1College of Horticulture, Mojerla, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, India. 2Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria. Corresponding e-mail: shankara.swamy@gmail.com
Abstract: Freshly harvested cassava varieties (NR 8082, TMS 419, TMS 4(2) and TMS 30572) were each divided into 5 portions, peeled, washed, soaked and fermented for different times (0, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours) in water. The water was regularly changed at 6-hour intervals. Both the fermented and unfermented (fermented for zero hours) tubers were mashed, bagged, de-watered (with a hydraulic press), oven-dried, milled, sieved and packaged. The zero-fermented or unfermented cassava flour represented high-quality cassava flour (HQCF). The flours obtained (HQCF and fermented odourless cassava flours) from the four cassava varieties were used to study the effect of fermentation time on quality characteristics of odourless flours from four cassava varieties comparatively. Most of the measured quality characteristics of cassava flour were affected by varietal differences. The results showed that fermentation, irrespective of cassava variety, influenced progressive increases in foaming capacity (3.76 - 4.19%), water absorption capacity (1.27-1.53g/g), oil absorption capacity (2.99~3.23g/g), emulsion capacity (40.65-46.68%), The longer the period of fermentation, the higher the level of increases for the above-stated quality parameters. However, beyond 48 hours of fermentation, the quality parameters started decreasing with an increase in fermentation time. And there were decreases in bulk density (0.74-0.72g/cm3), swelling index (1.18-1.07%), gelation temperature (71.33-68.67°C), viscosity (0.182-0.176Pa.s), wettability (11.59-7.49s) and photometric colour index (7.71-5.84) as time of fermentation increase from 0-96 hours. Therefore, cassava tubers should be fermented for 48 hours to obtain cassava flours with good functional properties.
Arshad Bhat1* Durgeshwary Kolhe2, Abid Sultan3 H.A. Malik4, Md Sarafraz Equabal5, M. Latief6, Parvaiz Rashid6 and Iqra Qureshi7
1Institute of Liberal Arts, Amity University Mumbai. 2Institute of Behavioural and Allied Sciences, Amity University, Mumbai. 3School of Agricultural Economics and Hort-Business Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar. 4KVK, Bandipora. 5Depatrment of Economics, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar. 6Department of Commerce and Management, Gandhi Memorial College, Srinagar.7Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Rangreth, Srinagar, India. Corresponding e-mail: bhatarshad09@gmail.com
Abstract: The goal of the current study was to identify the factors influencing apricot production in India’s Ladakh region. Data was collected from 200 respondents in the Ladakh region using a pre-tested interview schedule. The data was analyzed using multiple regression modeling, along with frequency and percentage calculations, to derive the results. A significant portion of apricot growers (27.5%) were obtaining 50–60 kg of yield per tree, while the majority (60.5%) farmed apricots on just one kanal of land. Additionally, 56% of apricot growers applied farmyard manure (FYM), and 45.5% of growers used chemical fertilizers. Furthermore, reports of aphids and scale on the apricot crop accounted for over 77% and 94.5% of the cases, respectively. In addition, apricot growers reported brown rot and scab in over 88% and 94.5% of cases, respectively. In terms of dormant practices, 89% of the respondents were hoeing, while 68.5% applied Horticultural mineral oils (HMO) and 74.5% Bordeaux mixture. The results of the regression analysis showed that brown rot was found to be inversely but significantly related to apricot production, while the application of chemical fertilizers, FYM, HMO, and Bordeaux mixture was found to be positively and significantly related to apricot production. The study suggests paying extra attention to enhancing stone fruit production by establishing more connections with research and agricultural extension centers and organizations. By implementing intercropping, appropriate land division, and allocation for cash crops such as vegetables, stone fruits, and grains, farms can provide access to microcredit at the microlevel.
P. Srinivasu1, M. Kalpana1, V. Aparna2, L. Naram Naidu1 and M. Paratpararao1
1College of Horticulture, Dr. Y.S.R Horticultural University, Venkataramannagudem-534101, West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2Scientist, Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod-671124, Kerala, India. Corresponding e-mail: Psrinivasu344@gmail.com
Abstract: The study was carried out to investigate the effect of desiccation methods on pollen moisture content, pollen yield, percent of pollen viability, pollen germination and pollen tube length of coconut varieties grown in coastal Andhra Pradesh. In this study, four different varieties were subjected to various drying methods (drying at room temperature for 12 and 24 h, oven drying at 30ºC for 12 and 24 h, and oven drying at 40ºC for 12 and 24 h). Results showed a significant difference among treatments, varieties and the interaction between the desiccation methods and varieties. Chowghat Orange Dwarf (COD) staminate flowers dried at 40ºC for 24 h had less moisture content, whereas the maximum was in East Coast Tall (ECT) staminate flowers dried at room temperature for 12 h. Although staminate flowers dried in an oven at 40ºC for 24 h yielded more pollen, pollen viability %, pollen germination %, and pollen tube length were recorded maximum in staminate flowers dried in the oven at 40º for 12 h. Minimum pollen viability %, pollen germination % and pollen tube length were recorded in staminate flowers dried at room temperature for 24 h. This study demonstrates that desiccated staminate flowers contribute to an increase in pollen quantity by reducing moisture content. The resulting pollen can be effectively utilized in breeding programs throughout the year.
Disha Chahal and Krishna Kumar*
Discipline of Geography, School of Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University (HQ), New Delhi-110068. Corresponding e-mail: dr.krishnakumar@ignou.ac.in, disha1chahal@gmail.com
Abstract: The study evaluated the current situations and emerging issues of Kinnow farming for sustainable livelihood within the Sirsa district of Haryana, India. The quantitative SWOT-QSPM approach was utilized to analyze the factors influencing Kinnow cultivation and to estimate interrelated strategies. A total of 29 factors encompassing 14 internal (7 strengths(S) and 7 weaknesses(W)) and 15 external (8 opportunities(O) and 7 threats(T)) were recognized by examining data collected through personal interviewing and using questionnaires from 100 farming households located across 10 different villages of district Sirsa with the help of purposive random sampling. Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) and External Factor Evaluation (EFE) matrices identified that favorable climatic conditions of the region for kinnow farming (S1, 3.8) and Phytophthora infection, pests attack, diseases and lack of knowledge in the specific identification of symptoms in kinnow orchards (W6, 3.6) were the most listed internal strength and weaknesses. At the same time, potential opportunities for the establishment of food processing industries (O5, 3.6), organized cold storage to deal with the perishable nature of the product (O7, 3.4) and unfair pricing/ price crash in times of bumper production (T3, 3.2) encompassed the most concerning external opportunities and subsequent threats in the region. The results further revealed that the revitalization of kinnow export (WT1, 130.85), launching of cold storage chains (WT2, 124.9) and control of diseases (WT3, 101.15) may become the competent action plans to cope with the negative aspects. The establishment of citrus estates with post-harvest facilities (SO3, 96%) and developing food processing industries within the district to enhance local employment and income opportunities (SO1, 94%) may be considered the most appropriate positive (SO) strategies to ensure prosperity and sustainable development of Kinnow farming in the Sirsa region.
Smail Acila1,2*, Wafaa Metouri1 and Assia Moume1
1Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of El Oued, Algeria. 2Laboratory of Biodiversity and Application of Biotechnology in the Agricultural Field. Algeria. Corresponding e-mail: smailacila@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i04.78
Key words: Quinoa, seed germination, seedling growth, salt stress, salt tolerance, cultivar variation
Abstract: This study investigated the impact of salt stress on seed germination and early seedling growth in five quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivars. Seeds were subjected to sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations ranging from 0 to 205 mM. The Blanca de Junin cultivar exhibited superior performance, maintaining 100 % germination even at 205 mM NaCl, while Amarilla Sacaca showed the lowest germination percentage (63.75 %) at this concentration. Germination energy at 205 mM NaCl ranged from 92.5 % in Blanca de Junin to 56.25 % in Amarilla Sacaca. Seedling length reductions at 205 mM NaCl varied from 44.76 % in Blanca de Junin to 71.29 % in Salcedo. Radicle length decreased by 31.68-73.16 % under severe salt stress. The results highlight significant variability in salt tolerance among quinoa cultivars, with Blanca de Junin demonstrating robust salt tolerance during germination and seedling stages. These findings provide valuable insights for breeding salt-tolerant quinoa varieties and expanding cultivation to salt-affected regions, contributing to food security and sustainable agriculture in marginal lands.
R.L. Bhardwaj*, K. Choudhary, Kiran Hingoniya, Priyanka, Anita Sharma and Jaydeep Meena
College of Agriculture, Sumerpur-Pali (Rajasthan) 306 902, India. Corresponding e-mail: rajubhardwaj3@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i04.79
Key words: Aloe vera gel, coating, fruit firmness, physio-chemical properties, shelf-life
Abstract: An experiment was accomplished to examine the coating effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and Aloe vera gel on postharvest shelf life and physico-chemical quality of highly perishable spine gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb.) fruits. Nine possible combinations of three levels of calcium chloride (10, 20, and 30%) and Aloe vera gel (10, 20, and 30%) were used for fruit coating in three replications. Fresh spine gourd fruits, which were treated with 30 percent of CaCl2 and A. vera gel, showed significant (P<0.05) lower values of physiological loss in weight, fruit decay percent, colour development of fruits and total soluble solids. Conversely, fruit firmness, titratable acidity, organoleptic score, shelf-life duration and marketability were retained on the higher side in the same treatment. The marketability of the spine gourd fruits treated with CaCl2 and A. vera gel at 30 percent was higher (85.63%) than those treated with the lower concentration and control. Therefore, observations suggested that by applying CaCl2 and Aloe vera gel at 30 percent, the shelf-life of spine gourd fruit can be achieved up to 20 days with notable retention of the physico-chemical quality of fruits.
Most. Shamima Khatun, Nazrul Islam and Shormin Choudhury*
Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh. Corresponding e-mail: shormin2000@gmail.com
Abstract: A study was conducted to determine the effect of pretreatment and different drying methods on the antioxidant activities and physicochemical properties of bitter gourd powder. The treatments used were: Un-blanched: (no treatment), hot water blanching (80oC for 5 min), potassium metabisulphite treated (KMS 0.4% for 5min) with three drying methods viz., sun dry (72 h), oven dry(65oC 24h), micro oven dry (500 w for 5 min). The result revealed that the maximum phenol content (16.44, 14.38 and 12.53 mg/100g GAE) and total carotenoid content (25.55, 22.58 and 21.41 mg/100g) was in KMS-treated micro oven dried treatment at 1, 2 and 3 months after storage respectively. However, vitamin C (20.48.19.06 and 17.93mg/100 g) and DPPH scavenging activity (90.65, 84.42 and 81.14 %) was found in KMS-treated oven-dried treatment at 1, 2 and 3 months after storage, respectively. It can be concluded that KMS-treated microwave-assisted convective drying of bitter gourd reduced loss of quality attributes while retaining better color and quality characteristics.
1Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences BP. 2121, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, 93002 Tetouan, Morocco. 2Biology, Ecology and Health Laboratory (code: UAE/U08 Faculty of Sciences, BP. 2121, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco), and the National Federation Associations of Healers and Practitioners of Medicine, The Ministry of Public Health of Chad, N’Djamena, Republic of Chad. 3Laboratory of Biology and Health, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences BP. 2121, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, 93002 Tetouan, Morocco. Corresponding e-mail: ibtissam.boussaoudi@etu.uae.ac.ma
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i04.81
Key words: Bay leaves, Laurus nobilis L., conservation, in vitro and in vivo culture, Morocco
Abstract: The study explored seed germination and propagation through cutting in Laurus nobilis L. with a focus on in vitro and in vivo regeneration techniques for multiplication and sustainable conservation of diversity in the species. Seed germination was achieved through pre-soaking for 7 days, followed by cold stratification at -4 °C for 50 days. The results showed that seed imbibition greatly increased germination rates (65%), however, germination in sand (14%), and peat (12%) was less successful. Imbibed seeds had a greater seedling survival rate (40%) in peat attaining better plant height. The in vitro germination of wild Moroccan L. nobilis was accomplished by scarification of kernels with sulphuric acid (34 N). Seedlings from whole fruits had the best survival rate (33.33%), followed by kernels (25%). Micropropagation of twigs using MS media with kinetin and indole-3-acetic acid proved efficient, providing useful methods for the domestication and conservation of L. nobilis .
Greeshma Baby*, M. Rafeekher, K.B. Soni, I. Priya Kumari, C.R. Reshmi, A. Sheenaand M. Abdul Rahman
Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvanthapuram, Kerala-695522, India. Corresponding e-mail: greeshmavembenickal@gmail.com
Abstract: A study was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani, on Echinodorus grisebachii, a common aquatic plant widely used in aquascaping. The study aimed to develop an effective micropropagation protocol for E. grisebachii. Eleven treatments were applied for surface sterilization, twenty-six media combinations were tested for the establishment and shoot induction, fourteen treatments were evaluated for root initiation, and six different hardening media were trialed. An effective protocol was successfully developed through these experiments. The stem node explant was successfully sterilized using mercuric chloride 0.05%. The shoot initiation was achieved within a week using MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L?¹ BAP, and the best rooting was achieved in ½ MS medium containing 3.0 mg L?¹ IBA. Aqua soil was the best hardening media with the highest survival rates and enhanced shoot and leaf production. The developed micropropagation protocol has the potential for large-scale production and can help satisfy export quality and quantity.
Samah Rahmani1* and Nacer Tarai1,2
1Departement of Agricultural Science, Laboratory of Ecosystems Diversity and Agricultural Production System Dynamics in Arid Zones (DEDSPAZA), Mohamed Khider University, BP 145 RP, 07000 Biskra, Algeria. 2DSCAIARA laboratory, Mohamed Khider University, BP 145 RP, 07000 Biskra, Algeria. Corresponding e-mail: samah.rahmani@univ-biskra.dz
Abstract: Capsicum annum, one of the most important subsistence greenhouse vegetable crops in the Biskra region, has been destroyed by the more damaging pest M. persicae. Biological control using aqueous extracts of medicinal plants could be a viable alternative for decreasing the use of chemical products. The current study aims to assess the larvicidal activity of the aerial component of Ruta graveolens L. on green peach aphid larvae M. persicae via contact. Three concentrations with four replications were applied to M. persicae larvae, and corrected mortality was measured after 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours. The results showed that an aqueous extract of R. graveolens was effective on M. persicae sulzer at 5, 10 and 20% concentrations with a 97% mortality rate after 72 hours with the 20% dose. The value of the current work is that an aqueous extract of R. graveolens was poisonous to the green peach aphid; these findings can help to produce biopesticide.
Kiran Patnaik*, SN Dash1, PC Pradhan2, Pratichee Mohapatra1 and Pradyot Nayak1
1Department of Fruit Science and Horticulture Technology, O.U.A.T., Bhubaneswar, 751003. 2Precision Farming Development Centre, O.U.A.T., Bhubaneswar. Corresponding e-mail: kiranpatnaik71@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i04.84
Key words: Pineapple, fertigation, black polythene mulch, yield-attributing parameters
Abstract: The present study evaluated the effect of different levels of fertigation with and without black polythene mulch on the yield and physico-chemical characteristics of the pineapple variety “Simhachalam”. The study was conducted on plant and ratoon crops at Precision Farming Development Centre, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India. The experiment followed a randomized block design with seven treatments replicated three times. Treatments included 100, 80 and 60 % of the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) applied through fertigation with and without black polythene mulch and a control (100 % RDF applied conventionally without mulch). In the planted crop, fertigation at 100 % RDF with black polythene mulch produced the highest fruit weight without crown (1028.2 g), fruit length (18.4 cm), fruit circumference (37.5 cm), pulp weight (810.2 g), and yield (55.9 t/ha). Additionally, the 80% RDF with mulch treatment achieved the highest T.S.S (15.2 °Brix), T.S.S: titratable acidity ratio (40.1), reducing sugar (4.5%), and total sugar (12.3%). The highest benefit-cost ratio (2.17) was also recorded with 100% RDF and mulch. Similar trends were observed in the ratoon crop. Fertigation at 100% RDF with mulch resulted in the highest fruit weight without crown (932.7 g), fruit length (17.7 cm), fruit circumference (35.3 cm), pulp weight (732.8 g), and yield (46.8 t/ha). The 80% RDF with mulch treatment maintained the highest T.S.S (15.2 °Brix), T.S.S: titratable acidity ratio (33.8), reducing sugar (4.6%), and total sugar (12.1%). The benefit-cost ratio was highest (2.86) for 100% RDF with mulch. Treatments without mulch generally showed lower yields and poorer quality parameters than mulched treatments. The control treatment (conventional method without mulch) also demonstrated significantly lower performance across most parameters. These findings suggest that adopting fertigation with black polythene mulch, even at reduced fertilizer levels (80% RDF), significantly improves yield and quality parameters in pineapple cultivation, making it a cost-effective and productive approach.
Sameena1*, V. Bharathi2, B. Vidya Sagar1 andK. Sankari Meena3,
1Department of Plant Pathology, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana -500030, 2Department of Plant Pathology, Seed Research and Technology Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana-500030, 3Department of Nematology, ICAR- Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad, Telangana-500030. Corresponding e-mail: sameenask30@gmail.com
Abstract: The present study focused on identifying the native virulent Fusarium sp. associated with tomato (Solanum lycopersicon Mill) cv. ArkaVikas and to investigate its synergistic interaction with root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in inducing wilt complex in tomato under pot culture conditions. The virulent isolate was identified as F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici through molecular characterization. TF-4 isolate was the most virulent strain among five tested isolates, exhibiting highest wilt incidence (85%) in tomato plants. Sequential inoculation of M. incognita followed by F. oxysporum exacerbated plant damage, with maximum wilt incidence recorded at 72.50%. It’s imperative to study the role of nematodes as a predisposing factor in increasing Fusarium wilt severity in tomato.
