Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Faculty Centre for Agriculture, Rural and Tribal Development, Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Morabadi, Ranchi-834008, Jharkhand, India,
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.15
Key words: Garden pea, Pisum sativum var. hortense, Sanjeevani, Shasyagavya, growth, yield, quality
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Abstract: Garden pea is one of the most popular winter vegetables in India and the south Chhotanagpur plateau of eastern India is well-known for its quality production. However, indiscriminate uses of different agrochemicals in the production cycle of the crop reduces its quality. Besides, the high cost concerning chemical farming is practically out of reach to the small and marginal farmers of the eastern Indian plateau. In this context, low-cost involving alternative approach of organic farming that has the potential to produce quality yield is gaining popularity. The experiment consisted of seven commonly cultivated garden pea varieties of the region, namely, V1:GS-10, V2: HAEP-1, V3: HAEP-2, V4: Swarna Mukti, V5: Swarna Amar, V6: Azad Pea-3 and V7: Azad Pea-1 grown through the application of three organic liquid manures viz. T1: Shasyagavya (10 %); T2: Sanjeevani (10 %); T3: Enriched Sanjeevani (10 %) and including control (T4 ) where no liquid formulation was applied during rabi growing season of two consecutive years (2017-18 and 2018-19) by adopting Factorial RBD experimental design. Different growth, yield, and quality attributing characters of the crop were studied and found to be significant under different treatments. Results revealed that V5 is the best-performing variety in terms of green pod yield (19.55t ha-1). However, when treatment and varietal interactions were taken into consideration, T3V6 was the best combination with green pod yield of 23.10 t ha-1. Quality attributes like TSS, starch, protein and ascorbic acid content of green peas performed significantly better independently under different treatments than control. From the findings, it may be concluded that Swarna Amar and Azad Pea-3 were highly responsive to organic liquid manure especially ‘Enriched Sanjeevani’ in terms of their growth, yield and quality traits expressions in the south Chhotanagpur plateau of eastern India.
Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.16
Key words: Tomato price, price forecasting; artificial neural networks, support vector machines; efficiency comparison
Abstract: A reliable forecast of the prices of agricultural commodities can help to allocate resources optimally, enhance efficiency and farmer income, and alleviate fluctuations. Given the importance of accurate forecasts, the present paper investigates how one can forecast greenhouse tomato prices one, two, three, and six-month horizons using different support vector machines and artificial neural network algorithms. The data on variables affecting the price of greenhouse tomatoes were collected through a field study for a short-term period from November 2014 to January 2017. The wholesale price of the crop was drawn from a market study for this period. The results show that the trend forecasted through General Regression Neural Network along with activating function of reciprocal is more efficient to estimate the training data. The Epsilon-SVR SVM acquisition pattern alongside the linear activating function was taken into consideration to estimate the testing data in an efficient way for two-month, three-month or biannual periods.
Mahyco Research Centre, Mahyco Private Limited, Jalna-Aurangabad Road, Dawalwadi, Jalna 431203, Maharashtra, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.17
Key words: Okra anther culture, microspores, callus, primary shoots
Abstract: Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench), also known as “lady’s finger”, belonging to the Malvaceae family, is an alloploid. Availability of haploids and doubled haploid lines are essential for the development of improved okra hybrid varieties. Anthers were excised from flower buds at different stages. The ability to produce haploid callus or somatic embryogenesis and thereby, regenerate into haploid plants was investigated. Several factors, such as flower buds initiation time, type of media and plant growth regulator combinations have been evaluated. The flower buds of different sizes were dissected to determine stages of development before subjecting to various pre-treatments and then the anthers. These were cultured on different PGR combinations (NAA, IAA, 2,4-D, KIN, BAP, IBA, ZTN, 2iP, GA3 and TDZ) and various concentrations. The cultures were incubated in both dark and light conditions. The suitable developmental stage of microspore for callus induction was obtained from 12 mm length of flower buds in okra for calli and root development. The effect of flower bud initiation time was an important factor in anther cultures. The media, MSNB, gave highest percentage (95 %) of callus induction. Incubation for 28 days in dark gave highest percentage (92.5 %) of callus induction. The ultimate aim of this study was to investigate the potential of okra anther culture. The study will ultimately help in double haploid development for faster crop improvement.
