Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, U.S. National Arboretum, U.S.D.A., Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A.. Statistics Group, U.S.D.A., Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A;
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.21
Key words: Ornamental trees, aromatic cytokinins, tissue culture
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Abstract: Micropropagation and regeneration systems were established for the U.S. National Arboretum accession, Ulmus parvifolia ‘Pathfinder’. Experiments were done using two lines of U. parvifolia, P-6 and P-10, each derived from a different, open-pollinated seed. Because micropropagation of U. parvifolia required the addition of a cytokinin to the Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) medium, BA, mT, and TDZ were compared. Stem cuttings cultured on DKW containing 2.4 mg L-1mT for line P-10 or 4.8 mg L-1 mT for both lines P-6 and P-10 produced a significantly higher number of axillary shoots than cuttings on DKW lacking phytohormones. Stem cuttings on TDZ (0.25, 0.50, or 1.0 mg L-1) produced a significantly lower number of axillary shoots. Axillary shoots of line P-6 formed roots at a low frequency (6 %) as compared to those of P-10 shoots (58 %) when cultured on DKW with either NAA (1.0 mg L-1) or IBA (1.0 mg L-1). Most of the shoots, 96 % of P-6 and 99 % of P-10, survived in soil in the greenhouse. Shoots were regenerated from leaves taken from in vitro-grown plants, and most of the regenerated shoots came from leaves of line P-10 and very few from line P-6. P-10 leaves cultured on DKW containing 7.2 mg L-1mT regenerated significantly more plants than leaves cultured on DKW lacking hormones. The frequency of regenerated shoots from leaves cultured on DKW with mT(2.4, 4.8, or 7.2 mg L-1) that formed roots in vitro was 47, and 98 % of the shoots survived in soil in the greenhouse. This study indicates the benefit of using mT for micro propagation and regeneration from leaves of U. parvifolia.
College of Fisheries Engineering, TNJFU, Nagapattinam. Professor, Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology, Thanjavur. Deputy Director General (Agrl., Engg., ), New Delhi, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.22
Key words: Acoustic resonance, ripeness, non-destructive, muskmelon, stiffness coefficient
Abstract: Four different stages of ripeness have been identified (immature, mature raw, semi-ripe and ripe) in commercial grading of muskmelon. Destructive measurement (by determining firmness, total soluble solids and titratable acidity) of muskmelon ripeness is time-consuming and labour-intensive. Further, conventional visual examination procedures demand expert graders. Hence, there is need for a suitable approach to evaluate the ripeness of muskmelon; a technique that can be scaled-up to on-line applications. The objective of this study was to develop an acoustic resonance based technique to evaluate the ripeness of muskmelon. The developed system consisted of a sample holding unit, impact device, sound acquisition system, signal analyser and computer. Acoustic response parameter, stiffness coefficient was correlated with various destructive parameters. During ripening, stiffness coefficient values decreased from 5.43 x 106 Hz2g2/3 to1.47 x 106 Hz2g2/3. The proposed methodology can be efficiently modified to determine the ripeness of various other horticultural products too.
Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India. Department of Botany, Fakir Chand College, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal - 743331, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.23
Key words: Antagonist, biocontrol, Citrus reticulata, defense enzymes, Emblica officinalis
Abstract: Common mandarin and Indian gooseberry are extremely important fruits and used in several countries for their medicinal properties. Bacillus licheniformis SR-14 strain was tested in vitro for their antagonistic properties against Penicillium digitatum, the causal agent of postharvest green mold decay in common mandarin and Indian gooseberry. In dual culture bioassay as circular and semicircular patterns, the isolate quantitatively inhibits the growth of the pathogen by more than 72 and 57 %, respectively. In vitro plate assay detected that the strain produces hydrolytic enzymes like protease, chitinase and volatile compound. Treatment with the antagonist also resulted in the induction of defense enzymes like, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, ?-1, 3-glucanase and higher phenol accumulation compared to control. In vivo application of the antagonist revealed that the maximum mean disease index reached to 1.16 and 1.41 in Indian gooseberry and mandarin, which showed around 65 and 63 % reduction in disease severity, respectively when compared to control. These experiments suggest that the strain could be considered as a promising mean for the control of mandarin and Indian gooseberry postharvest green mold decay and its use may be an effective method to improve the integrated disease management strategy.