Ngwang Mercy Veyeh1, Tofel Haman Katamssadan2,3 and Tonjock Rosemary Kinge1*
1Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science, the University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bambili, Northwest Region, Cameroon. 2Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, the University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bambili, Northwest Region, Cameroon. 3Higher Institute of Agriculture, Wood, Water Resources and Environment (ISABEE), the University of Bertoua, P.O. Box 60 Belabo, East Region Cameroon. Corresponding e-mail: rosemary32us@yahoo.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i04.86
Key words: Biodiversity, conservation, pure culture, spawn, wild mushrooms
Abstract: This study aimed to conserve the rich biodiversity of wild mushrooms in Abongfen Forest by domesticating selected species for year-round availability and protection from extinction. Six mushrooms collected (Laetiporus sulphureus,Phellinus sp,Inonotus obliquus, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Stereum sp. and Pleurotus ostreatus) were cultured in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) to obtain pure cultures and mother spawn which was subsequently domesticated. Each mushroom species was cultivated in a completely randomized design with four treatments: sawdust (50%) mixed with maize cobs (50%), palm cones (100%), sawdust (100%) and beans straw (100%), all supplemented with rice brand (10%) and quick lime in eight replicates. Maize cobs were ground in an electric mill while palm cones and bean straws were reduced with a sharp knife to smaller sizes (1-3cm long) and soaked overnight in tap water. Excess water was drained using a sieve to 65% moisture content. Each portion was well mixed on a clean, cemented floor using a clean spade. 2.0 kg of each composition was filled into 25 x 15 cm polypropylene bags and sterilized in a drum for 4 hours. After cooling, each bag was inoculated with three table spoonsful of spawn, incubated at room temperature 25±2 oC and the spawn run was observed until fully colonized. The days of colonization, primordial initiation and harvesting were noted. The fruit bodies on each bag were counted and weighed (g) after harvesting to determine the yield. Pleurotus sajor-caju, Pleurotus ostreatus and Laetiporus sulphureus colonized the substrate, but only Pleurotus grew and produced fruit bodies. Mycelial colonization was higher on beans straw (31.60 ± 2.46 days). The mean diameter of pileus (24.70±0.94 cm) and, average number of fruiting bodies (4.5±1.2) and weight of fruit bodies (95.20 ± 2.58 g) were best on maize cobs mixed with sawdust. Wild edible mushrooms need to be domesticated to ensure their availability for food and medicine and to provide a source of income.
Rajeshvaridevi R. Jasani1*, S.J. Patil2, M.A. Patel3 and B.M. Tandel1
1Department of Fruit Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture, NAU, Navsari, Gujarat, India. 2N.M.C.A, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India. 3Department of Floriculture, ASPEE College of Horticulture, NAU, Navsari, Gujarat, India. Corresponding e-mail: rajeshvarijasani@gmail.com
Abstract: The study was conducted at the Regional Horticultural Research Station of ASPEE College of Horticulture, Navsari Agricultural University, Gujarat, India to see the impact of organic seed priming on germination and viability of Khirni (Manilkara hexandra)seeds. The experiment following a Completely Randomized Design was implemented with four replications, featuring five diverse treatments: 3% solution of cow dung solution, 3% concentration cow urine solution, 3% Bijamrut, 3% Amritpani and water (control). The seeds treated with 3% Bijamrut for 72 hours had the highest germination and survival rates and were quickest to germinate. In addition, the best results were obtained for key growth metrics such as leaf area ratio, leaf area index, crop growth rate, emergence rate index and Bartlett’s rate index. The results show that Bijamrut is effective for both early growth and general vigour of Khirni seedlings and should therefore be considered to improve the establishment of Khirni seedlings.
Abstract: The experiment was carried out during rabi season 2020-21 and 2021-22 at the Instructional farm, Department of Horticulture, AU, Jodhpur to study the effect of water regimes, plot configuration and mulching on growth and economics of onion (Allium cepa L.). The experiment was laid out in Split-Split Plot Design with three replications. Three factors were studied in this experiment: Main factor A), water regimes included three levels (I1- 1.0 IW/CPE, I2- 0.8 IW/CPE and I3- 0.6 IW/CPE ratio) and two sub-factors A) land configuration include two levels (B1- Flat bed configuration and B2- Raised bed configuration), and B) Mulching include four levels (M1- No-mulch, M2- Black mulch, M3- Silver-black mulch and M4- White-black mulch). The results showed that the maximum number of leaves per plant, neck diameter, bolting percent, net returns and B:C ratio were recorded under 1.0 IW/CPE, raised bed configuration and black mulch. The earliest maturity was recorded under 0.6 IW/CPE, flat bed configuration and no mulch.
Byungsoon Kim1*, Myung Hwan Jang1 and Ilkyeun Ra2
1Department of Computer Education, Andong National University, Gyungbook, South Korea. Punggi Ginseng Research Institute, Gyungbook, South Korea. 2Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Colorado, United States. Corresponding e-mail: bsgim@anu.ac.kr
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i04.89
Key words: Ginseng, heat stress, air circulation, leaf temperature
Abstract: Due to climate change, there have been more frequent heat waves and a notable rise in global temperature. This change hinders ginseng’s cultivation, a crop that grows well in cooler and shaded environments. This study evaluated the effectiveness of air-circulation fans in alleviating heat stress and lowering the leaf temperatures when cultivating ginseng. The experiment defined two groups of environments i.e., control and an experimental group. The experimental environment monitored the impact of fan activation, which occurred when the temperature exceeded 30°C. The control, however, does not consist of fans. We monitored three sets of data: ambient, leaf temperatures, and humidity levels, using a custom data acquisition system. The experimental results indicated that the leaf temperature decreased more markedly than the relative temperature decline, attributed to a minor increase in relative humidity induced by the flow fan. The experiment results presented a more significant decrease in leaf temperature with an average of 0.65 °C among the experimental group compared to the control group due to an increase in relative humidity. Through the Mann-Whitney U test, we confirmed a meaningful difference in the temperature and humidity distribution between the experimental and control groups when fans were activated. Such results indicate that air-circulation fans can be an effective temperature mitigation instrument for relieving heat stress in farming ginseng. The research enhances ginseng farming conditions by mitigating the risk of rising temperatures and further contributes to sustainable agriculture.
Prahlad Deb*, Madhu Kumar, Pradipto Kumar Mukherjee and Agniva Halder
Department of Horticulture and Postharvest Technology, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan - 731236, West Bengal. Corresponding e-mail: debprld@yahoo.com
Abstract: Indian date palm (Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.) is one of the important nutritious, naturally abundant, potentially underutilized rain-fed fruit of the western dry tract of West Bengal available in the natural vegetation. Considering the diversity of the crop under this region, the present study aimed to study genetic diversity using multivariate analysis based on fruit physico-chemical and antioxidative properties of fifteen wild date palm accessions (P-1 to P-15) from natural vegetation of different locations from Bolpur Sriniketan Block under the Birbhum district during the year 2022 and 2023. The Indian date palm accessions exhibited wide ranges of variation in different fruit physico-chemical and antioxidative properties. The significant and high positive correlation of fruit weight with fruit size (length, diameter), pulp weight, seed weight, seed length and seed diameter were noted within Indian date palm accessions. A fairly positive correlation was observed between fruit weight, spadix girth, TSS, and total sugar. Similarly, fruit diameter was positively correlated with spadix girth, TSS, total sugar and reducing sugar. Pulp weight had a high positive correlation with TSS and total sugar. UPGMA clustering of date palm accessions has shown three major clusters. The eigenvalue and Eigenvector have exhibited five major principal components, of which the first principal component (PC1) contributed a maximum of 49.5% towards total variability. Bi-Plot also confirms the variability and the association of different characteristics within Indian date palm accessions.
Andini Hanif1,2*, Suryo Wiyono1, Abdul Munif1 and Sri Hendrastuti Hidayat1
1Departement of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Jl. Kamper Babakan Dramaga, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia. 2Departement of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Jl. Kapten Muchtar Basri 3, Medan 20238, North Sumatera, Indonesia. Corresponding e-mail: andinihanif@umsu.ac.id
Abstract: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (Foc) in bulb is a source of inoculum for Fusarium basal rot disease of shallot. This research aimed to determine the transmission efficiency of Foc carried by bulb of shallot to plants and the relationship between shallot variety and soil origin with the efficiency of pathogen transmission. This research used two varieties of shallots ‘Batu Ijo’ and ‘Bima’, with six different seed lots. The bulbs of shallot were tested for seed health using the blotter test and growing on test methods and tested for transmission efficiency on several sources of soil. The results showed a correlation between the infection of Foc in the bulbs of shallot and the incidence of basal rot on shallot plants. The results also showed a relationship between plant varieties and soil properties on the efficiency of Foc transmission to shallot bulbs. Shallot varieties that are resistant to Fusarium basal rot disease have lower transmission efficiency of Foc bulbs compared to susceptible varieties. The study also revealed that soil from Samosir, which had higher nitrogen and clay content, along with a larger population of soil microorganisms, showed increased suppression of Fusarium basal rot disease. This, in turn, helped reduce the transmission efficiency of Foc in shallot bulbs.
S.M. Abd Elwahab, A.M. Abdallatif*, and S.A.E. El-Saeed
Abstract: Maturity at harvest is crucial for determining the quality of apricot fruit, a highly perishable crop with limited storage potential. The study aims to extend the storage life and preserve the quality of "Amal" apricots through various pre-harvest treatments. Pre-harvest application of spermidine at 1 mmol, salicylic acid at 1 mmol and sodium nitroprusside at 25µm were done at 15 or 30 days before harvesting. The treated fruits were packed and stored for up to 7 weeks at 5°C and 90–95 % R.H.; fruit quality parameters were evaluated at harvest and every 7 weeks. Results showed that weight loss, total soluble solids, maturity index, total sugars content, respiration rate and total carotenoids increased whereas, firmness, total acidity, and total phenols, decreased by increasing storage periods. The obtained results showed the efficacy of pre-harvest spermidine treatment followed by salicylic acid and then sodium nitroprusside in delaying fruit maturation and maintaining fruit quality. The study suggests that these treatments might be promising for maintaining apricot fruit quality and extending storage life and marketing of apricot.
P.K.Ausari1, R.G. Somkuwar2*, A.K. Sharma2, A.S.Thutte3, P.B. Kakade3 and P.S. Gharate4
1Department of Horticulture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh (India) - 474001. 2ICAR- National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra (India) – 412307. 3MPKV, Rahuri, Maharashtra (India) – 413722. 4VNMKV, Parbhani, Maharashtra (India) - 431402. Corresponding e-mail: rgsgrapes@gmail.com, ausaripraveen@gmail.com
Abstract: The present study was conducted at ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, during the fruiting season of 2022–2023, and the experiment was laid out using a Randomized Block Design with 8 rootstocks. Research findings revealed that yield and quality are affected by rootstocks. Yield/vine (7.24 kg), number of bunches (78.41), TSS (23.88 oBrix), phenol content (0.250 mg/g), reducing sugar (398.98 mg/g) and flavonoid content (5.85 mg/g) was higher in Cabernet Sauvignon grafted on 110R rootstock. A higher number of berries/bunch (133.67), juice recovery (64.07%) and anthocyanin content (2304.12 mg/L) were recorded in Dogridge grafted vines. The vines grafted on Gravesac rootstock had a higher 50-berry weight (53.67 g) as compared to other rootstocks. A higher bunch weight (110.23 g) was recorded in grafted vines on SO4. Cabernet Sauvignon grafted on 140 Ru recorded higher acidity (6.67 mg/L), colour intensity (0.680) in juice, total acids (7.5 g/L) in wine and better wine colour (8.7). Higher tannins (2.52 and 2.641 mg/g in juice and wine, respectively), proline content (2.196 mg/g), alcohol content (13.53%) and volatile acids (0.44 g/L) were estimated in wine prepared from Cabernet Sauvignon grafted on 1103P rootstock. Higher anti-oxidant (51.57 µ.moles/g) and acidity (1.50%) of wine were recorded in Fercal grafted vines. Higher glucose content (2.65 g/L), mallic acid (2.48 g/L), aroma, taste, flavour and overall acceptability of wine (7.3) was found in Cabernet Sauvignon grafted on 101.14 Mgt.
Kanimozhi Chakrapani* and B. Kalpana
School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: kanimozc@srmist.edu.in
Abstract: The dominant urbanization and work environment, which have imposed stress on individuals and isolated them from nature, prompted this research into alleviating such stress through therapeutic horticulture interventions. The participant’s stress levels, engagement with nature, and socio-demographic status were documented by questionnaires and subjective feedback. The natural and simulated environments serve as interventional methods to stimulate the sensory aspects of urban dwellers through visual, aural, gustatory, tactile, and olfactory therapies. The garden configuration, virtual reality devices, fragrant oils, plant-derived beverages, and infinity walking configurations barefoot constitute the intervention measures. The horticulture interventions, both in natural and artificial environments, significantly reduced urban stress levels, yielding a mean value of 17.6±4.44, in contrast to the pre-test value of 20.8±4.14. The inclusion of nature in the self-scale score demonstrates a positive increase from 3.3±1.78 in the pre-test to 5.46±1.07 in the post-test. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was employed to determine the disparity between the two methods of horticultural therapy. The efficacy of natural and simulated methods for horticulture interventions demonstrated a significantly higher ranking for the natural approach, with a significance level of 1%. The paired t-test was employed to compare the differences between pre-test and post-test data for natural and simulated therapy. The findings indicate that despite residing in a technologically advanced society, there is a preference for the natural world over the simulated one.
N.R. Sardar1*, R.V. Prasad2, R.B. Modi1 and J.P. Rathod3
1Department of Food Processing Technology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat. 2Department of Food Quality Assurance, Anand Agricultural University Anand, Gujarat. 3Department of Food Engineering, College of Food Processing Technology and Bio-Energy, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, 388110, India. Corresponding e-mail: nileshrsardar@aau.in
Abstract: The therapeutic benefits of seed spices have long been acknowledged, and there is growing interest in their potential biological activity in human health. Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.), a significant seed spice from the Apiaceae family, is characterized by its distinct aroma and taste, attributed to its volatile oil content (2.5-5%). In postharvest processing, grinding is a crucial stage requiring careful handling to preserve flavor and aroma constituents. However, conventional grinding methods can lead to volatile oil loss due to varying grinding temperatures. To address this, a study was conducted using cryogenic grinding of ajwain seeds with liquid nitrogen on a laboratory-scale cryogenic grinder. The grinding was performed at temperatures ranging from 0°C to -100°C, with feed rates of 8, 9, and 10 kg/h and sieves of 0.8 and 1.0 mm. The study focused on liquid nitrogen consumption and the volatile oil content of the ground powder. The optimal conditions for producing high-quality ajwain seed powder were determined to be a feed temperature of -60°C, a feed rate of 8 kg/h, and a sieve size of 0.8 mm, achieving the highest retention of volatile oil at 2.9%. This approach highlights the effectiveness of cryogenic grinding in preserving the volatile oil content in ajwain seeds, offering a promising method for maintaining the quality of spice powders.
Swarnalata Das1*, J.S. Suvadra1 and Subhalaxmi Mishra1
Deprtment of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Odisha University of Agriculture &Technology, Bhubaneswar, Orrisa, India. Corresponding e-mail: swarnalata1967@rediffmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i03.52
Key words: Dark treatment, SPAD value, tomato, fruit yield
Abstract: Chloroplasts play a crucial role in photosynthesis because their chlorophyll content has a positive relationship with the photosynthetic rate. The chlorophyll content is an important assessment parameter for crop improvement research and is affected by dark-induced stress. The present investigation was undertaken to study variation in the chlorophyll content of 45 tomato genotypes exposed to dark treatment under ex vivo conditions and its association with fruit yield. Forty days after transplanting, healthy and well-expanded leaves were excised from the mother plant and exposed to dark treatment for 7 days. Chlorophyll content was indirectly measured by using a Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter on 0, 3rd, 5th and 7th day of dark treatment. Results revealed wide variation in the SPAD value at different durations of dark treatment. On 3rd day of dark treatment, the SPAD value ranged from 4.17 to 21.33 SPAD unit with a mean of 12.06. On 5th day of dark treatment, the SPAD value ranged from 4.07 to 20.56 SPAD unit with a mean of 10.43 and at 7th day of dark treatment the SPAD value ranged from 3.32 to 14.33 SPAD unit with a mean of 8.03. Some genotypes, such as BT 3, BT 17 and BT 207-2, were susceptible to the dark. The genotypes such as BT 2, Utkal Raja, BT 101, BT 218, BT 17-2, BT 442-2, BT 12-3-2, BT 413-1-2, BT 429-2-2, & BT 433-1-2 were identified as tolerant to dark. A positive association was observed between SPAD values and fruit yield.