Punjab Agricultural University, Fruit Research Station, Jallowal-Lesriwal, Jalandhar-144303, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.18
Key words: Citrus, rootstock, nursery performance, budding success
Abstract: A study was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Fruit Research Station, Jallowal-Lesriwal, Jalandhar during 2016-17 to evaluate nursery performance of different exotic rootstocks and their budding compatibility with Kinnow mandarin. The seeds of exotic rootstocks: Swingle citrumelo, Rich 16-6, Rubidoux trifoliate (RTF), US-852, Benton citrange, Troyer citrange, Kuharsuke citrange, C-35 citrange, X-639, Carrizo citrange, Gou Tou, Shin Chu Sha, Rangpur Lime, Volkameriana lemon and Rough lemon were sown in protrays and later transplanted in poly-bags under protected conditions. The results of the experiment revealed that maximum plant height and stem thickness was recorded in C-35 citrange and Swingle citrumelo, respectively. Number of leaves/plant was highest in X-639. Root length and thickness at buddable stage were highest in Volkameriana lemon and Benton citrange, respectively. Fresh and dry root weight was maximum in Rangpur lime rootstock. Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) was budded on all the rootstocks under study and highest budding success was recorded in Rough lemon followed by Volkameriana lemon, Rangpur lime and Kuharsuke citrange. It was concluded that Volkameriana lemon, Kuharsuke citrange and Rangpur lime can also be explored as potential rootstocks along with Rough lemon for raising the nursery of Kinnow mandarin under protected conditions in Punjab. However, their long term effects on fruit yield and quality along with stionic compatibility should also be critically taken into consideration before any commercial recommendation.
1Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Malappuram-679 573, Kerala, India. 2College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur-680 656, Kerala, India. 3Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi-682 508, Kerala, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2020.v22i03.31
Key words: Tender jackfruit, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, regression, reference method, quality, non-destructive, firmness, toughness
Abstract: Value addition of fresh tender jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) for vegetable purpose has gained much popularity due to its inherent nutritional and health benefits. For industries involved in value addition of tender jackfruit, rapid characterization of raw material is essential for screening and routine quality evaluation. But, conventional reference methods of quality evaluation are not suitable as they involve the use of chemicals, expensive, laborious and time consuming subject to the number of samples to be analyzed. As a promising alternative, the present study examined the performance of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a novel approach to estimate pH, total soluble solid, titrable acidity, firmness and toughness of tender jackfruit. Partial least square regression (PLSR) models were used to establish linkage between reflectance spectra (1100-2450 nm) and quality attributes of fresh tender jackfruit. Based on residual prediction deviation (RPD) criteria, accuracy of PLSR model of titrable acidity was noted to be excellent (RPD=3.96) while good estimation was possible in case of firmness-tendril (RPD=2.61). Accuracy level suitable for coarse quantitative estimation (RPD=2.12) was noted in case of total soluble solids. The PLSR models of all other attributes were found to be capable of discriminating their low and high values (1.5
1Technology of Agriculture Industry, Agriculture Technology Faculty, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia, 2Present address: Agriculture Technology Faculty, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, South Kuta, Badung, Bali (80361), Indonesia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2020.v22i03.32
Key words: Bio-plastic composites, modified cassava starch, glucomannan, fillers
Abstract: The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of variations in filler types, the addition of fillers and their interactions on the characteristics of bio-plastic composites from modified cassava starch-glucomannan, and determine the type and addition of fillers that produce the best bio-plastic composite characteristics of modified cassava starch-glucomannan. This research applied a randomized block design with factorial experiments using two factors consisted of the type of filler (ZnO, CMC and chitosan) and the addition of fillers (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g), with the total of 18 combination treatments. Each combination treatment was grouped into 4 based on the processing time of making bio-plastic composites. The variables observed were tensile strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus, swelling, degradation time of bio-plastic composites, surface profiles using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and functional groups using FTIR spectrometers. The results showed that the type, the addition of fillers and their interactions had a very significant effect on tensile strength, elongation, Young’s modulus, swelling, and degradation time of bio-plastic composites from modified glucomannan cassava starch. Bio-plastic composites from modified cassava-glucomannan starch using ZnO with the addition of 0.6-1.0 g had the best characteristics compared to others with tensile strength values ??reaching 2012.45-2022.23 MPa, elongation at break 8.12-8.65 %, Young’s modulus 23.265.32 - 24,904.31 MPa, swelling 9.52-9.72 %, and degradation time of 6.25 days. Transverse surface profiles showed a smooth wave surface, there were not any holes or pores and visible fibers, while longitudinal surface profiles showed a fewer holes or pores and more smooth surface with not too high waves. In addition, these bio-plastic composites contained functional groups (O-H) and (C-H).