Mississippi State University Coastal Research and Extension Center, 1815 Popps Ferry Rd, Biloxi, Mississippi 39532. School of Human Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box 9745, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762. Mississippi State University Coastal Research and Extension Center, 810 Hwy. 26 West, Poplarville, Mississippi 39470.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.24
Key words: Florist, floristry, American Institute of Floral Designers, studio, freelance
Abstract: Data was collected from florists who passed a rigorous examination in floral design ability and maintained certification through educational updates. The purpose was to identify the current profile and challenges of leading floral designers, members of the American Institute of Floral Designers (AIFD). Survey responses indicated more than one-fourth of the participants identified as traditional retail florists, operating brick and mortar shops. Remaining respondents were either specialized, studio designers, freelance designers, teachers or other. A slight income increase was observed in those with years of experience. AIFD membership was not statistically significant in relation to income level, but those with more years of membership earned more income. Educational level was not significant for any of the variables. Age, years of membership and work experience were highly correlated.
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram, Jalan Majapahit 62 Mataram, Mataram-83127, Indonesia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.25
Key words: Apical stem cutting, auxin concentration, planting space, seed-potato tuber, soilless culture
Abstract: Growth and production of apical stem cuttings under various soil-less culture conditions for mass production of potato G1 seed tubers was investigated. Different cutting lengths, Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) concentration, and age of mother plants from which the cuttings were taken, were evaluated for survival and growth of the cuttings. In separate experiments, successful cuttings were planted at different spacings and fertilizer rates. The highest survival rate was obtained from apical cuttings with three nodes treated with 1 ppm IAA. The best cutting growth was obtained from cuttings derived from 2 to 3 week-old mother plants. Plant height and individual leaf areas were higher at low spacing (10 cm x 10 cm), and a higher dose of NPK fertilizer (40 g/plot). The number of tubers and tuber weight per plant were higher at a spacing of 20 x 20 cm and fertilizer dose of 40 g/plot. Although higher plant density resulted in smaller tuber size, the combination of close spacing and higher doses of fertilizer resulted in the highest yield per unit area. Importantly, stock plants showed no significant decrease in plant yield after cutting. The results indicate that apical cuttings can be used for the mass-propagation of G0 seed plants to speed up and increase the efficiency of production of G1 seed tubers.
Indonesian Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Institute (ICSFRI), Jl. Raya Tlekung, Junrejo, Batu, Indonesia. School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.26
Key words: Apples, consumer preference, market segment, supply chain, Indonesia
Abstract: Managing agri-food chains based on the value defined by end consumers provides competitive advantage but requires a thorough understanding of consumers and their value preferences. This study was conducted to identify consumer preferences for apples and to segment consumers so that findings could be used to guide domestic apple value chain development in Indonesia. Data were collected through an intercept survey of 200 apple consumers in Malang, Indonesia. Three significantly different clusters of domestic apple consumers were identified. The ‘indifferent consumers’ disregarded the importance of most attributes of domestic apples, while ‘pro–sensory consumers’ valued sensory attributes more than search attributes. ’Value–conscious consumers’ rated most of the value attributes as important in making a purchase. This study identifies the need for adopting practices along the chain that enhance particular attributes of domestic apples so as to increase value for each consumer segment.
Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.27
Key words: Salicylic acid, pomegranate, fungal decay, chilling injury, anthocyanin, fruit color.