D.A. Mohapi 1, S.J. Nkhebenyane1, O. Thekisoe2 and Z.P. Khetsha3*
1Department of Life Science, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; 2Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; 3Department of Agriculture, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, South Africa. Corresponding e-mail: zkhetsha@cut.ac.za
Abstract: Leafy vegetables are a highly variable group of perishable food that broadly can be defined as vegetables grown for their edible leaves. This study was conducted to investigate the safety of commodities grown at farms and those sold in various retails globally, cascading to South Africa, and to determine the identification and characterization of the microbiota. Therefore, the authors conducted a desktop and literature review using popular trusted search engines with special keywords. For this study, the authors-maintained research material from 2010-2024, constituting research articles, reviews, book chapters, thesis, research short communications, and industrial short communications. From this study, it could be deduced that leafy green commodities differ from intact vegetables with regard to their physiology, handling, processing, and storage. In addition, various agronomic activities were identified as contributing to the contamination of leafy greens at various stages of minimal processing, including distribution. More studies have shown that various types of microorganisms are found in leafy vegetables purchased at small-scale farms and retail stores. Concerning that, characterise those that are pathogenic to human health and those that are beneficial and how to treat through antibiotics the diseases caused by those that are pathogenic to our health. Furthermore, the findings of this study revealed that some opportunistic pathogen communities in fresh leafy vegetables are diverse and can pose a health risk to consumers, leading to death. Finally, food safety and security remain a global challenge, and stunting continues to affect the majority of developing countries. Thus, future studies should focus on improving food safety management systems reducing food poisoning, recall incidents and outbreaks by controlling critical points and food security in primary horticulture production environments even at retail and determining which antimicrobials will inhibit the growth of specific bacteria causing a certain infection.
S. Devi, B.S. Dilta, P. Kumar, S. Kaushal, S. Pathania* and A. Kumar
Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India. Corresponding e-mail: sabhyapathania209@gmail.com
Abstract: The influence of various potting substrates on the vegetative and floral attributes of three marigold cultivars (‘Pusa Bahar’, ‘Pusa Deep’, and ‘Seracole’) was investigated in the mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh. Eight different substrates were utilized, including soil+FYM (1:1, v/v), soil+FYM (2:1, v/v), soil+sand+FYM (1:1:1, v/v), sand+soil+FYM (2:1:1, v/v), spent mushroom compost (SMC), smc+soil+sand+FYM (1:1:1:1, v/v), leaf mould and leaf mould+soil+FYM (1:1:1, v/v). Among the different potting substrates, the substrate composed of leaf mould+soil+FYM (1:1:1, v/v) exhibited superior performance, resulting in maximum plant height (50.52 cm), plant spread (34.70 cm), number of shoots (11.74), number of flower heads open at a time (12.49), largest flower head diameter (5.60 cm), total number of flowers per plant (18.37), pot presentability score (80.60), available NPK (659.16 kg ha-1, 23.87 kg ha-1 and 335.61 kg ha-1, respectively) and OC (44.61 g kg-1). Regarding cultivar variation, ‘Pusa Deep’ demonstrated significant attributes with the maximum plant spread (36.24 cm), number of flower heads open at a time (15.75), total number of flowers per plant (24.57) and pot presentability score (79.40). However, ‘Seracole’ exhibited the highest number of shoots (12.02), largest flower head size (5.81 cm), maximum available NPK (505.26 kg ha-1, 18.15 kg ha-1 and 43.25 kg ha-1, respectively) and OC (43.25 g kg-1). This study suggests that a potting medium containing Leaf Mould+Soil+FYM (1:1:1, v/v) coupled with the ‘Pusa Deep’ cultivar is optimal for producing high-quality potted marigold plants. These findings offer practical insights for improving marigold cultivation practices by selecting optimal potting substrates along with the cultivar in similar agro-climatic regions, potentially enhancing flowering, marketability and economic returns for farmers.
Samira Soualem1, Kouadria Rabiaa2, Mostefai Khaldia1, Boubekeur Abdelaziz1, Hassan El Shaer3 and Ahmed Adda1
1Ibn University Khaldoun, Tiaret, Algeria. 2Laboratory of Vegetal Protection, Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University, Mostaganem, Algeria. 3Desert Research Center, Mataria, Cairo, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: samirasoualem2006@yahoo.fr
Abstract: The water deficit effects on growth parameters, protein content and proline level in the Gtaf (Atriplex halimus) plant were investigated using potassium silicate under three drip irrigation regimes (100, 75 and 50% of field capacity). Compared to the control, yield biomass estimated by the dry and fresh weight of the shoot decreased significantly at severe deficit irrigation levels. In contrast, the moderate-level treatment stimulated the growth. The silicate treatments mitigated the adverse effect caused by water deficit but at a moderate level. The concentration of protein in leaves decreased by decreasing water, while the reverse effect was observed with the application of potassium silicate. Medium treated with silicate of potassium increased the proline accumulation in leaves, especially at the higher deficit level. Under the potassium silicate treatment, the proline concentration dramatically rose in response to the higher stress level. At low deficit level, there was a slight, but not significant, decrease in this trait. Based on these findings, Atriplex halimus as an axero-halophytic shrub could be economical to use as animal feed materials and for the rehabilitation and revegetation of water deficit-affected lands.
J.V. Italiya1*, R.D. Dodiya2 and K.J. Bhuva3
1Department of Entomology, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand – 388 110. 2Department of Entomology, C. P. College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar – 385 506. 3Department of Entomology, N.M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari – 396 450. Corresponding e-mail: jayitaliya7898@gmail.com
Abstract: The current investigation focused on assessing the prevalence of thrips infestation on vegetables in the southern region of Gujarat. The study recorded the presence of Thrips parvispinus (Karny) specifically in brinjal fields during the survey conducted in 2022–23. T. parvispinus infestation was observed on both flowers and fruits of the brinjal plants. The impact of this infestation was evident as infested flowers were observed to drop prematurely, and lesions were observed on the rinds of the fruits. This discovery of T. parvispinus (Karny) infesting brinjal marks the first documented occurrence of this novel invasive thrips species affecting brinjal cultivation in Gujarat, India. This finding highlights the need for further research and management strategies to address the threat posed by this invasive pest to brinjal crops.
Nitish Kumar Jena1, P. Irene Vethamoni1*, Thiruvenkatasamy Saraswathi1, Senthil Natesan1, Doraiswamy Uma1, Sneha Leela Garnepudi1, P. Sujanthiya1, Gadha Sreekumar2, Sanjay Chetry1 and Arun Arunachalam1
1Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. 2Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Periyakulam, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: irenevetha17@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i03.57
Key words: Turkey berry, dormancy breaking, tap water treatment, hot water treatment, gibberellic acid (GA3), potassium nitrate (KNO3)
Abstract: The Turkey berry plant (Solanum torvum Sw), used as rootstock for vegetable grafting and a key medicinal species in Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM), and homeopathy from the Solanaceae family, faces challenges in commercial cultivation due to seed dormancy, which inhibits germination. To enhance the germination and seedling quality characteristics of Turkey berries, an experiment was therefore carried out in the Department of Vegetable Sciences at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, in the years 2022–2023. In this study, effectiveness of seed dormancy-breaking treatments (12) using a Completely Randomised Block Design (CRD) with replicated three times undertaken. The seed treatment includes control, physical scarification using tap and hot water, and chemical scarification using GA3 and KNO3. The maximum values for early germination, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, shoot length, and root length were significantly recorded by GA3 400 ppm for 24 hours among the various treatments. However, the KNO3 3% treatment for 24 hours was superior to GA3 400 ppm treatment for 24 hours in terms of early germination, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, shoot length, and root length. It also had a significant impact on the germination and survival percentage, while the control had the lowest value. Therefore, it may be recommended to use GA3 400 ppm and KNO3 3% for 24 hours to promote germination and break dormancy in S. torvum.
Resmi Paul1, P.M. Ajith2 and T.E. Anuprasad1
1AICRP on Spices, Pepper Research Station, Panniyur, Kerala Agricultural University, India 670142. 2Agricultural Research Station, Thiruvalla, Kerala Agricultural University, India. Corresponding e-mail: resmi.paul@kau.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i03.58
Key words: black pepper, correlation, field evaluation, heritability, path analysis
Abstract: Black pepper, the king of spices, is grown for its dry berries. Genetic variation and the relationship between yield and yield-linked characters in nine black pepper genotypes were studied. Highly significant differences for all the characters were found in the variance analysis. Maximum GCV and PCV were noted for spike length, dry berry yield and number of berries spike-1. High heritability and genetic advance over the mean exhibited by the genotypes for dry recovery and spike length indicate additive gene effect in the expression of these characters. Dry berry yield plant-1 had a very strong correlation with fresh berry yield plant-1 and dry recovery at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. During path analysis, fresh berry weight and dry recovery percentage showed a high positive direct and indirect effect on dry berry weight. Genotype PRS 161 was found superior in morphological, yield and yield-related characters, followed by SV11 among the different genotypes studied. Fresh berry yield per plant and dry recovery percentage are the most critical factors for enhancing dry yield in black pepper genotypes, while the number of berries per spike plays a significant indirect role.
K. Chaitra1, Mini Sankar1*, U.Sreelatha1, T.V. Anupama2 and P. Prameela3
1Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, 2Department of Post Harvest Technology, 3Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur-680656, Kerala, India. Corresponding e-mail: drminisankar@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i03.59
Key words: Philodendron xanadu, soilless growing media, cocopeat, coco chips, vermicompost, perlite, vermiculite and neem cake
Abstract: The study on optimizing soilless growing media for compact growth of Philodendron xanadu was conducted at the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, India. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with five different growing media, viz., M1: cocopeat (50%) + vermicompost (30%) + perlite (10%) + vermiculite (10%), M2: cocopeat (50%) + vermicompost (20%) + neem cake (10%) + perlite (10%) +vermiculite (10%), M3: coco chips (50%) + vermicompost (30%) + perlite (10%) + vermiculite (10%), M4: coco chips (50%) + vermicompost (20%) + neem cake (10%) + perlite (10%) + vermiculite (10%) and M5: cocopeat (60%) + vermicompost (20%) + perlite (20%). The study revealed that plants grown in media M2 and M4 showed significant variations and superior performance in vegetative and root parameters. These media also exhibited the highest chlorophyll content and favorable physical and chemical properties, enhancing nutrient uptake and plant growth cost-effectively. The inclusion of cocopeat in M2 and coco chips in M4, along with organic amendments such as vermicompost, perlite, and vermiculite, provided excellent water retention, aeration, and nutrient content, promoting root and vegetative growth. Additionally, the neem cake amendment contributed to the superior performance of plants in these media. Conclusively, these growing media M2 and M4 are recommended for achieving the compact growth of Philodendron xanadu, emphasizing the potential of optimized soilless growing media for sustainable and efficient Ornamental Horticulture.
S. Rajendiran*, H.B. Raghupathi, S. Ramachandran, B.R. Raghu and R. Venugopalan
ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru - 560 089, Karnataka, India. Corresponding e-mail: Rajendiran.S@icar.gov.in
Abstract: Crops' response to zinc application may vary under different management systems. The objective of the current investigation was to study the effect of different levels of Zn fertilization on direct and residual availability of zinc in soil, crop yield and uptake of zinc in the chilli-finger millet-amaranthus system on an Alfisol. Field experiments were conducted during 2019-2020 in low zinc soil (0.88 mg kg-1) and treatments were as a one-time application of 5, 10, 15 and 20 kg Zn ha-1 through ZnSO4.7H2O as basal dose only for chilli; foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O (two times for each crop) and control (no Zn fertilization). Extractable Zn content of soil improved from 0.88 to 2.10 mg kg-1 by basal application of Zn. It also enhanced Zn concentration in crop produce resulting in higher Zn uptake. The direct effect of Zn fertilization significantly improved chilli yield in all the treatments over the control, however, the significant residual effect of yield enhancement in finger millet and amaranthus was recorded by basal application of Zn from 10 kg ha-1 onwards. By increasing the Zn doses from 10 kg to 20 kg per ha, no further significant improvement in yield was noticed with corresponding soil DTPA-Zn of more than 1.5 mg kg-1. From the results, it is obvious that onetime zinc fertilization of 10 kg ha-1 y-1 through soil could be the best option to correct Zn deficiency and improve the productivity of vegetable-based systems. If DTPA-Zn content of soil reaches 1.5 mg kg-1 and above, subsequent Zn application can be avoided.
Azza M.S. Arafa1, M.A. Darwish1, S.A.M. Khenizy2 and Ghada D. Ahmed2
1Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. 2Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Research, Horticultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: ghada.diab_2007@yahoo.com
Abstract: The calla lily cut flower (Zantedeschia aethiopica cv. ‘Romance’), with a white spathe, is a significant ornamental flower. There is a growing interest in developing cost-effective and eco-friendly preservative solutions to extend vase life. The Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Giza, Egypt, conducted this study in the postharvest laboratory during the 2020 and 2021 to examine the effects of various holding solutions, both individually and in combination, including distilled water (DW) as a control, eucalyptus oil (EO) at concentrations of 1 and 2 mL/L, humic acid (HA) at 25 and 50 mL/L, sucrose (Suc) at 20 g/L, 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (HQ) at 0.2 g/L, citric acid (CA) at 0.2 g/L, and gibberellic acid (GA3) at 0.05 g/L. The results showed that all holding solutions significantly improved the measured characteristics compared to distilled water. It’s worth mentioning that putting cut flowers in a solution with humic acid at 25 mL/L, either alone or with sucrose at 20 g/L and citric acid at 0.2 g/L, made the flowers last longer, look better, and have higher flower fresh weight (IFFW%), relative fresh weight (RFW%), water uptake rate (mL), and total carbohydrate content (%). During both seasons, humic acid (50 or 25 mL/L) as a single treatment yielded the highest phenol content followed by eucalyptus oil (2 mL/L).
U. Sawant Dessai*and A.V. Joseph
Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj - 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India. Corresponding e-mail: utkarshdessai11@gmail.com
Abstract: Breadfruit, a nutrient dense, large starchy fruit rich in complex carbohydrates, but low in fat and cholesterol, can be used creatively in papad making, a traditional, thin, crispy wafer like food item which enhances meals and snacks, as well as used with nutrient rich green leafy vegetables to provide a wholesome, balanced dietary option. The experiment aimed to develop value-added breadfruit papad incorporated with spinach, coriander, mint, curry (Bergera koenigii), fenugreek, drumstick and dill green leaves. The objective was to assess the physico-chemical and organoleptic properties of the breadfruit papad. The experiment was conducted in Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with eight treatments and three replications. Based on the results of the experiment, it was observed that treatment T6 (breadfruit + drumstick leaves) was found best in terms of physico-chemical properties, viz., moisture, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrate and energy. Based on sensory evaluation, treatment T3 (breadfruit + mint leaves) was found most acceptable in terms of organoleptic properties, viz., colour, taste, flavour, texture and overall acceptability. The present study demonstrated the successful incorporation of green leafy vegetables into breadfruit papad, offering a promising avenue to enhance the utilization and popularity of both breadfruit and green leafy vegetables.
D. Lava Kumar1*, B.S. Kulkarni2, P. Pavan Kumar3, B.R. Chittapur4 and K. Madhavi1
1Division of Floriculture and Landscaping, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012. 2Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, UHS-Bagalkot, Karnataka, India-587104. 3Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture, Bangalore, UHS-Bagalkot, Karnataka, India-560065. 4Department of Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, UHS-Bagalkot, Karnataka, India-587104. Corresponding e-mail: lavaflori@gmail.com
Abstract: A study was conducted using 17 Gomphrena genotypes to investigate the relationship of yield traits and their direct and indirect impacts on flower production. Correlation studies revealed that at genotypic level, flower yield per plant recorded significant and positive connotations with number of flowers per plant (0.990) which was accompanied by traits like primary branches per plant (0.848), stem girth (0.835), plant height (0.829), secondary branches (0.812), shelf life (0.742), flowering duration (0.722), inflorescence length (0.718), plant spread in N-S direction (0.685), first flowering (days) (0.671), plant spread in E-W direction (0.667), individual flower weight (0.648), stalk length (0.606) and other traits. Path analysis disclosed that the number of flowers per plant (1.140) had the highest and positive direct impact on flower yield per single plant, followed by the days to first flowering (0.346), individual flower weight (0.217), plant height (0.189), primary branches per plant (0.168), days to 50 percent flowering (0.137), secondary branches (0.127), plant spread (0.006) and inflorescence length (0.002). These traits, especially the number of flowers per plant and primary branches plant, can be chosen as a key indicator for selection criteria along with other traits in Gomphrena breeding programme.
Mehul Chudasama*, Asifa Khan and Jyotirmoy Goyary
Department of Food Technology, Parul Institue of Technology, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat – 391760 Corresponding e-mail: mehul.chudasama29347@paruluniversity.ac.in
Abstract: This research presented the development and evaluation of a Bhagwa variety pomegranate (Punica granatum) wine. The study monitored quality parameters and phytochemical composition throughout the winemaking process. The choice of cultivar and winemaking procedures, especially fermentation duration, significantly influenced the final wine quality and composition. The study found that S. cerevisiae can be effectively used for pomegranate wine development. Glucose and fructose levels decreased from 4.39 and 5.04 to 0.04 and 0.22100mL-1, respectively, which resulted in successful fermentation. Anthocyanin content decreased from 110 to 70 100mL-1. Gallic acid peaked at 28.65 before dropping to 18.47100mL-1. The antioxidant capacity slightly decreased from 18 to 14 mM Trolox. The research suggests future studies should aim to preserve and enhance these properties during fermentation.