1Field Crops Directorate, National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), P.O. Box 19831, Baqa’, Jordan. 2Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), P.O. Box 3030, 22110, Irbid, Jordan.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2020.v22i03.33
Key words: Pollen, storage, pistachio, cultivars, viability, germination
Abstract: This study was conducted to examine the effect of storage temperature and duration on viability and in vitro germination of pollen grains of seven pistachio cultivars. Pollens were stored at room temperature (24±2 oC), refrigerator (4 oC) and freezer (-5 oC) for 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Pollen viability was estimated by using staining methods including tetrazolium test (TTC), iodine and potassium iodine (IKI) and safranin solutions, and using an in vitro pollen germination. The results showed that at all storage methods and durations, pollen viability and in vitro pollen germination were significantly the highest for Batouri and Ashouri cultivars and the lowest for Marawhi and Elemi cultivars. The highest pollen viability as estimated by safranin staining was attained when pollens were stored under freezer condition. However, pollen viability by TTC was the lowest at room temperature storage. In addition, in vitro pollen germination and viability significantly decreased as storage duration increased. This study revealed no differences between in vitro germination percentages for refrigerated and freezer stored pollen up to 2 weeks. Meanwhile, in vitro germination of room-stored pollen was gradually decreased when storage duration increased. At the end of storage period, pollen viability was reduced slightly under freezer conditions, whereas, the reduction in viability was the highest for refrigerated and room-stored pollen with no differences between them. This study showed a significant interaction effect of cultivar x storage temperature x storage duration on pollen viability but not for in vitro pollen germination.
1Doctoral Program in Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University. 2Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Indonesia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2020.v22i03.34
Key words: Edible coating, Aloe vera gel, self-life, mango
Abstract: Fresh-cut mango is a very popular product commonly consumed due to its health and safety benefits to the community. The cutting results in increased respiration, ethylene production, oxidation, and browning processes which tends to shorten its life. Edible coating of aloe gel (Ecogel) serves as an additive matrix to extend the life of fresh-cut mango with the incorporation of antioxidant, acidulant, and antimicrobial additives. The edible coating ability is strongly influenced by molecular structure, size, and chemical constituents.This study, therefore, aimed to determine the influence of incorporation nano-additive material and its concentration in ecogel to extend the shelf life of the mango. The factorial complete randomized design was used to determine the effect of citric, ascorbic, and potassium sorbate acid using a concentration of 0.15, 0.3, and 0.45 %. Citric acid, ascorbic acid and potassium sorbate at a concentration of 0.15 %, was best for formulation of Ecogel. The quality of fresh-cut fruit coated with Ecogel was acceptable at a temperature of 7 ± 1 ?C until day 6. Therefore, Ecogel prolongs the shelf-life of fresh-cut mango.
Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2020.v22i03.35
Key words: Flower senescence, Narcissus tazetta, postharvest life, relative fresh weight, total soluble sugar, water uptake
Abstract: The effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and selenium (Se) on postharvest quality and the vase life of Narcissus tazetta were investigated. A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 1-MCP at concentrations of 0, 0.5, and 1 µL L-1 and Se at 0, 1 and 2 mg L-1 with 3 replicates (4 cut flowers per each replicate) was conducted. The results showed that treatment of cut flowers with 1-MCP and Se significantly increased the vase life, water uptake and relative fresh weight of cut N. tazetta cut flowers. Fresh weight of flower increased from 0.58 (control) to 0.92 g using 1 µL L-1 1-MCP treatment. Total soluble solids (TSS) and total soluble sugar of flowers treated with all the levels of 1-MCP and Se significantly decreased as compared to control. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of treated cut flowers with 1-MCP and Se were significantly increased in comparison to the control. The highest (13.41 days) vase live was obtained in 1 µL L-1 1-MCP treatment. The study revealed that application of 1-MCP and Se delayed senescence symptoms resulting extended vase life and postharvest quality of N. tazetta cut flowers.
1Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University. P.O. Box: 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya. 2Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (CAVM), University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 210 Musanze, Rwanda.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2020.v22i03.36
Key words: Antibacterial activity, botanicals, growth inhibition zone, minimum inhibitory concentration, potato, Ralstonia solanacearum
Abstract: Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Smith is the most severe potato disease in Rwanda because there is no known pesticide for it and cultural control methods seem almost impossible to implement. Therefore, use of plant extracts with antibacterial activities which are locally available, economically affordable and environmental friendly could be an alternative in the management of the disease. This research focused on in vitro screening of the antibacterial activity of methanol, water and chloroform extracts of ten local plant materials against the pathogen. From this screening, methanol and water extracts of three promising plant species, i.e., tobacco, wild marigold and garlic were also used for determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The results showed higher inhibition zone of methanol extracts (16.85 mm) against bacteria followed by water (14.42 mm) and chloroform (14.19 mm) extracts. All ten plant extracts inhibited the growth of the pathogen. Higher antibacterial activity was found in tobacco, wild marigold and garlic extracts (19.61, 18.56, and 18.3 mm inhibition zones, respectively). Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methanol extracts from tobacco and wild marigold was 6.25 mg mL-1 whereas, garlic methanol extract was 12.5 mg mL-1. Furthermore, MIC of water extract was 12.5 mg/mL-1 in all three plant species. The findings revealed that tobacco, garlic and wild marigold extracts are the best in the control of potato bacterial wilt. Moreover, methanol extracts are the most efficient in management of potato bacterial wilt in comparison to water and chloroform extracts.
Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202. Bangladesh.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2020.v22i03.37
Key words: Strawberry, runners, root-shoot growth, PGRs, indole butyric acid
Abstract: Strawberry is a promising small fruit crop in Bangladesh. Farmers are giving priority to grow this short duration fruit in their field due to early fruiting and high market demand. The main obstacle is shortage of quality planting materials during planting time. Moreover, saplings produced from tissue culture techniques are very costly, as a result many of interested growers are unable to cultivate strawberry. Therefore, this study was undertaken to find out the impact of indole butyric acid (IBA) on root induction in strawberry daughter plants. Four concentrations of IBA (0, 100, 200 and 300 ppm) were applied at the base of newly born daughter plants of strawberry and inserted them in a polybag (10 cm×5 cm) with loamy soil for rooting. Thereafter, rooting performance of daughter plants was checked at 10, 15, 20 and 25 days after application (DAA) of IBA. The experiment was conducted following randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that different concentrations of IBA exhibited differently on root and shoot development of newly grown strawberry saplings. All the studied parameters were significantly influenced by IBA solutions except root length of saplings. Among the concentrations, 100 and 200 ppm IBA showed successful results in respect of all traits studied while 300 ppm IBA performed better in fresh weight of leaves of new saplings. However, it can be concluded that grower can use 100 and/or 200 ppm IBA solution at the base of newly grown daughter plants to expedite rooting and shoot development of strawberry saplings.
1Department of Microbiology, Centre for Research & PG Studies, Indian Academy Degree College - Autonomous, Bengaluru-560043, Karnataka, India. 2Department of Biology, Prayoga Education Research Centre (PERC), Bengaluru-560085, Karnataka, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2020.v22i03.38
Key words: Pleurotus ostreatus, substrates, biological efficiency
Abstract: Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is the second most cultivated edible mushrooms worldwide after Agaricus bisporus. has more economic, ecological values and medicinal properties. Huge amounts of ligno-cellulosic agricultural crop residues by-products rich in organic compounds are annually generated. This study was conducted to compare effects of different agro residues on growth and bioconversion efficiency of oyster mushroom. P. ostreatus was cultivated on different treatment substrates viz., corn sheath + corn cob + coir pith (T1), paddy straw + ragi straw (T2) and sugarcane bagasse (T3) supplemented with 10 % wheat bran. Parameters such as days, spawn run, primordial formation, harvest days, total yield and biological efficiency were evaluated. The best substrate was found to be T2 (paddy straw + ragi straw) in terms of spawn run (28 days), primordial formation (30 days), average number of fruiting bodies (108±1.3), stem length (7 cm) and cap diameter (9.5±0.085 cm). Total yield of P. ostreatus on different treatment substrates T1, T2 and T3 was found as 507±5 g, 317.7±3.1 g and 761±7.5 g, respectively. The biological efficiency of P. ostreatus was found high in T1 (92.08±0.89 %) followed by T3 (87.39±0.85 %) and T1 (72.37±0.7 %).
