was pruning intensity, namely 0, 5, 10, and 15 % of the total number of branches per tree while the second factor was doses of N, P, and K fertilizers, namely 0, 2, and 4 % of the weight of harvested citrus fruit in the previous season. The result showed that increasing doses of N, P, K fertilizers from 0 to 4 % increased fruit set, harvested fruits, fruit size, content of vitamin C, sugar, and soluble solid. The highest fruit set, weight of harvested fruits, and content of vitamin C were achieved by pruning intensity of 10 %.
Muhammad Munir1,2
1Current address: Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. 2Frontier Agriculture, SOYL Precision Crop Production Division, Newbury, England. Corresponding e-mail: mmunir@kfu.edu.sa
Abstract: Date palm is a dioecious fruit tree that permits cross pollination for fruit setting. The germination of viable pollens to fertilize ovule is influenced by environmental cues such as temperature. The germination and viability of pollen grains collected for pollination purpose also varied with the male pollinizer source and the male spathe opening time. An in vitro study performed to determine the percentage of pollen germination at different temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C) and germination times (4, 8, 12, and 24 h) taken from different male sources and toidentify any variations in the germination and viability of pollen grains collected from spathes opened at different dates (20th February, 1st and 10th March). Pollens from different male sources showed a significant difference regarding germination percentage when incubated at different temperatures and for different germination times. Pollens incubated at 30 (81.07%) and 25°C (78.17%) had the highest germination percentage which decreased to 51.04, 16.23, and 5.90% when incubation temperature dropped to 20, 15, and 10 °C, respectively. Similarly, 71.11% pollens were germinated after 4 h of incubation at 30°C, which was decreased to 63.26 and 25.40% when incubation temperature decreased to 25 and 20°C, respectively after same time interval. Pollen germination and viability were significantly differed when they were collected from spathes opened at three different dates. Early opened spathes had lowest germination (57.58%) and viability percentages (81.19%) than the middle (81.11 and 91.53%) or late (80.71% and 93.05%) opening spathes. It is therefore, concluded that the optimum temperature for date palm pollen grains germination is 25-30°C and at these temperatures maximum pollens germinated within 4 h. Moreover, pollen grains from early opened spathes were less superior compared to the middle or late opening ones.
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