K. Rajesh*, M. Abdul Kalam, M. Leelavathi, G. Sony, M. Sai Srinivas, M. Kirthy Reddy
College of Food Science and Technology, Pulivendula, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Andhra Pradesh. Corresponding e-mail: k.rajesh@angrau.ac.in
Abstract: This study was undertaken to develop ash gourd juice powder (AGP) with the assistance of different carrier agents viz., Maltodextrin (MD), Gum Arabic (GA), Soy Protein Isolate (SPI) in different proportions by freeze-drying. The carrier agents were added in 1:10, 3:20 and 1:5 (w/v) to study their effect on the physicochemical properties like moisture content, color and techno-functional properties like powder recovery, bulk density, tapped density, Hausner ratio, Carr index, swelling capacity, water and oil holding capacity, water solubility index and hygroscopicity. GA as carrier agent had reported the highest yield (16.04%) followed by samples with SPI and MD as carrier agents. AGP produced with maltodextrin (1:5) showed more lightness (L*) than MD (1:10) and MD (3:20) whereas, GA based sample at 1:5 showed more lightness (L*) than SPI (1:5). AGP samples with SPI as carrier agent showed higher moisture content (MC), bulk density (BD) and tapped density (TD) compared to GA and MD added samples. Also, the moisture content, bulk density and tapped density of dried powders decreased with an increase in carrier agents proportion. Dried AGP obtained from MD as carrier agent showed more oil holding capacity and the sample with a carrier agent showed better water holding capacity. Higher swelling capacity was observed in samples with MD (1:5) as a carrier agent than (1:10) and (3:20). Powder with MD as a carrier agent showed higher water solubility index (WSI%) with a trend of increase in carrier agent proportion. However, hygroscopicity (HY%) was higher in samples with MD compared to samples with SPI and GA. Also, the HY% decreased with an increase in carrier agent proportions. The wettability of AGP decreased with an increase in carrier agent proportion. Powder obtained through GA as a carrier agent took more time than other carrier agents like SPI and MD. Overall, the study indicated that ash gourd can be dried by using freeze dryer to protect techno-functional and physicochemical properties. Further, the nutritive composition of the samples needs to be assessed to evaluate the change in composition after freeze drying.
Dž. Fazli?1, A. Udovi?i?2, M. Valjevac2, M. He?o2, L. Kari?2, ?. Zahirovi? Sinanovi?2 and S. Murti?3*
1Department of Food Technology, University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Sarajevo - 71 000, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2Department of Vegetable Crops, University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Sarajevo - 71 000, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 3Department of Plant Physiology, University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Sarajevo - 71 000, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Corresponding e-mail: murticsenad@hotmail.com
Abstract: The present study reports a comparison of the mineral composition of four selected cultivated mushrooms: lion’s mane (Hericiuma erinaceus), reishi (Ganoderma lucidum), pink oyster mushroom (Pleurotus djamor) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). The levels of studied mineral elements (K, Ca, Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) in the substrate and mushroom samples were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy using the Shimadzu AA-7000 device. The most abundant mineral elements in the analyzed mushrooms were K and Ca, ranging between 23703.2–36721.8 mg kg-1 and 105.3–123.1 mg kg-1 dry mass, respectively. The content of heavy metals (Ni, Cr and Cd) was very low, while Pb and Co were below detectable levels. The study findings suggest that the translocation of mineral elements from substrate to mushroom fruiting bodies is strongly species-dependent.
K. Lamo1*, A.K. Sangwan2, N.P. Singh1 and M.K. Batth1
1Department Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India, 141004. 2Dr J.C. Bakhshi Regional Research Station, Punjab Agricultural University, Abohar 152116, India. Corresponding e-mail: kunzanglamospadumpa@gmail.com
Abstract: An investigation was carried out to examine the morphological features of molecularly confirmed putative hybrids derived from different cross combinations of sweet orange and mandarin varieties. The results revealed that phenotypic leaf characters of F1 zygotic hybrid seedlings in all the crosses had a simple type of leaf division. The shape of leaves in all the hybrids was either elliptic or lanceolate, without any clear-cut differentiation. Results indicated a significant variation in leaf lamina shape in hybrids, elliptical and lanceolate form was observed in Mosambi ×Mukaku Kishu and Jaffa × Mukaku Kishu, elliptical and obovate leaf lamina type was observed in Mosambi × W. Murcott and Jaffa × W. Murcott cross. Leaf lamina shape in hybrids of Mosambi × Clementine and Jaffa × Clementine was lanceolate and elliptical type. Leaf apex shape that dominates in Mosambi ×W. Murcott hybrids were acute and obtuse types. In Mosambi × Clementine hybrids, acuminate and acute forms were more dominant. Leaf apex that dominates in hybrids of Jaffa × Mukaku Kishu cross was acute and acuminate type. Hybrids derived from Jaffa × W. Murcott cross had acute and obtuse leaf apex. While in Jaffa × Clementine cross, hybrids had acuminate and acute as the most dominant forms. Hybrid progenies derived from all the crosses showed variation for the presence and absence of a spine. Results indicated that spiny hybrids ranged from 0 to 20.00 % whereas spineless zygotic hybrids ranged from 80.00 to 100 % in all the crosses. These potential hybrids may be recommended for commercial citriculture after thorough horticultural evaluation. The information obtained is expected to contribute to the early identification of zygotic hybrid seedlings derived from different cross combinations involving polyembryonic parents like sweet oranges. The valuable information gained from this study may help in shortening the breeding cycle and reduce the costs of the scion breeding programme in sweet oranges.
1Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Germany. 2Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany. 3Aydin Adnan Menderes University (ADU), Turkey. Corresponding e-mail: serra.aksoy@campus.lmu.de
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i03.68
Key words: MobileNetV3 Small, EfficientNetV2 Small, DenseNet121, ShuffleNetV2_x1_5, image classification, fruit and vegetable diseases
Abstract: Accurately distinguishing between fresh and rotten fruits and vegetables is essential for reducing waste, ensuring food safety, and maintaining quality standards in agriculture and supply chain management. This research utilized the fruit and vegetable diseases dataset from Kaggle, which included images of 14 types of produce in both healthy and rotten states. In this study, the performance of four pre-trained convolutional neural network models was evaluated: MobileNetV3 Small, EfficientNetV2 Small, DenseNet121, and ShuffleNetV2_x1_5. Among these, ShuffleNetV2_x1_5 demonstrated the highest performance, achieving an overall accuracy of 94.61% and a cross-validation mean accuracy of 96.43% with minimal standard deviation. The model’s efficiency and robust feature extraction capabilities make it highly suitable for real-time applications in agricultural monitoring and robotics, offering a significant advancement in the automation of produce quality assessment.
R. Neelavathi* and Shibi Sebastian
1ICAR - Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tindivanam, Villupuram district - 604 102, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: neelavathi@tnau.ac.in
Abstract: Eggplant (brinjal) is commonly affected by fungal and bacterial wilt, as well as shoot and fruit borer infestations, leading to significant yield losses. This study aimed to investigate the production of brinjal grafts using wilt-resistant rootstock, specifically Turkey berry (Solanum torvum Sw.), and to evaluate the field performance of the grafted plants. The success of grafting largely depends on the quality and compatibility of the Turkey berry rootstock. To produce Turkey berry rootstock, seeds were soaked in water for 12, 24, and 36 hours before being sown in protrays filled with cocopeat and in raised beds during May and October. The highest germination rate was observed in seeds soaked for 36 hours and sown in protrays, followed closely by those sown in raised beds. Brinjal scions, 30-35 days old, were grafted onto 55-60-day-old Turkey berry rootstocks and placed in a polytunnel under a shade net. These grafted plants were then transplanted into the field alongside non-grafted plants (seedlings) to compare their performance. Results showed that grafted brinjal plants had significantly greater plant height (142.54 cm), more branches per plant (21.17), and a higher number of fruits per plant (135.31) compared to non-grafted plants. The fruit yield was also notably higher in grafted plants, with 9.11 kg per plant and 61.65 t/ha, compared to 4.82 kg per plant and 30.45 t/ha in non-grafted plants. Grafted brinjal plants exhibited an extended growing period, higher net income, and a benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 2.36. No instances of wilt were observed in grafted plants, and they also had lower incidences of shoot borer (15.31%) and fruit borer (11.74%) infestations compared to non-grafted plants. This grafting technique has the potential to enhance brinjal yield and productivity, promoting organic farming by reducing the need for pesticides.
Suresh Bhise1, Devesh Patel1, K.B. Kamaliya2 and V.B. Darji3
1College of Food Processing Technology and Bioenergy, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India. 2Polytechnic in Food Science and Home Economics, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India. 3B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India. Corresponding e-mail: sureshbhise_cft@yahoo.co.in
Abstract: High-fiber cookies were developed by incorporating pomegranate seed flour (PSF) at 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5 and 20.0%. Among these, cookies containing 15% PSF were identified as the best in baking quality and sensory attributes, making them suitable for further shelf-life studies. A decrease in moisture content was observed in cookies stored in polypropylene (PP) and aluminum (AL) packaging materials, making the cookies dry and eventually unacceptable. Water activity was higher in the control cookies compared to those made with PSF. Under ambient conditions, the cookies made with PSF remained acceptable for up to 75 days, while the sensory panel rejected the control cookies after 60 days. The overall acceptability of the cookies decreased during storage as they hardened due to moisture loss and changes in surface texture. Cookies with 15% PSF showed no visible microbial growth for up to 90 days of storage, but sensory properties began to decline after 75 days at 30±2°C. The fiber content in the developed cookies was measured as 5.82%.
A.S. Ould Kaddour*1, R. Kouadria1, B. Lotmani2 and M. Bouzouina2
1Department of Second Cycle, Agronomic Higher School Mostaganem, Hall of Technology-Kharrouba-Mostaganem, Algeria, 27000. 2Department of Agronomic, Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University, Hocine Hamadou Street, P.O. Box 300, Mostaganem 27000 – Algeria. Corresponding e-mail: a.ouldkaddour@esa-mosta.dz
Abstract: An investigation was conducted to ascertain the impact of the geographical area on the biological properties of Citrus limon L., with the aim of evaluating its potential as a natural source of antioxidants and antibacterial agents. The study involved quantifying the total phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the leaves of C. limon L. collected from two Algerian regions (Chlef and Boumerdes). In vitro antioxidant activity of extract samples were assessed by radical scavenging DPPH and radical cation scavenging ABTS assays, followed by the evaluation of antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus at different concentrations (200, 300 and 500 µg mL-1) byaromatogram analyses. The results exhibited significant variation between plant provenances, with Chlef leaf sample extract being richer in total phenolic and flavonoid contents (72.51±3.05 mg QE g-1 DM, 66.13 ± 2.25 mg GAE g -1 DM, respectively). In addition to its antioxidant properties, Chlef leaf extract also showed high antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Antioxidant tests showed the higher anti-free radical capacity with 86.62 ± 1.14 % and 95.87 ± 0.21 % inhibition rate values by DPPH and ABTS tests, correspondingly. A comparable scavenging capacity of Chlef leaf extract to that of Trolox activity was detected by DPPH test, with an IC50 equal to 665.55 ± 4.19 µg TE mL-1. Besides, this sample showed higher anti-free radical activity than the reference molecule by the ABTS. Furthermore, greater sensitivity of S. aureus to Chlef leaf extract was observed, with zones of inhibition superior to 10 mm. C. limon from Chlef (leaf) can be used as a source of natural antioxidants and antibacterial activity in different fields, especially medicinal applications and agri-foods.
M.M.M. Hussein1, Amira Sh. Soliman2, Mona A. Darwish1, H.M.A. El-Bagoury1 and Yasmeen A. Shehata1*
Abstract: An experiment was conducted from April 2020 to July 2021 to assess the effects of foliar applications of NPK (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 g/L) alongside two concentrations of GA? and BA (150 and 250 ppm) on the vegetative growth and chemical composition of Ficus benjamina L. under greenhouse conditions. Results indicated that applying GA? or BA with NPK at 1 g/L significantly increased plant height, with GA? showing a greater effect on stem diameter than BA. BA promoted branching, and both BA and GA? at 250 ppm enhanced root length and the fresh and dry weights of leaves, stems and roots. The lognest roots were observed with NPK at 2 g/L, while NPK at 1 g/L resulted in the heaviest fresh root weight. The maximum content of carbohydrate and nitrogen was obtained with 0.5 g/L NPK and there was relatively greater accumulation of potassium in plant treated with 1 g/L NPK The GA3 was more effective than BA in increasing nitrogen and phosphorus content in plants. BA and GA? increased chlorophyll-a and -b, with the combination of BA (150 ppm) and NPK (1 g/L) yielding the highest chlorophyll-b levels. The highest carotenoid content was achieved with NPK at 2 g/L combined with either GA? or BA. Treatment with BA at 150 ppm enhanced the chlorophyll a/b ratio, while GA? at 250 ppm more effectively increased the total chlorophyll-to-carotenoid ratio. These findings suggest that foliar application of NPK at 1 g/L, combined with either BA or GA? (250 ppm), optimizes vegetative growth and enhances the chemical composition of F. benjamina L. under greenhouse conditions, promoting both growth quality and vigor.
P.M. Hasna*, M. Rafeekher, I. Priyakumari, C.R. Reshmi, N. Leno and P.P. Gopinath
Department. of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala, India. Corresponding e-mail: hasna-2021-22-002@student.kau.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i03.73
Key words: Tuberose, Arka Prajwal, poultry manuring, drip fertigation
Abstract: A study was carried out in March 2023-January 2024 at the experimental field of the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala, India, for the standardization of manuring, irrigation and fertilizer level in tuberose hybrid, Arka Prajwal under drip irrigation and fertigation. The experimental layout was carried out in a split-split plot design with four replications of 16 treatment combinations. Main plot consisted of manures, the subplot consisted of irrigation levels and the sub-sub plot consisted of fertilizer levels. Surface irrigation and manual fertilizer application were treated as control. The synergistic effect of poultry manuring, drip irrigation, and fertigation proved outstanding regarding their individual effects and control. The treatment of poultry manure along with drip fertigation of ½ N and full K at IW/CPE 0.8, recorded the highest plant height (65.62 cm) with a greater number of leaves (18.81) at the spike initiation stage. The same treatment noticed the longest spike (104.70 cm) along with greater number of florets spike-1 (47.55). However, greatest yield (89.67 g) was observed in the poultry manure treatment along with drip irrigation at IW/CPE 1 and 100% recommended dose of N and K through fertigation followed by poultry manure along with fertigation of ½ N full P and full K of recommended dose at IW/CPE 0.8. Considering overall performance, the application of poultry manure along with fertigation of ½ N and total K of recommended dose at deficit irrigation proved to be highly beneficial for growth and yield improvement in tuberose hybrid Arka Prajwal.
A. Pavethra, Karishma Sebastian*, B.S. Manjula, K.N. Satheeshan and Jenita Thinakaran
Division of Horticulture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: karishmasebastian11@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.26
Key words: Bee wax, postharvest treatments, potassium permanganate, Red Banana, shelf life
Abstract: The popular Red Banana variety faces transportation challenges and has a limited postharvest shelf life due to its ripe fruits being less resistant and being a climacteric fruit. This study aims to prolong the shelf life of Red Banana fruits through different postharvest treatments. Fruit bunches of Red Banana were harvested at the mature green stage, separated into hands, precooled, subjected to 12 treatments and stored in corrugated fibre board boxes till the end of shelf life under ambient conditions. Fruits coated with 10% bee wax + 0.5% clove oil (T4), fruits subjected to coating with 10% bee wax and packaging with potassium permanganate (T9) and fruits dipped in hot water at 50 °C for 10 min. and packaging with potassium permanganate (T11) registered highest shelf life of 18.67 days. The highest TSS of 26.33°Brix was noticed in fruits stored with potassium permanganate (T8) after 12.67 days of storage and lowest titratable acidity of 0.19% and the highest sugar-acid ratio of 79.76 was noticed in control (T12) after 11.33 days of storage. Moreover, the highest vitamin C content (7.74 mg 100 g?¹), total sugar content (18.47%), reducing sugar content (15.49%), total carotenoid content (24.13 µg 100 g-1) was noticed in treatment T7 (hot water dipping at 50 °C for 10 min.) after 17.67 days, T10 (coating with 40% aloe vera extract and packaged with potassium permanganate) after 13.33 days, T4 (coating with 10% bee wax + 0.5% clove oil) after 18.67 days and T9 (coating with 10% bee wax + potassium permanganate) after 18.67 days of storage respectively. Furthermore, the lowest fungal and bacterial count was observed in treatments T2 (dipping in 30ppm sodium hypochlorite solution), T7 (hot water dipping at 50 °C for 10 min.), T9 (coating with 10% bee wax + potassium permanganate) and T10 (coating with 40% aloe vera extract + potassium permanganate).
S. Kumar*
Department of Agricultural Economics, Shri Durga Ji Post Graduate College, Chandeshwar, Azamgarh (U.P.)-276 128. Corresponding e-mail: sarvesh6126@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.27
Key words: High value agriculture, tomato, mango, value, chain, finance, marketing
Abstract: The study conducted an extensive field survey utilizing pre-tested interview schedules with tomato and mango growers and chain actors. A multi-stage purposive-cum-stratified random sampling method was employed to select sample units. The findings of this study highlight the cost orientation of tomato and mango production, indicating a greater need for consequential credit. The research revealed that growers of both commodities within fragmented value chains had a higher proportionate share in the value addition (price) than growers in integrated chains, primarily due to direct sales of produce to consumers. Additionally, downstream actors such as commission agents, wholesalers, and retailers received a comparatively higher proportionate share in the value additions (price) compared to upward actors, indicating that producers could not effectively compete with increased demand in the marketplace. Observations within the chain indicated that finance for tomato and mango production circulated through a product commitment relationship established between chain participants. Downstream actors provided financing to upstream actors from either their surplus funds or external finance received from financial institutions. The study suggests developing a producer-driven chain financing model as an alternative to the buyer-driven financing model for tomato and mango production. This could be achieved by promoting farmers' organizations as long-term financing strategies for financing institutions.