1Rajiv Gandhi Chair, SKUAST-K, Srinagar. 2Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal. 3The Glocal University, U.P., 4Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Rangreth, Srinagar. 5Krishi Vigyan Kendra Anantnag, SKUAT-K.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2020.v22i03.39
Key words: Pesticide use, disposal, empty container, willingness to pay, cost of illness, production, apple
Abstract: Jammu and Kashmir, the northern most state is one of the most important apple producing states of India. The pesticide trade has increased tremendously in the region which affects both environment and human health. This paper presents and estimated the cost of illness resulting from pesticide-related acute health symptoms in the apple growing region of Jammu and Kashmir. Apple growers reported as many as 15 serious issues and symptoms associated with the use of pesticides in the region. The study employs Cobb-Douglas linear production function, Cost of Illness method and Contingent valuation method through Willingness to Pay for analysing the requisite data. The study reveals that pesticide sprays and chemical fertilisers contribute 17.25 and 24.23 per cent to the overall apple production in the region. There is a decrease of 7.72 per cent cost of illness if the respondent who applies pesticides is a male and similarly, age of the respondent is having 0.35 per cent impact and incurs huge cost for the illness due to exposure. Similarly, household willingness to pay (WTP) for safer pesticides states that highly qualified respondents in the area are ready to pay 63.59 percent more than the less qualified/illiterate respondents.
1Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, UHS Campus, GKVK Post, Bengaluru - 560065, Karnataka, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2020.v22i03.40
Key words: Plumeria rubra, Coleosporium plumeriae, and ITS rDNA
Abstract: Temple tree (Plumeria rubra) is a cosmopolitan ornamental flowering and an avenue tree. Generally, Plumeria sp. is affected by several diseases, among them rust caused by Coleosporium plumeriae was found infecting the temple trees in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India with the severity of 80-100 per cent in the early June till end of August 2016-17. Initially, numerous orange coloured rusty pustules were seen on abaxial leaf and these pustules covered the entire leaf causing inward rolling of leaves, necrosis, senescence and finally leaf abscission. Microscopic observation of the rust pustules revealed the presence of golden pale yellow coloured uredospores that varied from globose to ellipsoidal in shape, ranging from 20-40 x 16-28 ?m in size, borne on erumpent uredinia and no other spore stages were observed. Molecular identification of this pathogen (Indian isolate) through ITS rDNA region amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed 99 % sequence homology with the China isolate (Accession no. KF879087.1). ITS rDNA region partial sequence of the pathogen was deposited in NCBI, GenBank with accession no. MH656772.
1Department of Zoology, Raiganj University, Raiganj-733134, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India. 2Immunopharmacology and Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Gour Banga, Malda-732103, West Bengal, India. 3Microbiology and Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Raiganj University, Raiganj-733134, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India. 4Entomology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Gour Banga, Malda-732103, West Bengal, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2020.v22i03.41
Key words: Mango mealy bug, cultivar preference, oviposition preference, biochemical estimation, phagostimulants, phagodeterrents
Abstract: Five different popular mango cultivars (Fazli, Guti, Lakhanbhog, Gopalbhog and Langra) of Malda, West Bengal, India were screened for the mango mealy bug (Drosicha mangiferae G.) population in panicle and trunk throughout the pest infestation period during 2018 and 2019. The average pest number at peak time (13 Standard Meteorological Week or SMW) of infestation indicated that maximum pest number of 132.57 and 28.05 was noted in the 30 cm branch of inflorescence and 10 cm2 area of the trunk in Fazli cultivar. Whereas, minimum number of 20.27/ 30 cm branch of inflorescence and 6.36 in the same area of trunk was found in Langra. Study of various biological parameters of mealy bugs also indicated the the order of infestation of the five cultivars as Fazli>Guti>Lakhanbhog>Gopalbhog>Langra. Analysis of various biochemical parameters have and nitrogen. Significant negative correlation was observed between pest number and alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol, tannin, ascorbic acid as well as crude fibre suggesting their pivotal role in low pest incidence. By considering the adjusted R2 in stepwise multiple regression model, it was noticed that tannin was the most significant factor (39.2 %) followed by nitrogen (15.5 %), flavonoid (11.4 %), phenol (7.7 %), ascorbic acid (6.9 %) and protein (6.2 %) to influence pest number. Factors like moisture (1.00 %), sugar (2.7 %), antioxidant (1.0 %) had minor contributions. Therefore, it can be concluded that a combination of factors influence pest density and a single factor is not adequate to affect the pest population. The study is helpful in understanding the host preference of mealy bug.