Abstract: This study was aimed to assess the effect of salicylic acid (SA) on quality and storage life of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) and performed in two experiments including foliar application and postharvest dipping of fruits in salicylic acid solutions. In the first experiment, pomegranate trees were sprayed at concentrations of 0, 1, 3 or 9 mM L-1. After two months of storage at 5 °C, ionic leakage, total soluble solids, and decay of pomegranate fruit was examined. The results showed that ionic leakage and fungal decay decreased and total soluble solids increased in treated fruits compared to the control. In the second experiment, fruits were dipped in SA at concentrations of 0, 1 or 3 mM L-1 and stored at 5 °C for two months to investigate the effects of salicylic acid on chilling injury (Cl), decay, and chemical attributes of stored samples. The results revealed that postharvest application of SA significantly increased total antioxidants and decreased chilling injury and decay of treated fruits. However, it did not significantly affect total phenol, total soluble solids, total anthocyanin and colour of fruits compared to the control.
Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Oklahoma State University, 358 Ag Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.28
Key words: Dip ‘N Grow, winter creeper, supplemental CO2, cuttings
Abstract: Although effect of rooting hormone in the propagation of ornamental species has been studied by many scientists, very few have contributed to understanding the effect of supplemental carbon dioxide(CO2) in rooting of plants. With the aim of understanding the effect of CO2 in rooting and its interaction with rooting hormone treatment, a greenhouse study was conducted. Two identical greenhouses were used in which, one was supplied with an average of 800 ppm of CO2and the other one was at about 400 ppm (ambient) throughout the rooting period. Rooting hormone treatments were control, 1000, 3000 and 5000 ppm concentrations of Dip’N Grow. Elevated CO2 did not promote root development when compared to ambient condition. However, increasing rooting hormone concentration significantly affected the rooting parameters. Rooting percentage was not improved under elevated CO2. Ambient CO2 with 5000 ppm concentration of Dip’N Grow showed greater root number.
Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, Haryana.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.29
Key words: Brinjal, bio-fungicides, carbendazim, Phomopsis vexans, seed quality, Trichoderma viride
Abstract: Brinjal is an important vegetable crop in India and its production is mainly constrained up to 30 per cent due to the seedling and fruit rot caused by fungus, Phomopsis vexans. Although carbendazim is effectively used to control the P. vexans, it is detrimental to human and environment with long term usage. Hence, the present study was conducted to identify the bio-fungicide which can be used as an alternative to carbendazim. The results revealed that the seed germination was significantly superior with Trichoderma viride, T. viride + Pseudomonas fluorescens and T. viride + T. asperellum as compared to the carbendazim in blotter method while it was at par in pot culture experiment. The T. viride resulted in significantly higher seedling length (cm), seedling dry weight (mg), SVI-I and SVI-II as compared to the carbendazim in pot culture experiments. The disease incidence was significantly low and the disease control was significantly high in T. viride and its combinations with P. fluorescens or T. asperellum as compared to carbendazim in blotter method while, at par under pot culture conditions. Therefore, T. viride (5 g kg-1 seed) can be effectively used as an alternative to carbendazim to improve the seedling vigour and control of P. vexans of brinjal.
Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, 1815 Popps Ferry Road, Biloxi, MS 39532, United States. Former Post-doctoral Associate, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State University Extension Service, 856 Hwy. 90, Ste. B, Bay St. Louis, MS 39520.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.16
Key words: Asian varieties, cucumber, bitter melon, Momordica charantia L., eggplant, Solanum melongena L., fruit yield.