1Department of Agricultural Economics, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Cooch Behar-736165, West Bengal, India. 2Department of Agricultural Statistics, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Cooch Behar-736165, West Bengal, India. Corresponding e-mail: gobinda@ubkv.ac.in
Abstract: The present study analyzed the performance of production and export of Indian garlic based on secondary data collected from different governments departmental repositories and websites. Statistical techniques like mean, standard deviation, regression and CAGR was applied for analysis. Garlic held quantity share (29.68 %) of aggregate production of Indian spices. But in export front the share of quantity and value share of garlic estimated only 2.30 % and 1.21 % respectively of total spices export from the country. India ranked 2nd after China possessing 5.85% share of global production and growing with 9.93 % CAGR over last 15 years (2006-2020) which was 3.5 times higher than China. The major destinations for garlic export from India are Malaysia, Thailand, USA, Vietnam (South) and Nepal altogether constituted around 41 % value of average annual export. But out of these countries, negative trend in export was found in three countries makes India searching for new clients. The lower growth rate (CAGR) of productivity (1.91 %) of garlic compared to acreage (5.46 %) over three decades (1990-91 to 2020-21) harnesses for technological breakthrough. Two producing states of India viz., Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan account around 78.34 % of national production. But in terms of productivity, Punjab (11.39 t/ha), Haryana (10.67 t/ha) and Madhya Pradesh (10.31 t/ha) led the country. Enhancement of productivity through technological development and adequate market infrastructures along with improvement in post harvest management of the crop particularly processing might be given importance to increase production and export potential of garlic.
Leilidyn Y. Zurbano*,Lea Marie S. Castañeda, Russel M. Dorado, Kristine Mae D. Heresano, Harry Lloyd S, Olviga, Mae Dhanica T. Pante
Department of Agribusiness, Polytechnic University of the Philippines Lopez Branch, Philippines. Corresponding e-mail: lyzurbano@pup.edu.ph
Abstract: White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus florida) is one of the domesticated mushrooms in the Philippines and known to grow in various biodegradable wastes. Low Density Polyethelene (LDPE) plastic is one of the most common non-biodegradable wastes in the environment which causes pollution. At present, biodegradation process is one of the ways to degrade plastics because of its non-polluting mechanism and cost-effectiveness. Thus, this study aimed to determine if P. florida could grow in LDPE plastic and facilitate its decomposition. Fourteen treatments were used in the study, laid out in Complete Randomized Design, and replicated thrice. The first four (4) treatments were composed of substrates with no LDPE plastics (rice straw, sawdust and cocopeat) while the rests were substrates with certain percentage of LDPE plastics. Observation was done for eight (8) weeks in the PUP Lopez Mushroom Laboratory and the data obtained was analyzed using ANOVA. Result shows that slight decomposition happened in LDPE plastic mixed with lingo-cellulosic wastes. Small spots or dark holes appear in the surface of LDPE plastics observed under microscope which is a sign of decomposition. In terms of mycelial ramification, fruiting bags with LDPE plastics were first to occupy the fruiting bag. There was also a decreased weight of the fruiting bags after 8 weeks. In terms of yield, substrates without LDPE plastics grew mushrooms with the highest weight. However, yield in sawdust and cocopeat substrates were not significantly different with the yield of mushrooms grown in substrates with LDPE plastics.
Raghvendra Pandey1, Brijesh Pandey2 and Atul Bhargava1*
1Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, India. 2Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, India. Corresponding e-mail: atulbhargava@mgcub.ac.in
Abstract: This research delves into the morphological and anatomical intricacies of Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae), commonly known as black cumin, through meticulous examination of various accessions collected from diverse geographical regions in India. Morphological studies revealed distinct characteristics such as the linear to lanceolate alternate leaves, black capsule fruit housing seeds, and growth parameters including germination time, maturation period, and yield per plant. Notably, certain accessions exhibited superior attributes in terms of plant height, root length, and seed yield. Anatomical investigations unveiled detailed structures of stems, roots, seeds, and capsules. Stem anatomy exhibited a multi-cornered structure with specific features like uniseriate epidermis with non-glandular trichomes, parenchymatous cortex with chlorenchymatous and sclerenchymatous cells, and distinct vascular bundle arrangements. Root anatomy depicted a circular cross-section with well-defined layers including epidermis, cortex, and xylem with prominent oil droplets. Seed anatomy displayed layers of epidermis, parenchyma, pigmented layer, endosperm, and a central embryo. Moreover, this study identified novel cells in the stem cortex and observed variability in carpel numbers among different accessions. The findings contribute significantly to the understanding of N. sativa morphology and anatomy, shedding light on previously unexplored aspects and emphasizing the need for further investigation into the variability within and among accessions.
Arumugam Nithyanandam1*, T. Saraswathi2, C. Indu Rani1,L. Pugalendhi1, N. Manivannan3, S. Harish4 and N. Manikanda Boopathi5
1Department of Vegetable Science, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 037. India. 2Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 037, India. 3Centre of Excellence in Molecular Breeding, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 037, India. 4Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore –641 037, India. 5Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, (CPMB&B), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 037, India
Abstract: The tomato represents an extensively cultivated crop within tropical and subtropical regions of the world for their fresh market and processing attribute. However, its production frequently encounters substantial setbacks due to notable losses associated with diseases such as Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TyLCV). To address this challenge, the current study aimed to assess the resistance or susceptibility of selected 25 tomato breeding lines for TyLCV under natural field screenings to mimic real-world scenarios in accordance with the disease reaction score of Banerjee and Kalloo (1987). The field screening results showed that, the check Arka Vishes line demonstrated high resistance (HR) to TLCV, with reduced PDS, PDI values and a low coefficient of infection (CI). Several lines, including CBE SL 101, CBE SL 105, CBE SL 108, CBE SL 110, and CBE SL 114, exhibited a resistant (R) reaction, while others, such as CBE SL 102, CBE SL 107, CBE SL 112, CBE SL 120, and Arka Rakshak, displayed moderate resistance (MR). Conversely, lines CBE SL 103, CBE SL 104, CBE SL 106, CBE SL 109, CBE SL 111, CBE SL 115, CBE SL 117, and CBE SL 123 showed moderate susceptibility (MS), and the remaining lines, namely CBE SL 113, CBE SL 116, CBE SL 118, CBE SL 119, CBE SL 121, and CBE SL 122, were deemed susceptible to TLCV. The varying disease responses observed across these lines provide valuable insights into the complex dynamics of host-pathogen interactions in tomato plants, informing strategies for disease management and breeding efforts aimed at enhancing resistance to TLCV.
Abeer A.El.K. Soliman1 and Dalia M. Hassan2
1Vegetables Breeding Dept., Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, 12613 Egypt. 2Plant Protection Research. Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, 12613, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: bbsoliman76@hotmail.com
Abstract: An investigation was conducted at Kaha Vegetable Research Farm in the Kaliobia Governorate from 2021 to 2023 with an aim to evaluate the performance of six inbred lines of summer squash and their fifteen crosses in both open field and plastic greenhouse conditions. The study spanned two successive summer seasons (2022 and 2023) and focused on assessing horticultural traits and resistance levels to the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Significant variations were observed in the mean performance of all traits among different genotypes. Analysis revealed significant differences in both general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities for all studied traits, except for the number of days to anthesis of the first female flower, indicating the presence of both additive and non-additive gene effects in traits inheritance. In the plastic greenhouse, genotype P3 exhibited the highest resistance with an average of 10.6 mites per 2 inches², while the cross P2 × P6 showed tolerance with an average of 4.4 mites per 2 inches². This study highlights the potential of new summer squash hybrids with desirable horticultural traits and resistance to the two-spotted spider mite. Additionally, parent 222/2 (P1) demonstrated the best combining ability for all traits, while parents 264 (P5) and 240/3 (P4) were the most effective combiners for total yield. Breeders may leverage these parents for genetic enhancement and the production of hybrids with superior horticultural qualities. Overall, this research provides valuable insights for researchers, breeders and farmers involved in the cultivation, breeding and utilization of summer squash in Egypt.
Taghreed E. Eissa1*, Hassan A. Elfeky1, Alaa El deen Shaheen2, Feng Xu 3,4* and Mohamed A.A. Ahmed5*
1Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. 2Sandy and Limestone Lands Department, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. 3Key Laboratory for Flower Breeding of Yunnan Province, National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Floriculture Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China. 4Yunnan Seed Laboratory, Kunming 650200, China. 5Plant Production Department (Horticulture-Medicinal and Aromatic Plants), Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: dr.taghreed.eissa.2019@gmail.com; 148422486@qq.com; drmohamedmarey19@alexu.edu.eg
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the impact of various fertilization methods and doses on the growth, flowering, and chemical composition of Iris tingitana cv. Wedgewood plants. The research aimed to address challenges hindering Iris plant development and bulb production, ultimately striving to cultivate high-quality plants suitable for Egyptian conditions. Conducted over two seasons (2021-2022 and 2022-2023) at the Horticulture Research Institute’s nursery of the Agriculture Research Center in Giza, Egypt, the experiment followed a factorial design with a randomized complete design (RCD) and three replicates. Results revealed that plants treated with 5 g/pot of phosphorein and 2 g/pot of kristalon, with irrigation intervals every 10 days after sowing (DAS), exhibited superior growth parameters. These included increased vegetative growth in terms of height, stem length, number of leaves per plant, fresh weight of cut spikes, diameter of the spike stem, and earliest flowering compared to other treatments across both seasons. Conversely, the application of 2 g/pot of kristalon and nitrobine, combined with irrigation intervals every 10 DAS, ranked second in enhancing plant growth and flowering characteristics in both seasons.
Dawn C.P. Ambrose1*, Ravindra Naik1 and Hrishikesh Patil1
1Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Regional Station, Coimbatore 641007, India. Corresponding e-mail: dawncp@yahoo.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.34
Key words: Red chilli, with stalk, without stalk, drying, quality
Abstract: Processing of chilli is an important aspect in the production of good quality chilli. Harvested chilli has moisture content about 80% (w.b) which has to be properly dried to keep away from aflatoxin infestation. Open yard sun drying is the conventional method being practised which takes long time for drying. Pre-treatment like destalking could reduce the drying time considerably resulting in uniformly dried product. The present work was aimed to find the effect of drying on the quality of chilli. Red chilli (variety: Sannam) was dried with stalk and without stalk under open sun and solar tunnel dryer. The drying behaviour of chilli was studied. The influence of drying on the quality parameters viz., vitamin C content, colour (L*, a*, b* values), shrinkage and ASTA colour was found. Drying studies resulted in reduction in moisture content from 323% (d.b) to 8% (d.b). The time taken for drying under open sun drying and solar drying was 33 and 17 hours respectively for chilli dried with stalk. Similarly, the time taken for drying chilli without stalk under open sun drying and solar drying was 29 and 16 hours respectively. Quality analysis of dried samples showed higher vit.C (13 mg/100g) and ASTA colour value (67.4) for solar dried chilli without stalk.
D. Sarkar1, I. Sarkar*1, S. Chettri1 and S. Ojha2
1Department of Floriculture, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Faculty of Horticulture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal-736165, India. 2Department of Agricultural Statistics, Faculty of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal-736165, India. Corresponding e-mail: indrajitsarkar_kpg@yahoo.co.in
Abstract: This study aimed to develop an effective in vitro protocol for germinating and multiplying Dendrobium moschatum seeds by identifying optimal concentrations of plant growth regulators for shoot proliferation and root formation. Five different MS media formulations were utilized, including a control (M?) and those supplemented with varying concentrations of kinetin and NAA (M?, M?, M?) and BAP (M?). Results showed significant variation in seed germination time across media, with the longest duration observed in M? (76 days) and the shortest in M? (55 days). Protocorm formation and plantlet development were quickest in M?, while M? and M? exhibited the longest duration. The initiation of leaves or shoots occurred earliest in M? (103 days) and latest in M? (149 days). Notably, leaf and plantlet growth differed between three- and five-month intervals, with M? demonstrating optimal growth over the longer term. These findings underscore the importance of carefully balanced plant growth regulator concentrations in achieving successful seed germination and subsequent growth in D. moschatum.
Suranjan Patowary* and Amiya Sarma
1Department of Economics, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014 (Assam), India. Corresponding e-mail: patowarysuranjan@gmail.com
Abstract: The objective of the present study was to examine the seasonal and trend patterns in wholesale prices of tomato, pumpkin and cabbage over different seasons in Guwahati city, Assam. From time series and box plots, the study found that pumpkin prices are higher in November rather than lower prices during April or June. We find that cabbage is priced lowest from January to May and induces peaks in prices, rising the most in October. During January-April, tomato prices fall and reach a low point in April. From May onwards, the prices increase and peak in November. We performed the Mann-Kendal trend test, which showed no significant trend in the prices of all three perishable crops. It was proven that it is weakly loading and uniform across all years. Seasonal indices show a rise in the prices of pumpkins from May to October, cabbage from April to October and tomatoes from April to October reflecting their shorter shelf life and seasonal nature of these crops.
B. Keerthika1*, M. Thilagavathi1, C. Indu Rani2, M. Prahadeeswaran1 and R. Vasanthi3
1Department of Agricultural Economics, CARDS, TNAU, Coimbatore (641 003), India. 2Dept. of Vegetable Science, TNAU, Coimbatore (641 003), India. 3Department of Social Sciences, HC&RI, Periyakulam (625601), India. Corresponding e-mail: keerthikakural@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.37
Key words: Cuddy-Della, concentration, instability, growth and trend
Abstract: India is one of the world’s leading fruit and vegetable producers after China owing to its diverse agro-climatic conditions. However, the 20-30 percent of the produce is wasted because of its perishability. The processed form of fruits is the most convenient for storage and export owing to its demand in foreign countries. Hence, this study analyzed the growth and instability of different processed fruit exports in India from 2001-02 to 2022-23. The Compound Annual Growth rates showed that exports increased overall growth rate, with a higher growth rate for jam, jelly and marmalades at 12 percent, followed by dried fruits (9 percent) and mango pulp (0.08 percent) in quantity exported. The instability was calculated using the Cuddy-Della Index for processed fruits’ export values (MT). It was realized from the result that the mango pulp category showed high instability in the overall export with Cuddy-Della Index value of 26.16 percent. In contrast, jam, jelly, marmalades, and dried fruits showed instability of 23.86 percent and 24.8 percent, respectively. This study concluded that proper infrastructure, cold chain, and supply chain for horticultural commodities should be developed for destination-specific production of processed fruits, as this could lead India to compete with global exporters and explore new alternate markets for the produce.
K. Boontiang1*, T. Siritrakulsak1 and C. Nontaswatsri2
1Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai 44150, Thailand. 2Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Production, Maejo University, Sansai 50290, Thailand. Corresponding e-mail: kriangsuk.b@msu.ac.th
Abstract: Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep. is one of the most attractive tropical flowers exported from Thailand. However, distributing its rhizomes free of bacterial wilt is considered to be a critical quarantine issue. This study’s strategic approach focused on cultivating C. alismatifolia in modified substrate on raised-bed planting without contamination by the wilt Ralstonia solanacearum. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments (10 replications per treatment). Significant differences of the physical and chemical properties of appropriate substrates were observed to be correlated with mature green Azolla added in compost. This treatment promoted maximum growth and development, compared to the control. Moderate infection of R. solanacearum was detected in the rhizomes of plants grown with soil collected from the same location of a previous in-ground bedding crop (SSL) mixed in substrates. Healthy plants and decontaminated rhizomes were found in C. alismatifolia grown in modified substrates without SSL. Implementing the findings of this research has the potential to support sustainable production for C. alismatifolia.
P. Sujanthiya1, A. Sankari2*, H. Usha Nandhini Devi3, M. Djanaguiraman4, R. Kalaiyarasi5 and G. Dheebakaran6
1Department of Vegetable Science, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India. 2Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India. 3Horticultural College and Research Institute for Women, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Trichy, 620009, India. 4Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India. 5Department of Oil Seeds, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India. 6Agro climate research centre, Directorate of Crop Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India. Corresponding e-mail: sankisatha2020@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.39
Key words: GC-MS, phytochemicals, secondary metabolites, retention time
Abstract: Allium cepa, commonly known as onion, is renowned for its culinary and medicinal properties. This article investigates the phytochemical composition of four aggregatum onionvarieties using preliminary phytochemical screening and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The study reveals diverse metabolites, including hydrocarbons, aldehydes, terpenoids, and organosulfur compounds, with variations observed among the onion varieties. Significant proportions of compounds such as diisooctyl phthalate, hexanol, and nobilitin, possessing various pharmacological activities like antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, were identified. The research emphasizes the importance of understanding onion phytochemistry, particularly given its widespread cultivation and consumption, notably in regions like Tamil Nadu, India. The identified bioactive compounds shed light on different onion varieties’ unique attributes and potential health benefits. By elucidating onion bulb metabolite profiles using advanced techniques like GC-MS, this study contributes to understanding the phytochemical diversity within Allium cepa species. These findings lay the groundwork for future research into the medicinal and nutritional advantages of onions and support targeted breeding (selective breeding) programs to enhance health-promoting compounds in onion varieties. Overall, this study underscores onions’ significance as a culinary staple and a valuable source of diverse bioactive compounds with pharmacological potential.
K.K. Dhatt1 and Bolagam Ravikumar1&2
1Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. 2Department of Horticulture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.Corresponding e-mail: ravikumar-fl@pau.edu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.40
Key words: Gladiolus, mulch, weed control efficiency, soil moisture
Abstract: This study evaluated the effects of various mulch types on weed management, soil moisture conservation, and crop performance in Gladiolus hybridus cv. Punjab Glance at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The experiment tested different coloured polythene mulches—black (25µ), silver on black (25µ), transparent (25µ), and white (50µ)—as well as paddy straw mulch at the rate of 10, 15, and 20 tonnes/ha, and pendimethalin (0.5 kg/ha). Results demonstrated that transparent and white polythene mulches promoted earlier sprouting, bud initiation, and flowering. Black polythene mulch yielded the tallest plants (90.30 cm) and longest spikes (75.31 cm), while white polythene (50µ) mulch produced the most florets per spike (12.39) and extended the flowering duration (15.60 days). Hand-weeding achieved the highest weed control efficiency (100%), closely followed by black polythene mulch (99.87%). Paddy straw mulch (1 t/ha) was the most effective for soil moisture conservation, with polythene mulches also performing well. Transparent (25µ) and white (50µ) polythene mulches recorded the highest average soil temperatures during the study.
Yamini Sharma, Ashna Acharya* and Rajesh Bhalla
Department of Floriculture & Landscape Architecture, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173230, H.P, India. Corresponding e-mail: ashnaacharya1997@gmail.com
Abstract: Lawn performs best with minimum inputs when grown in mixtures using more than a single grass specie. A study was conducted under open field conditions to evaluate the performance of four lawn grass species as mono-stand and in mixtures under mid-hill conditions at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.) during March, 2020 to March, 2021. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with twelve treatments and three replications. Data was recorded at fortnight intervals for total weed count, chlorophyll content, number of mowing, and overall presentability just after turf establishment. It was observed that all turf grass mixtures, performed better than the monostands, during the entire course of the study. Turf grass mixture (50% ‘Agrostis stolonifera’ + 20% ‘Festuca rubra’ + 20% ‘Lolium perenne’ + 10% ‘Cynodon dactylon)’ required least number of mowing and was presentable throughout the year attaining highest presentability score of 22.98.
Abstract: LA hybrid lilium cv. ‘Masai’ bulbs were grown over two consecutive growth seasons in a net house to enhance the yield of high-quality bulbs and bulblets, utilizing both organic and inorganic nutrients. The experiment tested five levels of organic manure (FYM) (0, 10, 15, 20, and 25 t ha-1) and inorganic fertilizers (0, 40+30+25, 80+60+50, 120+90+75, and 160+120+100 N+P2O5+K2O kg ha-1). It assessed both individual and combined effects of nutrient sources, concluding that their combined application was most beneficial. Treatment T24, comprising 25 t FYM with 160 kg N, 120 kg P2O5, and 100 kg K2O ha-1, proved to be the most effective. The study revealed that treatment T24 resulted in the largest bulb circumference, the highest number of bulblets per plant, the greatest bulblet circumference, and the highest fresh and dry weights of both bulbs and bulblets per plant. It also led to the best relative growth rate (RGR) of the bulb, as well as the most efficient partitioning rates at both the flowering and harvest stages. Treatment T23 notably influenced the fresh and dry weights of the bulblets. The data suggest that T24 produces bulbs and bulblets of superior quality compared to other treatments, making it a viable choice for the commercial cultivation of quality LA hybrid lilium bulbs and bulblets in the plains of India.
R. Shanmugabhavatharani1*, T. Saraswathi 2, M. Kavitha1, N. Manivannan3, N. Seenivasan4 and S. Harish5
1Department of Vegetable Science, 2Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, 3Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, 4Department of Nematology, 5 Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: tharanisekar1214@gmail.com
Abstract: Tomatoes represent a highly diverse crop renowned for their nutritional properties and extensive cultivation. Their abundant reserves of vitamins, minerals, dietary fibres, essential amino acids, and organic acids make them crucial nutrient sources across various contexts. Particularly noteworthy are their substantial levels of vitamin A and C, essential minerals, and pigments such as beta-carotene and lycopene, highlighting their biotechnological importance. The exploration of tomatoes’ genetic potential is essential for harnessing their inherent variability in breeding endeavours. In this present investigation, 27 distinct tomato parents and hybrids underwent principal component analysis (PCA) based on twenty diverse traits related to both yield and quality. The analysis identified eight principal components, collectively accounting for 80.4% of the variance. Constructing a bi-plot using the initial two principal components revealed that parents and hybrids CBESL160, CBESL164, CBESL168, H4xH5, H1xH5, and H5xH7 exhibited significant genetic divergence, dispersing across all quadrants. These genetic variations, categorized within PC1 and PC2, are potentially valuable additions to initiatives aimed at boosting crop yields through breeding efforts. Several traits, including growth habit, leaflet dimensions, fruit characteristics, and soluble solids content, demonstrated notable and statistically significant associations with yield per plant. Engaging Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering and PCA, parents and hybrids CBESL160, CBESL164, CBESL168, H4xH5, H1xH5, and H5xH7 emerged as the most diverse parents and hybrids, offering potential avenues for further advancements in breeding efforts.
Swarna Mahajan1, Minhazul Kashem Chowdhury1, Sohel Rana Mazumder1, Abul Hasnat M Solaiman1, Zerin Tasnim1, S.M. Anamul Arefin2 and Jasim Uddain*
1Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. 2Department of Genetics and Plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. Corresponding e-mail: jasimhort@sau.edu.bd
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.44
Key words: Microgreens, LED, light spectrums, control farming
Abstract: Carefully selecting the appropriate lighting is vital for indoor farming systems to ensure sustainable agriculture and the production of microgreens rich in health-beneficial phytochemicals. This study aimed to investigate the impact of various light spectrums on the growth and nutritional composition of microgreens. The experiment focused on a single factor: five different concentrations of LED lights, specifically White light (L1) at 100%, Red light (L2) at 100%, Blue light (L3) at 100%, Red and Blue light (L4) at a 70:30 ratio, and Red, Green, and Blue light (L5) at a 70:10:20 ratio. Four microgreen crops were used: Mustard (C1), Lettuce (C2), Radish (C3), and Broccoli (C4). The results showed that the hypocotyl lengths of C1, C2, C3, and C4 were higher under the L4 light treatment (70:30 Red and Blue), measuring 10.53 cm, 8.47 cm, 15.23 cm, and 11.43 cm, respectively. The shorter hypocotyl lengths of 7.67, 5.53, 11.2 and 7.73 cm were observed under the L1 (White light) condition. The greater fresh weights for C1, C2, C3, and C4 (0.1 kg each) and yields (0.115 kg, 0.110 kg, 0.135 kg, and 0.125 kg, respectively) were also obtained under the L4 light condition. The higher SPAD values for C1 (38.2 nm), C2 (16.9 nm), C3 (55.3 nm), and C4 (49.9 nm) were recorded with the L4 light treatment. Additional findings included potassium content for C1 (0.19%), C2 (0.19%), C3 (0.22%), and C4 (0.16%), and antioxidant capacity for C1 (0.22%), C2 (0.23%), C3 (0.19%), and C4 (0.18%). The higher gross income was achieved with the L4C1, L4C2, L4C3, and L4C4 treatments, while the lower was with the L1C1, L1C2, L1C3, and L1C4 treatments. The benefit-cost ratios were higher (4.1, 3.9, 4.9, and 4.5) for the L4C1, L4C2, L4C3, and L4C4 treatments, respectively. Therefore, a 70:30 Red and Blue light combination (L4) can be used profitably in indoor farming to maximize growth, yield, and nutritional content of microgreens.
Pradeep Manyam1* and V.B. Nargund2
1S.V. Agricultural College, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh-517502, India. 2University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka-580005, India. Corresponding e-mail: m.pradeep@angrau.ac.in
Abstract: Bacteriophages offer an effective biocontrol strategy, presenting an environmentally friendly alternative to combat the issues of antibiotic and copper-based bactericide resistance in bacterial phytopathogens. In this study, two phages targeting Ralstonia solanacearun (designated as ?Rspv1 and ?Rspv2) were identified as potential biocontrol agents against solanaceous wilt, a highly destructive disease causing significant economic losses globally. Both phages demonstrated resistance to chloroform, while ?Rspv1 exhibited a broader host range compared to ?Rspv2 across five isolates of R. solanaceraum. The replication cycle for ?Rspv2 was determined to be 90 min. for a single growth cycle, with a burst size of 85 PFU per cell. Morphologically, ?Rspv1 featured icosahedral heads with long tails, characteristic of the Myoviridae family, whereas ?Rspv2 displayed a filamentous particle shape typical of Inoviridae viruses. Additionally, a Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis using four random primers revealed a diverse nature of the two phages, suggesting their potential utility in disease management strategies. This research unveils two novel virulent phages, and their characterization highlights promising for phage therapy with future investigations aim to field level evaluation against R. solanacearum.
Abstract: To ascertain their potential applications in the food industry, dragon fruit varieties, namely H. undatus and H. polyrhizus, were thoroughly analyzed for their physical, nutritional, and phytochemical properties. The focus was on pulp and juice, emphasizing color, mineral content, proximate analysis, and phytochemical constituents. Red flesh dragon fruit displayed a bright pink color, a slightly smaller length (9.1 cm), and a larger diameter (8.3 cm) compared to white flesh dragon fruit (9.9 cm length, 7.53 cm diameter). Red flesh dragon fruit also exhibited higher circumference and weight. White flesh dragon fruit demonstrated superior juice yield (36.23 %) compared to red flesh dragon fruit (35.28 %). Red flesh dragon fruit had higher levels of total sugar (8.45 %), protein (1.36 %), and ascorbic acid (19.83 mg/100g) in its pulp. It also showed elevated mineral content of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Conversely, white flesh dragon fruit had higher fat content (0.65 %) and carbohydrate content (9.76 %) in its pulp. White flesh dragon fruit displayed brighter color characteristics with higher L*, a*, and b* values. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of betacyanin in red flesh dragon fruit (30.87 mg/100g) but not in white flesh dragon fruit. Red flesh dragon fruit exhibited significantly higher total phenolic content in pulp (49.67 mg GA/100g) and juice (41.25 mg GA/100g) than white flesh dragon fruit. These findings highlight substantial differences (P < 0.05) between red and white flesh dragon fruit in physical, nutritional, and phytochemical aspects, offering valuable insights for their incorporation into diverse food products, such as beverages and ice cream.
S. Ghosh1*, R.K. Tiwari1, R.K. Verma2, A. Biswal1 and N.K. Mishra3
Abstract: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the technology of kharif onion production with the use of improved kharif onion variety Bhima Super during kharif seasons of the years 2020–2021 and 2022–2023 at farmer’s field of various locations under the guidance of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Birauli, Samastipur, Bihar. The investigation included measures like yield and economic performance, technology gap, extension gap, frontline demonstration technology index, and respondent farmer’s degree of adoption of the demonstration. Over the course of the study’s two years, it was found that there was a 19.74% enhancement in bulb yield above local check and that the average B:C ratio under the demonstration plot was 3.98 which was higher than that of control plots 2.19. When enhanced quality seed was adopted, the extent of adoption increased to 47.12 percent. The study displays the technology index (22.64%), the average technical gap (81.22 q/ha), and the extension gap (62.98 q/ha). Current research highlights the potentiality of frontline demonstration for dissemination of technology at the grassroots level.
Mamta Bhatia* and Alka Sharma
Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-125021, Haryana, India. Corresponding e-mail: bhatiamamta09@gmail.com
Abstract: Rhizopus arrhizus and Rhizopus stolonifer are pathogenic fungi responsible for causing ‘soft rot’ disease in fruits and vegetables, as well as life-threatening ‘mucormycosis’ in animals and humans, especially immunocompromised hosts. The use of synthetic fungicides and chemical preservatives to inhibit microbes is being challenged due to their toxic effects on human health and the environment. This has prompted researchers to investigate novel antimicrobials that are natural and safe. Current study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activities of essential oils (EOs), powdered (PWD) forms, and water extracts (WEs) of ten Indian dietary spices (Allium sativum (Als), Brassica nigra(Brn), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ciz), Cuminum cyminum(Cuc), Curcuma longa (Cul), Mentha piperita(Mep), Ocimum sanctum (Ocs), Syzygium aromaticum (Sya), Trigonella foenum-graecum(Trf), and Zingiber officinale(Zio)) against R. arrhizus (NCIM877) and R. stolonifer (NCIM1139). Spice agar method was used for investigating antifungal potential of PWD spices. Impregnated paper disc method and broth dilution technique were followed for screening the antifungal activities of EOs and WEs. Results revealed that EOs of six spices (Als, Brn, Ciz, Cuc, Mep,Sya), and PWD forms of four spices (Brn, Ciz, Cuc, Sya)inhibited the growth of both fungi in culture media, effectively. WEs of all ten spices remained ineffective in arresting the growth of tested fungal strains. R.stolonifer was found more sensitive compared to R. arrhizus towards tested substances. Based on these findings, further in vivo studies on PWD forms of Ccb, Ccm, and Sya and EOs of Als, Brn, Ccb, Ccm, Mep, Ocs and Sya may establish spices as ‘botanical antimicrobials’ to prolong the shelf life of valuable horticultural crops by arresting the growth of R. arrhizus and R.stolonifer.
Priti Sharma1,2, Swosti S. Das2, Maneesh Mishra2* and Mala Trivedi1*
1Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow-226010, India.2ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, Kakori, Lucknow-226101, India. Corresponding e-mail: maneesh.mishra@icar.gov.in, mtrivedi@lko.amity.edu
Abstract: Micropropagation technology has been commercially exploited for mass multiplication of banana. Several parameters such as nutrient media, explants, culture conditions etc have been standardized. However, a novel in vitro shoot excision technique designed to enhance the proliferation rate of banana cv. Chini Champa has been examined for the first time. We meticulously examined the impact of excision angles (45º and 90º) and excision site (Tip, middle and base) during shoot proliferation stage. Our findings unequivocally demonstrate that employing a 45º angle excision and tip excision yield the highest multiplication rates and biomass accumulation, surpassing other excision angles and methods. The substantial enhancement in shoot numbers, growth and biomass underscores the potential of this technique for improving banana propagation protocols, offering a valuable tool for sustainable banana production.
Aarju Sharma1,2*, Ashwani Kumar1, Sulekha Chahal2 and Bindu Battan2
1ICAR – Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal – 132001. 2Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra – 136119. Corresponding e-mail: a.r.sharma98134@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.50
Key words: Sandalwood, host species, traits, salinity, Na+/K+ ratio
Abstract: Being a semi-root parasitic nature, sandalwood steals water and nutrients from host species. Therefore, it is crucial to research the influence of salinity stress on host-parasite relationships both theoretically and practically, for the successful establishment of sandalwood plantations. To find out the best suited host species for sandalwood, a RBD experiment was conducted to identify the effect of salt stress on sandalwood planted with two selected host species (Alternanthera sp. and Azadirachata indica) and without host species. After 300 days of establishment, morphological traits were recorded and noted that plant height, collar diameter and root length was higher in Azadirachta indica as compared to other host species. Significant reduction in morphological traits was recorded under salt stress condition. Similarly, higher root biomass was noted in Azadirachta indica under control as well as in saline conditions. On the other side, shoot biomass was higher in sandalwood grown with Alternanthera sp. Sandalwood grown in the absence of host plant showed no survival under salinity stress. Plant water traits were higher when sandalwood cultivated with A. indica while lowest in sandalwood grown in the absence of host species. Na+/K+ ratio and other nutrients (viz., Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium) was higher sandalwood planted with A. indica while poorer in Sandalwood planted without host species. The results revealed that A. indica could be best host for sandalwood under stress as well as control conditions which enhances the growth and physiology of sandalwood.
Abstract: In this study, pectin was extracted from unripe bael using a microwave-assisted extraction technique. Optimization was done based on independent and dependent parameters. Pectin yield was the dependent variable in the study, whereas the independent factors were microwave power, time, and solid solvent ratio. Pectin extraction was carried out using different combinations of microwave power (180, 360, 540 watts), time (1, 2, 3 minutes), and the ratio of solid-solvent (1:20, 1:30, 1:40 g/mL). Using Box-Behnken response surface methodology, 17 experimental runs were performed. A microwave power of 360 watts, a time of 3 minutes, and a solid solvent ratio of 1:20 g/mL were the ideal parameters that achieved the maximum pectin yield of 19.8%. The yield of pectin was analyzed using multiple regression statistical analysis. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of pectin yield was studied, which revealed an equivalent weight of 263.15, a methoxyl content of 9.92 percent, anhydrouronic acid content of 123.2%, and a degree of esterification of 45.71%.
Hayam A.A. Mahdy1, A.M.R. Abdelmawgoud2*, Z.F. Fawzy2 and Huda A. Ibrahim2
1Botany Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. 2Vegetable Research Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: DR_abdelmawgoud@yahoo.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.02
Key words: Cucumber, nano calcium, nano silicon, plant growth, total fruit weight
Abstract: Trials were carried out in plastic greenhouses at a private farm in the Qaha region, Qalubia Governorate, Egypt (30.288 N; 31.198 E), during two consecutive spring seasons (2020 and 2021). The objective was to investigate the impact of nano compounds, spray specifically nano calcium and nano silicon, on the growth characteristics, yield, and quality of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) under protected cultivation conditions. The study used two foliar sprays of Lithovit® (nano calcium carbonate 80.2 %) at 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 g/L and nano silicon (SiO2 25 %) at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mL/L. Nano elements (calcium or silicon) were applied to cucumber seedlings in the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth weeks after transplantation. All monitored attributes increased with both nano-element treatments. Plants receiving nano calcium had higher plant height, fresh and dry weights, and branch counts than those receiving nano silicon. However, growth was best with 1.0 g/L nano calcium. Compared to control, nano elements boosted cucumber plant N, P, K, Ca, and Si. In both nano calcium and nano silicon treatments, fruit length, diameter, average weight, and total weight rose. Yield increases may outweigh nano nutrient costs.