Abstract: Ethnicity plays a strong role in niche market development, and the market for specialty Asian crops is currently under-served. As Asian populations continue to grow in the southern United States, especially along the Gulf Coast, it is important for producers to recognize this opportunity. Fruits and vegetables desired by the diverse Asian population are often completely unavailable or of poor quality due to shipping distance. This market need can be met by local growers with a greater potential return on investment greater than traditional vegetables. This paper summarizes results of variety trials of Asian vegetables conducted during 2003 -2005 growing seasons at Mississippi State University, Coastal Research and Extension Center’s Beaumont Horticultural Unit (USDA Hardiness Zone 8a). These trials evaluated yield performance of Asian varieties of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under coastal Mississippi environmental conditions. Cucumbers: ‘Natsuhikari’, ‘Tasty Queen’, ‘Crisp Petrel’, ‘Tokiwa’, ‘White Sun’, and ‘Summer Express’; bitter melon: ‘Large Top’, ‘Taiwan Large’, ‘Japan Long’, ‘Thailand Star’ and eggplants: ‘Round Green’, ‘Orient Charm’, ‘Ichiban’, ‘Millionaire’, ‘Green Giant’, ‘Purple Ball’, ‘Kurume’, ‘Purple Excel’, ‘Ping Tung Long’, ‘Mangan’, ‘Long Green’, and ‘Orient Express’ were grown conventionally on raised beds using drip irrigation and plastic mulch. Results indicated that cucumber varieties performed well, though their yield might have been affected by environment conditions. Average total yield and fruit numbers in 2004 were 65.5 and 56.1 % higher, respectively, compared to 2005. Marketable yield of Asian bitter melon varieties ‘Large Top’, ‘Taiwan Large’, and ‘Japan Long’, were higher than ‘Thailand Star’. Total eggplant yield varied greatly among varieties. Total yield of ‘Round Green’ in 2003 was highest compared to all other cultivars.
Assesment Institute of Agriculture Technology, Malang, East Java, Indonesia. Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia. Departement of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawiajaya, Malang, Indonesia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.17
Key words: Lycopene, beta-carotene, productivity, tomato, shade, medium land
Abstract: Lycopene and beta-carotene content of two antioxidants in tomatoes and productivity are strongly influenced by the intensity of solar radiation received by plants. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of shading on production, lycopene content and beta-carotene content of tomato varieties at medium land of Indonesia. The study was conducted in the area with an altitude of 515 meters above sea level, in Malang, East Java, Indonesia. Treatments tested in this study were arranged in a split plot design. The main plot was percentage of shading (0, 25 and 50 %). The subplot was tomato varieties (Juliet, Golden Sweet, Golden Shine and Betavila). The results showed that shading or lowering the level of solar radiation received by plants could improve the maximum air humidity but it did not change the minimum humidity. Minimum air temperature dropped by 1°C in the shade treatments of 25 and 50 % compared with no shade, while the maximum air temperature dropped by 4 °C in the shade of 25 % and by 5 °C under 50 % shade. Changes in the microclimate around the plants, especially the temperature and air humidity did not only increase the growth and productivity of plants, but also increased the chlorophyll content of leaves and lycopene of tomatoes. All varieties showed that the highest production was obtained when plants were shaded by 25 % compared with no shade or 50 % shade. In addition, lycopene in tomato varieties was also influenced by the microclimate around the plant, and the beta-carotene content was influenced by varieties of tomatoes and shaded level but not due to interaction.
Departement of Agronomy, University of Zabol, Iran. Agricultural Research Institute, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.18
Key words: Essential oil, fertilizer, Glomus, root, shoot, SPAD value.
Abstract: Rhizobium inoculation increases nutrients uptake by modification of root characteristics. This experiment was conducted in 2015 at Zabol university research farm (Chah-Nimeh) in a completely randomized design based on factorial arrangement with three replications. The first factor was five levels of phosphate: 100, 75, 50, 25 and 0 (control) kg ha-1 and the soil inoculation consisted of two arbuscular mycorrhizal: Glomus intraradices and G. mosseae. The measured traits include number of leaves, stem dry weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, stem diameter, root length, plant height, SPAD readings, root and shoot nitrogen content, essential oil percentage and essential oil yield. Results indicated that using of G. intraradices and G. mosseae have no significant effects on rosemary essential oil yield. The highest and lowest essential oil percentage rate of 2.2 and 1.6 %, respectively were as a result of taking ammonium phosphate 100 kg ha-1 and in the control (no ammonium phosphate). On the other hand, higher shoot (1.17) and root (1.96 ) nitrogen percentage and were recorded followed by interaction between G. mosseae species and the control, respectively. The SPAD readings of rosemary increased significantly by the application of fertilizer in levels. On interaction effects, G. intraradices (M1) and application of 75 kg ha-1 ammonium phosphate treatments had the best SPAD readings. The results of this study indicated that the inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil with optimal fertilizer application greatly improved rosemary growth and nutrient uptake and the effect was greater under greenhouse conditions.