Amanpreet Kaur, Ravneet Kaur and H.S. Sodhi
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India. Corresponding e-mail: amanpreet-cobsmb@pau.edu
Abstract: Mushroom cultivation is a prevalent activity worldwide, although the domestication of native wild mushrooms is not fully recognised. For wild mushrooms to be economically feasible, they need to possess the ability to be cultivated. The objective of this study was to cultivate 18 wild mushrooms that were collected from their native environments utilising substrates that are readily available in the local area. Wild mushrooms were gathered and acquired using tissue cultures. All the wild mushrooms studied showed mycelial development on the substrates, except for Podaxis pistallris, Amanita solitaria, and Collybia platyphylla. Pleurotus sapidus and Pleurotus floridanus were able to produce fruit satisfactorily. The study revealed that specific wild mushrooms had the ability to produce fruiting bodies when grown on commercial substrates. While mushroom production was not seen in other natural cultures, these findings offer valuable information for improving growth circumstances in the future. Conducting surveys of natural habitats is crucial to guarantee the ongoing production of wild edible mushrooms, safeguarding endangered species and promoting a hopeful outlook for their sustainable utilisation.
B. Singh, T. Chaubey#, R.K. Singh#, D.K. Upadhyay, Aastik Jha and S. Pandey*
ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 221 305, Uttar Pradesh, India. Corresponding e-mail: sudhakariivr@gmail.com, rameshiivr@gmail.com
Abstract: This study was conducted using eighty-one extant cultivars of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) with sixteen diverse morphological and yield contributing traits. All the cultivars were evaluated for four years in field conditions to analyze the unpredictability and heritability, genetic variances, correlation and principal component analysis to extract important traits. In results, the highest value of general mean, variances of genotypic and phenotypic (Vg and Vp), variation (GCV and PCV), heritability (h2) and genetic advance (GA) were found for AFW and indicated the additive gene action. Due to environmental interaction, the highest variance and variation of environment (Ve and ECV) and GA% were recorded for PH, FDPS, and FL/FD ratio. In case of correlation and path coefficient analysis the yield per plant showed positive correlation for various morphological traits excluding NFI, FT and FL/FD ratio. Those traits established positive correlation with direct and indirect effect from yield can be utilized to improve yield capacity. In principal component analysis, the most important characters were categorized into different PCA group e.g., PCA I (AFW), PCA II (FL), PCA III (FD) and PCA IV (FYPP) and may be extracted for observing the superior recombinants.
Vaibhav Srivastava1, M. Srivastava2, Shailendra Rajan1*, Parul Sagar1, Pranav Kumar Mishra3 and V.K. Singh1
1Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, Lucknow, India. 2Amity University, Lucknow Campus, Uttar Pradesh, India. 3Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh,India.Corresponding e-mail: srajanlko@gmail.com.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.21
Key words: Mango phenology, web-based tool, BBCH scale, PHP platform, data management, frequency tables, line graph visualization
Abstract: Phenological studies play a crucial role in understanding mango flowering dynamics across diverse climates. However, managing the extensive data generated from observations using the modified BBCH scale poses significant challenges. To address this, we developed a web-based tool in PHP to efficiently manage mango phenology data. This tool aids researchers in organizing phenological data on a timescale by decoding phenophases and presenting them as images, facilitating data summarization through frequency tables of different phenophases. Additionally, the tool incorporates a module that simultaneously depicts phenophases according to the BBCH scale and as a line graph, providing a clear representation of flowering phenology dynamics. The primary objective of this tool is to provide computational assistance to researchers working on mango phenology, accessible worldwide through the link (https://hortportal.org/mangifera_res/site/phenology/). It enables data collected in an Excel sheet in a standard format to be depicted as a series of small images, facilitating the correction or cleaning of raw data. The corrected data file can then be utilized to calculate frequencies and generate an Excel sheet for developing graphs using graphical software. Furthermore, the tool features a built-in module for creating graphs with selective phenophases, allowing simultaneous selection of different phenophases for a line graph depiction, indicating their duration and time of peak occurrence.
D. Dilna, A. Sheena* and Beena Thomas
Instructional Farm, Kerala Agricultural University, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, 695522, Kerala, India. Tel.: +919497453663, Corresponding e-mail: sheena2sa@yahoo.co.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.22
Key words: Adenium, micropropagation, genetic fidelity, ISSR,tissue culture, desert rose, caudex, M S media
Abstract: Adenium obesum is a popular ornamental plant propagated through seeds. But its hybrids are mostly infertile or need assisted pollination for seed production. In the present investigation, an efficient and reliable indirect regeneration protocol for infertile adenium hybrid was developed from leaf explants. Surface sterilization using mercuric chloride 0.2 percent recorded the lowest incidence of contamination and highest survival percentage. Callus from shoot tip showed the lowest number of days for shoot regeneration with 13.2 days in Half-strength MS medium containing 3 mg L-1 NAA and 3mg L-1 GA3. Maximum shoot length of 2.40 cm was recorded in Half-strength MS medium + 3 mg L-1 NAA+ 3mg L-1 GA3 two weeks after sub culturing. Half-strength MS+2mg L-1 IBA recorded root initiation in 16.16 days. The rooted plantlets were successfully hardened and acclimatized with a survival rate of 92 %. The genetic fidelity of regenerated plantlets was assessed using ten primers and the in vitro cultured plants did not show polymorphism in ISSR analysis. This in vitro propagation protocol could be effectively used for the large-scale propagation of non-seed setting hybrids of adenium.
Y. Sravani1, G. Kranthi Rekha2, C. Venkata Ramana3, L. Naram Naidu4 and D.R. Salomi Suneetha5
1Department of Vegetable Science, Dr. Y.S.R Horticultural University, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2Department of Vegetable Science, Dr. Y.S.R Horticultural University, Andhra Pradesh, India. 3Horticulture Research Station, Lam, Dr. Y.S.R Horticultural University, Andhra Pradesh, India. 4Directorate of Research, Dr. Y.S.R Horticultural University, Andhra Pradesh, India. 5Dr. Y.S.R Horticultural University, Andhra Pradesh, India. Corresponding e-mail: sravaniyerra17@gmail.com
Abstract: An experiment was conducted on ridge gourd in six generations i.e., P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 of VRG-24 x VRG-13 and Swarna Manjari x Arka Prasan in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The main aim of the study was to investigate the genetic mechanisms controlling yield and quality traits through generation mean analysis. Epistatic gene effects were found to play a crucial role in regulating most of the traits studied, except for days to male flowering, days to female flowering, node of first female flower, average fruit weight, and rind thickness in various crosses. Duplicate epistasis was particularly prominent across the majority of traits, suggesting that these traits could be effectively exploited through heterosis breeding and reciprocal recurrent selection strategies. Additionally, complementary epistasis was observed in the cross VRG-24 x VRG-13 for traits such as node of first female flower, number of female flowers per vine, and number of fruits per vine. This highlights the potential of the VRG-24 x VRG-13 cross to produce desirable transgressive segregants with enhanced trait combinations.
K. Sethunath* and J. Bhaskar
1Department of Fruit Science, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur 680656, India. Corresponding e-mail: keerthanasethu1996@gmail.com
Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the variability among the dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) genotypes in Kerala. The study was conducted in ten dragon fruit orchards of four different districts namely, Trivandrum, Pathanamthitta, Ernakulam and Thrissur during the period 2019-2021. The plants were evaluated based on the UPOV guidelines to identify the different genotypes that were being cultivated in Kerala with respect to their morphology and flowering along with yield and quality attributes. The results revealed that the commercial cultivation of dragon fruit in Kerala was found to be dominated by the dark pink/purple fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis). The variability within this species was analysed using statistical techniques like factor analysis and cluster analysis. Maximum variability (59.38%) in the stem and flower characters were contributed by the intensity of red colour of bract, stem waxiness, stem sturdiness, margin of rib, spine colour, bud shape, bud apex shape, number of stigma lobes, length of style and distance between areoles. Similarly, maximum variability (62.74%) in the quality attributes were contributed by the fruit weight, position of bract towards peel, fruit width, fruit weight without peel, fruit length, flesh colour, fruit shape, width of base of bract, length of apical bract, outer TSS, TSS-acid ratio and core TSS. Based on the qualitative traits alone, six clusters were formed indicating the variations in plants which in turn, revealed the presence of different genotypes within the dark pink/purple fleshed dragon fruit.
Arumugam Nithyanandam1*, T. Saraswathi2, C. Indu Rani1, L. Pugalendhi1, N. Manivannan3, S. Harish 4 and N. Manikanda Boopathi5
1Department of Vegetable Science, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 037. India. 2Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 037, India. 3Centre of Excellence in Molecular Breeding, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 037, India. 4Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore –641 037, India. 5Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, (CPMB&B), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 037, India
Abstract: The tomato represents an extensively cultivated crop within tropical and subtropical regions of the world for their fresh market and processing attribute. However, its production frequently encounters substantial setbacks due to notable losses associated with diseases such as Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TyLCV). To address this challenge, the current study aimed to assess the resistance or susceptibility of selected 25 tomato breeding lines for TyLCV under natural field screenings to mimic real-world scenarios in accordance with the disease reaction score of Banerjee and Kalloo (1987). The field screening results showed that, the check Arka Vishes line demonstrated high resistance (HR) to TLCV, with reduced PDS, PDI values and a low coefficient of infection (CI). Several lines, including CBE SL 101, CBE SL 105, CBE SL 108, CBE SL 110, and CBE SL 114, exhibited a resistant (R) reaction, while others, such as CBE SL 102, CBE SL 107, CBE SL 112, CBE SL 120, and Arka Rakshak, displayed moderate resistance (MR). Conversely, lines CBE SL 103, CBE SL 104, CBE SL 106, CBE SL 109, CBE SL 111, CBE SL 115, CBE SL 117, and CBE SL 123 showed moderate susceptibility (MS), and the remaining lines, namely CBE SL 113, CBE SL 116, CBE SL 118, CBE SL 119, CBE SL 121, and CBE SL 122, were deemed susceptible to TLCV. The varying disease responses observed across these lines provide valuable insights into the complex dynamics of host-pathogen interactions in tomato plants, informing strategies for disease management and breeding efforts aimed at enhancing resistance to TLCV.
Madhu Kumar, Prahlad Deb* and Pradipto Kumar Mukherjee
Department of Horticulture & Postharvest Technology, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan - 731236, West Bengal. Corresponding e-mail: debprld@yahoo.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.03
Key words: Wild date palm, fruit morphology, biochemical profile, antioxidant
Abstract: The date palm is regarded as one of the most nutritious fruits of the arid zone. Fruits are eaten fresh as hard, ripe, or soft dates and are high in calories, iron, magnesium, vitamins, and antioxidants. There is a high potential for expanding the area, production, and processing of date palm as a rain-fed fruit crop in the Western dry tract of West Bengal, where wild types grow abundantly without human intervention. Thus, the current study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical and antioxidative properties of fifteen wild date palm (Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.) genotypes (P-1 to P-15) from various locations in the Bolpur Sriniketan Block of the Birbhum district during the year 2022 in order to identify superior genotypes for commercial exploitation through a future breeding programme. The majority of the genotypes showed early-to-mid season fruiting with consistent fruit bearing. Date palm genotypes P-6, P-2, P-15, and P-12 had larger fruit sizes, higher pulp content, and higher TSS. The P-1 accession had the highest fruit productivity value (27 bunches/tree). Notably, at the rutab stage, accessions P-1, P-6, P-2, P-15, and P-12 had significant sugar content, indicating excellent fruit quality and antioxidant richness. These genotypes are recommended as ideal candidates for propagation and subsequent cultivation due to their outstanding characteristics.
A.M. Dandwate*, B.H. Joshi and R.M. Dhingani
College of Food Processing Technology and Bioenergy, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, (388110), Gujarat, India. Corresponding e-mail: amrutadandwate01@gmail.com
Abstract: The mango seed kernel (MSK) stands out as a rich source of total phenolic compounds and premium-quality fats. This study aimed to optimize the hot air drying process parameters for MSK, utilizing a tray dryer to achieve maximum yield of mango seed kernel oil (MSKO) while retaining high levels of total phenolic compounds. The experimentation involved the application of a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) analysis, leading to the identification of the optimal drying conditions—60°C temperature, resulting in a yield of 11.80% MSKO and 163.28 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of MSK, with a desirability index of 0.861.After establishing the standard hot air drying parameters, the biochemical composition of MSK showed enhancement due to the effective preservation of bioactive compounds, particularly total phenolic compounds. This extensive experiment not only improves the yield of MSKO but also enhances the nutritional value of MSK. The findings highlight the potential for additional investigation and utilisation of mango seed kernel in food and bioenergy applications.
M.S. Srinivas, K. Rajesh*, P. Supraja, E. Tejaswini, M. Meghana and A. Srihari
College of Food Science and Technology, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh. Corresponding e-mail: k.rajesh@angrau.ac.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.05
Key words: Ripened banana, freeze drying, biscuits, textural property and solubility index
Abstract: The study is undertaken to develop fortified powder blends of wheatgrass and ripened banana to evaluate the technical properties of flours. The combinations were produced by adding banana powder to the wheatgrass in the combinations of C1 (50W:50B), C2 (25W:75B), C3 (75W:25B), C4 (0W:100B), C5 (100W:0B). The proximate analysis such as moisture content, protein, ash content was reported to be higher in C1 and C2, respectively. Ash content of blend flours ranged between 4.2 to 6.8%, whereas protein was reported between 3.22 to 13.22%. The bulk density and tapped density were reported in the following order: C4>C1>C2>C3>C5 with bulk density values of 0.487, 0.384, 0.317, 0.263 and 0.232 g/cc, respectively. Hausner’s ratio ranged from 1.108 to 1.307 across different flours, which fall under fair and passable flow characteristics. A solubility index of 0.16±0.02 g/g was reported for both C2 and C5, represented by 75 and 100% of banana flour, respectively. Biscuits produced from the developed flour blends reported hardness in the order of C3> C1>C2 indicating hard biscuits from blending with a higher proportion of wheatgrass flour. Adhesive force of biscuit samples were 10, 29 and 20 (g) for samples C1, C2 and C3, respectively.
N.El Bey*, A. Mami Maazoun, O. Nahdi, N. Ben Krima and M.K. Aounallah
1National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, INAT, Tunis Cedex 1082, University of Carthage, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Tunis, Tunisia. Corresponding e-mail: nazihabey87@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.01
Key words: Hydric stress, morphological features, physiological features, biochemical features
Abstract: Agriculture is grappling with water scarcity, leading to diminished crop yields, economic challenges, environmental degradation, and threats to food security. The future of agriculture hinges on the implementation of sustainable water resource management and adaptation strategies. Specifically, in arid regions, the adoption of water-efficient irrigation practices is crucial for fruit growers. This approach not only helps in conserving water but also reduces costs and ensures the vitality of orchards. The cultivation of fruit trees, especially in water-stressed areas, demands meticulous irrigation management for survival. Growers play a key role in identifying stress indicators that serve as crucial markers for monitoring tree health. Proactively addressing these indicators enables growers to maintain healthier trees, resulting in higher yields. Identifying and understanding fruit tree stress indicators play a pivotal role in enhancing orchard management practices, ultimately contributing to increased yields, cost reduction, and the promotion of sustainability. This review evaluates the effectiveness of stress indicators in gauging water stress levels. It delves into the multifaceted impacts of water scarcity on agriculture and underscores the recommendation for water-efficient irrigation practices to counteract fluctuations in water availability. In environments facing water scarcity, vigilant irrigation management coupled with the identification of stress indicators strengthens the resilience and productivity of fruit tree agriculture. This study contributes valuable insights to the ongoing discourse on sustainable horticulture in the face of a changing world.
Yashkumar1, Dutta Samit 2 and P. Srilatha1*
1Department of Food Processing Technology, College of Food Processing Technology and Bio Energy, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110, India. 2Department of Food Business Management, College of Food Processing Technology and Bio Energy, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110, India. Corresponding e-mail: srilatha2708@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.06
Key words: Cactus fruit, mint, tisane, total betalain content, total antioxidant activity, drying, herbal tea
Abstract: Cactus (prickly pear) is a nutrient-rich fruit with medicinal and health benefits, including minerals (iron, calcium, potassium), vitamins, antioxidants, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer effects. Mint, a versatile herb, enhances flavor. Herbal fruit teas are increasingly popular. Tisanes are popular for its antioxidant properties mainly because of phenols, which leach in water during infusion. Cactus fruits were dried in hot air dryer and the drying temperature of 50°C was optimized based on minimum drying time, maximum total betalain content and maximum total antioxidant activity. Mint leaves were dried using shade drying at a temperature of 30±2°C up to a moisture content of 7%. Formulation of cactus fruit-based tisane was done by using different cactus-mint ratios. Cactus mint ratio was standardized by highest overall acceptability, total antioxidant activity, and colour a* value. Cactus fruit-based tisane infusion was prepared by dipping a tea bag containing 2 g of dried material in 100 mL of hot water (95±2°C) for a steeping time of 2 min. Based on statistical analysis, the best combination of cactus fruit-mint ratio for tisane was optimized as 85:15. Infusion of cactus fruit-based tisane contained 10.92 mg/100g of total betalain content, 0.89 mg/100g of vitamin C, 12.19 mM/100g of total antioxidant activity etc., and the microbial analysis revealed that the total plate count (cfu/g) was in limit and yeast and mould count (cfu/g) was zero.
B. Saai Vignesh1, B. Anujaa2 and S. Manickavasagam2
1Agricultural College & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. 2 Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: b.saai.vignesh@gmail.com
Abstract: In this study, we investigated the efficiency of Tetragonula iridipennis Smith, India’s prevalent stingless bee, as a pollinator during the Rabi season, specifically focusing on coriander, cultivated for seed production. Our findings revealed several key insights during the peak blooming period of coriander. The highest activity of outgoing bees occurred between 1000-1200 hrs, with the peak number of pollen foragers recorded between 1100-1200 hrs, averaging 3.83 bees/5min/hour over six days. Nectar-foraging bees were most active between 1100 and 1400 hrs, while resin-foraging bees were observed at their peak between 1400 and 1500 hrs. Incorporating stingless bees in open-pollinated coriander crops resulted in a substantial yield of 130 kg of seeds per acre per 10 colonies, accompanied by 130 g of honey production within 28 days. Comparatively, this represented a 31 percent increase in seed production when compared to fields without bee colonies. These findings underscore the valuable role of T. iridipennis in enhancing coriander seed production, with potential implications for crop productivity and honey production.
Harshit Mishra*, K.K. Singh and Supriya
Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.)-224 229, India. Corresponding e-mail: wehars@gmail.com
Abstract: This paper presents a study conducted in the Sultanpur district of Uttar Pradesh, focusing on the marketing of bitter gourd in the selected area. The research employed a multistage stratified purposive cum random sampling technique to select the district, block, villages, and respondents. From the population, 100 growers were randomly chosen, comprising 66 marginal, 23 small, and 11 medium farmers during the period of 2021-2022, using the proportionate allocation technique. Primary data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a survey schedule. Three distinct marketing channels for bitter gourd were identified: Channel-I (producer to consumer), Channel-II (producer to retailer to consumer) and Channel-III (producer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer). The study revealed that Channel-I exhibited the highest marketing efficiency (29.15), followed by Channel-II (5.47) and Channel-III showed the lowest efficiency (2.96). Notably, different groups of farms predominantly sold bitter gourd through Channel-III. The research also shed light on the challenges faced by bitter gourd growers, including issues related to perishability, price fluctuations, and inadequate storage facilities. The paper emphasizes the significance of policymakers and stakeholders addressing these challenges and developing effective strategies and interventions to support the bitter gourd farming community.
Abstract: Food spoilage due to browning is one of the major challenges faced by the food and processing industries. In fruits and vegetables, browning due to both enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions is a common event that renders them unattractive and unsuitable for consumption. In the last few decades, numerous studies have been conducted to slow or inhibit these undesirable physiological reactions during processing and storage. An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different antibrowning agents on the quality and shelf life of fresh-cut pineapple from 2020-2021 in the laboratory of the Department of Horticulture at Annamalai University. The experiment consisted of 11 treatments and was replicated 3 times, viz., T1 (ascorbic acid 500 ppm), T2 (ascorbic acid 1000 ppm), T3 (citric acid 250 ppm), T4 (citric acid 500 ppm), T5 (sodium chloride 100 ppm), T6 (sodium chloride 200 ppm), T7 (calcium chloride 100 ppm), T8 (calcium chloride 200 ppm), T9 (honey 5%), T10 (honey 10%), and T11 (control). Antibrowning agents significantly and positively impacted the quality parameters of fresh-cut fruits. The minimum PLW (0.71%) and maximum scores of firmness (2.16kg/cm2), titratable acidity (0.53%), total sugar (11.65%), nonreducing sugar (1.94%) and texture index (2.37) were recorded in T8. However, maximum TSS (14.6 °Brix), total sugar (11.65%), and reducing sugar (9.48%) were recorded in T10. The lowest browning rate was recorded in the treatment with ascorbic acid in T2. The treatments with calcium chloride and ascorbic acid best retained the quality of fresh-cut pineapple fruit.
Vivek Mishra and Mohammad Faisal
Amity School of Communication, Amity University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Corresponding e-mail: vivek_mishra2012@rediffmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.10
Key words: YouTube, mango cultivation, video originality, channel categories, geographical location, subscriber counts, principal components analysis, correlation analysis.
Abstract: This research delved into the dynamics of knowledge-sharing on YouTube within the context of mango cultivation. Analyzing a diverse dataset of 153 videos, the impact of video originality, channel categories, and geographical locations on viewership and subscriber counts was investigated. While descriptive statistics suggested that, on average, original videos received more views, an ANOVA revealed a non-significant difference in viewership between original and non-original videos, indicating additional factors at play. Geographical locations demonstrated significant variations in subscriber counts, emphasizing the influence of location on mean views. Correlation analysis underscored strong positive associations between subscriber counts and views/likes, highlighting the key role of subscribers in measuring audience engagement. Utilizing Principal Components Analysis (PCA), we identified six components explaining 100% of the dataset variance. Component 1 represented overall video popularity, while Component 2 captured nuances of content quality and appreciation. In conclusion, this study offers valuable insights for content creators and researchers navigating YouTube's landscape for knowledge-sharing in mango cultivation. While originality and channel categories may not be the primary drivers of viewership, geographical location and subscriber counts emerged as crucial influencers. The PCA and correlation analyses reveal intricate aspects that contribute to video performance, enabling stakeholders to enhance content strategies for efficient knowledge dissemination on YouTube.
Karishma Sebastian1,2* and B. Bindu3
1College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, KAU, Kerala, 695 522, India. 2Division of Horticulture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641 114, India. 3FSRS, Sadanandapuram, Kollam, Kerala, 691 531, India. Corresponding e-mail: karishmasebastian11@gmail.com
Abstract: Papaya fruits’ popularity and widespread consumption are due to their peculiar flavour and nutritional characteristics. However, rapid deterioration and high incidence of rots during handling and storage limits its shelf life. Traditionally, people resort to applying synthetic chemical fungicides to control the anthracnose caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on fruits. However, their repeated use has caused resistance in microorganisms and toxicity in humans. Hence, there is increasing interest in using natural alternatives instead of chemical treatment. Papaya variety Surya fruits collected at the fully mature green stage were subjected to different postharvest management practices and were packaged in corrugated fibre board boxes and stored till the end of shelf life under ambient conditions. Papaya fruits harvested at a fully mature green stage and subjected to precooling followed by external coating with 1% chitosan and packaging with ethylene scrubber KMnO4 (T7) recorded the longest shelf life of 9.67 days. The same treatment also registered the lowest physiological loss in weight (5.64 %), least ion leakage (93.41 %), maximum total carotenoids, total soluble solids, total sugar, reducing sugar and minimum acidity after nine days of storage. No fungal spoilage and fruit rot were recorded in T7 after three days of storage, with zero percent disease index. After six and nine days of storage, the lowest disease index (16.67 and 27.78 % each) was noticed in T7.
Atithi Debnath1,Aparajita Roy Das2, Kripamoy Chakraborty1, Ajay Krishna Saha2 and Panna Das1*
1Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar-799 022, Tripura, India. 2Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar-799 022, Tripura, India. Corresponding e-mail: panna11d@gmail.com
Abstract: The efficacy of rhizospheric native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from naturally growing Cassia fistula L. trees was evaluated by utilizing seeds from the same trees to assess growth and biochemical properties. This study aimed to investigate whether biochemical content could be augmented in naturally growing trees, contrasting them with greenhouse-grown seedlings. The findings revealed that arbuscular mycorrhiza-inoculated seedlings exhibited significantly higher shoot and root length, leaf area, and shoot dry weight compared to non-mycorrhizal plants under greenhouse conditions. Furthermore, there was a noteworthy increase in biochemicals such as protein, carbohydrates, and phenols in mycorrhizal-inoculated plants and naturally growing trees when compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. Interestingly, carbohydrates and phenols were significantly more abundant in naturally growing trees than in greenhouse experiment plants. Additionally, the methanolic leaf extract of non-mycorrhizal plants exhibited the lowest inhibition percentage (%) on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals in comparison to mycorrhizal plants and naturally growing trees. Moreover, the effective concentration at 50% inhibition of DPPH radicals by mycorrhizal plants and naturally growing trees was lower than that observed in non-mycorrhizal plants. The biochemical estimates obtained from mycorrhizal plants substantiate the results observed in naturally growing trees, thereby supporting the assumption that native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may enhance the levels of biochemicals in naturally growing C. fistula trees.
Hayam A.A. Mahdy1, A.S. Tantawy2, A.M.R. Abdel-Mawgoud2 and Z.F. Fawzy2
1Botany Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. 2Vegetable Research Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: hayam1111@yahoo.com
Abstract: The present study aims to explore various alternatives to alleviate the detrimental effects of salinity on tomato plants subjected to salt stress. An experiment was conducted in pots during the growing seasons of 2021 and 2022. Hybrid Super Strain B of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) seedlings were transplanted in pots with a diameter of 0.3 m and a capacity of 15 liters, filled with washed sand. Subsequently, fresh water was used for irrigation for two weeks, after which salinity treatments were applied. To achieve targeted EC levels (control, 2000, 3000, and 4000 ppm), saline water was mixed with fresh water. Two weeks after transplantation, foliar sprays of nano-K or nano-P were administered three times during the seasons, at two-week intervals. The findings indicate that increasing salinity levels had a significant negative impact on the growth and production aspects of all plants. However, the negative impacts were mitigated by the application of nano fertilizers, particularly nano-K. The results suggest that the mitigation effects of foliar application of nano fertilizers could be attributed to the partial recovery of nutrient imbalances caused by salinity stress.
R. Sai Prasanth1*, A. Surendrakumar1, R. Kavitha1, K. Nagarajan2, K. Venkatesan3, and R. Ravikumar4
1Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. 2Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kumulur, India. 3 Department of Spices and plantation crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.4Mathematics, Department of Agricultural Meteorology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. Corresponding e-mail: saiprasanthravuri@gmail.com
Abstract: Capsicum annuum L., also known as bell or sweet pepper, is a globally significant horticultural crop in the Solanaceae family. India’s red and yellow colored capsicum holds 13th rank in export. In India, color capsicum is a valuable crop, yielding 2.34 times more per square meter in protected cultivation comparing open field. Tamil Nadu contributes 16,689 tonnes on 284 hectares, comprising 5.13% of India’s total. Modern agriculture benefits from automation and robotics, especially in protected cultivation for selective, high-quality capsicum harvesting, reducing labor fatigue. In consideration to the issues like timely and repetitive harvestings and shortage of labour a study was focused to develop a robotic harvester. The study evaluated the engineering attributes of red and yellow capsicum during protected cultivation, classified into size categories A, B and C. Moisture content ranged from 83.6% to 87.12%. Capsicum dimensions spanned 57 mm to 110 mm in length, 52 mm to 98 mm in width, and 51 mm to 96 mm in thickness. Red capsicum had slightly larger arithmetic, geometric, square mean, and equivalent diameters, with sphericity ranging from 0.89 to 0.93. Surface area varied from 87 cm² to 316 cm², volume from 108 cm³ to 363 cm³, and mass from 67 g to 226 g, with red capsicum slightly larger. The highest static friction coefficient was with aluminum, at 0.61 to 0.66. Using the CIELAB model for color estimation, the significant color difference for red and yellow capsicum were 79.26 and 70.28 respectively. Moisture content was negatively correlated with aspect ratio and sphericity, and other attributes had positive correlations. This data is valuable for potential capsicum harvesting mechanization in robotics and protected cultivation.
B. Srinivasulu1, S.S. Vijaya Padma2, L. Naram Naidu3, Ch. Kiran Kumar4 and V. Sekhar5
1Department of Vegetable Science, C.O.H., V.R. Gudem, Andhra Pradesh. 2Department of Horticulture, C.O.H., Chinalataripi, Andhra Pradesh.3Department of Horticulture, Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Andhra Pradesh. 4Department of Soil Science and Agronomy, C.O.H., Parvathipuram, Andhra Pradesh. 5Department of agricultural statistics, C.O.H., V.R. Gudem, Andhra Pradesh. Corresponding e-mail: bsvas333@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.15
Key words: Charantin, TSS, vitamin-C, iron, quality and Momordica charantia L.
Abstract: Commercial exploitation of bitter gourd hybrids is primarily focused on yield, while limited research has been conducted on the quality aspects of this crop. The study was conducted during the Summer and Kharif seasons of 2022 to identify superior hybrids compared to the standard checks in terms of significant quality traits. A total of 21 crosses were produced by crossing seven genetically distinct parents in a half diallel mating pattern during the summer of 2022. A total of 7 parents, 21 F1 hybrids, and 2 checks were assessed using a randomized complete block design with three replications during the Kharif season of 2022. The crosses, viz., Kashi Mayuri x IC-44418 and IC-44418 x IC-68314 have shown better performance in terms of quality aspects such as TSS. On the other hand, Kashi Mayuri x Special Boldar and IC-44418 x Special Boldar were found to be superior than commercial checks, Pragathi and Monarch for vitamin-C. Significantly greater heterosis for iron content was observed in the crosses viz., Kashi Mayuri x IC-469512, IC-433630 x IC-469512, and Kashi Mayuri x Special Boldar. Charantin, known for its antidiabetic properties, is a significant quality character present in fruits. The hybrids viz., IC-44418 x IC-68314, IC-433630 x IC-68314, and IC-68314 x IC-469512 demonstrated a significant increase in charantin heterosis. The superior cross combinations identified in this study warrant further evaluation to assess their potentiality and stability for commercial release as hybrids or varieties.
K. Moyo1, Z.P. Khetsha1*, M.M. Masowa1,2, E. Van Der Watt3, K.M. Moloantoa4 and J.O. Unuofin5
1Department of Agriculture, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, South Africa. 2ARC – Vegetable, Industrial and Medicinal Plants, Private Bag x 293, Pretoria, South Africa. 3Department of Soil- and Crop- and Climate Sciences, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa. 4Department of Microbiology, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag X540001, Durban, South Africa. 5Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa. Corresponding e-mail: zkhetsha@ut.ac.za
Abstract: Plants get exposed to multiple stresses throughout their phenological growth stages. At most, these stresses are attributed to single or combined stresses like salinity, water deficits, wounding, mineral deficiencies, potting bag size, soil/root media density and type, soil pH, and the type of production system employed. Multistress factors have been widely reported to reduce the plant growth and development, strength, yield, and quality of horticultural crops globally. In the literature, reports extensively recommended the use of silicon-based biostimulants to improve the growth and development of commercial horticultural plants; however, little has been reported in South Africa on the recovery response mechanisms of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and kale (Brassica oleracea L.) grown under multi-stress conditions treated with silicon-based biostimulants, and using the cheaper eco-friendly production systems. In South Africa, most silicon-based biostimulant production companies reserve their novel concoctions as their company secrets; thus, many of the products are never tested in public to ascertain and monitor compliance with the Fertilizers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies, and Stock Remedies Act 36 of 1947 in South Africa. On the other hand, emerging farmers and smallholder growers are failing to afford existing agricultural insurance options, thereby affecting their yields against the commercially developed farmers. Although the government aids farmers, the assistance does not cover all costs associated with the multistress losses. Some farmers and growers adopted advanced production systems; however, at most, these systems are costly and rely primarily on electricity as a source of power, which is a challenge in South Africa. This paper explains various production systems used by commercial and emerging farmers, and the smallholder growers in South Africa to reduce costs related to multistress losses. Moreover, an alternative eco-organic production system that applies silicon-based biostimulant as a novel idea for commercial vegetables grown under extreme multi-stress conditions is recommended for emerging farmers and smallholder growers in South Africa. Future studies should be based on eco-friendly production systems in vegetable production in line with Sustainable Development Goals, to combat poverty and improve the livelihood of the African countries.
Jose Merin1, T. Sajitha Rani1, P. Shalini Pillai1, V. Jayakrishnakumar1 and B. Rani2
1Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram- 695522. 2Deparment of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram- 695522. Corresponding e-mail: pmerinpjose@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.17
Key words: Micro irrigation, mulching, water productivity, water use efficiency, yield
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at the Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala, to evaluate the efficacy of micro irrigation and mulching on growth and yield of bhindi in rain shelter. The experiment was carried out in a split plot design with four replications. The treatment consisted of 5 main plot treatments (i1: Surface drip irrigation, i2: Rain hose irrigation, i3: Sub surface drip irrigation at 10 cm, i4: Sub surface drip irrigation at 15 cm, i5: Sub surface drip irrigation at 20 cm) and 2 sub plot treatments (m1: No mulch, m2: Organic mulch). Dry banana leaves available in the area was used as organic mulch @ 10 t ha-1. Results of the study revealed that types of irrigation had significant influence on yield and yield attributes, water productivity, water use efficiency and economics of bhindi. Sub surface drip irrigation at 10 cm depth recorded the highest fruit yield m-2 (2.29 kg). Water productivity and water use efficiency was 45% and 27% higher in sub surface drip irrigation at 10 cm depth than rain hose irrigation. Significantly higher net returns (? 5.31 lakhs ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.39) were observed in sub surface drip irrigation at 10 cm depth, which was on par with sub surface drip irrigation at 15 cm depth. Based on the findings of the study, sub surface drip irrigation at 10 cm depth along with organic mulching can be recommended for bhindi cultivation for obtaining higher yield, water use efficiency and economics.
1Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Odisha. 2Department of Chemistry, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751004, Odisha. 3Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Odisha. Corresponding e-mail: pradip_callme@yahoo.co.in, nanda.spandan56@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.18
Key words: Biochar, nanocomposites, photocatalysis, heavy metals, industrial dye, sustainable
Abstract: For a realistic solution, the synthesis of a cost-effective and efficient photocatalyst for the environmental need is utmost essential. Here, a simple in situ hydrothermal method that is a type of “green synthesis” since it doesn’t require harmful chemicals was used to synthesise the simple catalyst Co3O4/reduced graphene oxide/biochar (CBG). The Co3O4 nanoparticles are finely distributed over the sheets of reduced graphene oxide and biochar during the morphological examination, making the composite stable and appropriate for environmental applications. This catalyst was specifically used to create a Z-scheme heterostructure composite that significantly improves the Co3O4 and biochar/rGO photocatalytic performance when exposed to visible light. When it comes to dye and heavy metal Chromium (VI) degradation, the catalyst composite exhibited significantly greater catalytic efficacy compared to individual catalysts. The structural, morphological, and optical features of the CBG nanocomposite were primarily responsible for its exceptional visible light photocatalytic activity with a maximum kinetic rate constant. By optimising the catalyst ratio, the herein described technology can be used to create a promising photocatalyst for environment friendly and sustainable development.
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