Professor and Director of Pomology and Viticulture Program, Parma Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, 29603 University of I Lane, Parma, ID 83660, U.S.A. Research Associate of Pomology and Viticulture Program, Parma Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, 29603 University ofI Lane, Parma, ID 83660, U.S.A.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i01.02
Key words: Alternative fruit, berry size, cool region grape, crop load, grape adaptation
Abstract: Cluster management in table grapes is an essential cultural practice for production of high quality table grapes and this practice has not been studied in the Intermountain northwest region in the USA. Thus, the objective of this project was to determine the optimal cluster threshold for improving yield and berry quality attributes of Alborz table grape in the inland Pacific Northwest United States during 2010 through 2012. Non-thinned control vines had 71 clusters in 2010 but had 39 and 40 during 2011 and 2012, respectively. Clusters in non-thinned control vines were longer but lighter than those in the other treatments. Berries in the non-thinned control vines were always lighter in weight and smaller in size than those in the other treatments. Berries from vines with 28 clusters tended to have more uniform red color with lower overall green color while those from non-thinned control had more green color. Vines with 20 and 28 clusters tended to have greater soluble solids concentration (SSC) but those in non-thinned control and with 36 clusters had lower SSC. Overall, the cumulative yields of non-thinned control vines were similar to those with 36 clusters during two out of three years. Considering all quality attributes, between 28 and 36 clusters per vine was the optimal number for production of yield and quality attributes.
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia. Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i01.03
Key words: Amorphophallus muelleri, apomictic, Araceae, clonal variation, floral morphology, flower diversity, gibberellin, glucomannan, iles-iles, morphological variation, natural flowering, phenotypic plasticity
Abstract: Morphological variation in triploid apomicts Amorphophallus muelleri has been postulated low, here, we present for the first time macroscopic variation in floral morphology from natural and gibberellin treatments. Agamosporous A. muelleri exhibited morphological variations on 35 out of 45 floral characters. Organ variation was apparent on peduncle, spathe, stigma, carpel, and appendix; that could relate to different genetic background. It seems that gibberellin application at initial stage of flowering incresed the existing morphological variation; causing phenotypic plasticity in three characters, i.e., sheath length, disposition of second spathe and degree of limb apex shape. Present study implies that floral characters can be used as key to determine true-to-type of A. muelleri. Further study is needed to clarify the variation on apomict A. muelleri using approaches such as metabolomics and hormonal dynamic during flowering.
Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 9/621 Ha Noi Avenue. Linh Trung ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho, Tan Phong, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, 140 Le Trong Tan, Tay Thanh, Tan Phu, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i01.04
Key words: Banana extract, coconut water, Dendrobium officinale, DPPH assay, phytoconstituents.
Abstract: Tissue culture has become a promising technique to produce biomass and active secondary metabolites in some species of medicinal plant with in short period of time. However, most of the plant growth regulators utilized as vital agents in the culture process are harmful to human bodies. In this study, Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo PLBs was subcultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 30 g L-1 sucrose, 8 g L-1 agar, and various concentrations of coconut water or banana extract to investigate the effect of these organic additives on Protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) proliferation and shoot regeneration. Subsequently, the chemical composition of the material was qualitatively analyzed by standard color reactions and the methanolic extract were also tested upon DPPH radical scavenging and inhibition assay for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity assessment, respectively. The nutrient screening showed that treating 0.3 g fresh PLBs of D. officinale in medium containing 20 % coconut water produced the highest PLB biomass (2.21 g) whereas the similar culturing using 20 % banana extract generated only 1.98 g PLB biomass. The qualitative chemical tests recognized the presence of various phytoconstituents such as glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes, phenolic compounds and saponins. The DPPH assay revealed the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract in a dose dependent manner with the IC50 value of 0.84 mg mL-1. In addition, this methanol extract showed a stronger inhibitory activity against Gram negative bacteria than Gram positive bacteria. These finding suggested that coconut water could be a potential alternative nutrient to common unhealthy regulators in the production of the biomass of interest.