Faculty of Agriculture, University of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Palm oil Research Institute of Indonesia, Indonesia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i03.41
Key words: Andisol, Burkholderia cepacia, potato, SP36, phosphate
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Abstract: Since 2013, Mount Sinabung has erupted and changed soil properties including microorganisms in the soil and affected the production of potatoes in Karo highland in Indonesia. In vitro screening of bacteria from surrounding horticulture land, their ability to dissolve phosphate showed that Burkholderia cepacia was the best bacteria. The aim of this study was to examine the capability of B. cepacia and P fertilizer on Andisol in improving soil P- available and production of potato (Solanum tuberosum L). The research design used was factorial randomized block with two factors. Factor I was the volume of B. cepacia inoculum, consist of 4 treatments; without B. cepacia, 10, 20 and 30 mL B. cepacia inoculum. Factor II was the dosage of SP36, consist of 3 treatments: 50, 75 and 100% from recommended dosage (9.75 g, 6.5 g and 13 g SP36/plant, respectively). The control was potato plant without applying B. cepacia but adding 7.8 g Urea, 10 g KCl and 13 g SP36 (100% suggested P fertilizer) which was applied twice with the same dosage. The results showed that application of B. cepacia application and P fertilizer dosage increased shoot dry weight 50.07-113.73%, soil P available 5.04-35.42%, P-uptake 34.47-163.28% and tuber yield 12.57-50.66% compared with control. The best treatment in increasing potato tuber yield was 20 mL B. cepacia/plant and 9.75 g SP36/plant.
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Buenos Aires, Av. San Mart?n 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i03.42
Key words: Postharvest, quality, immersion, refrigerated storage
Abstract: Demand for fresh vegetables has led to development of postharvest teconologies mainly focused on minimizing the use of chemical additives and look alternatives for food preservation. The use of naturally derived edible coatings emerges as a promising alternative for maintaining quality and safety of horticultural products during storage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of Aloe vera gel for edible coating in green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to extend postharvest life. Treatments were: immersion 1:1 (50%); 1:3 (25%) with Aloe or distillated water (0:1) for 5 minutes at room temperature. Overall visual quality, weight loss, color, firmness, total soluble solids and at the end of storage period microbiological evaluation and electrolyte leakage were measured over 14 days of refrigerated storage at 5 or 10 ?C. Results were analyzed by Tukey test and non parametric method was used for visual quality. All samples stored at 5 ?C, regardless of Aloe gel dose, had higher visual quality, lowest weight loss and better color retention than those stored at 10 ?C. Electrolyte leakage was higher in non treated product. Soluble content was higher and weight loss lower in treated samples.
Botanic Garden, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (U.P.). SSJ Campus (Almora), Kumaun University, Nanital (Uttarakhand).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i03.43
Key words: Bougainvillea, characterization, DUS Test, evaluation, varieties
Abstract: The experiment was carried out during 2012-13 and 2013-14 to estimate the morphological variability of 25 Indian Bougainvillea varieties at Botanic Garden, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow for 28 morphological traits. The variegated varieties viz., Dr. P.V. Sane, Abhimanyu and Los Banos ?Variegata? showed a unique tertiary leaf blade colour. Out of the 25 varieties, seven varieties had elliptic leaf blade shape while 13 varieties had medium ovate. Nine varieties had variegated leaves and rest were non-variegated. Only three varieties viz., Los Banos ?Variegata?, Los Banos Variegata ?Silver Margin? and Pallavi had multiple bracts and flowers were absent. Bracts colour also had a wide variation from light colour (white) to dark colour (magenta). The results suggest that the characterization data of these varieties can be used as a reference for registration of other new varieties under PPV&FR Act, 2001. This investigation may also be helpful to the researchers with respect to breeding of Bougainvillea varieties for particular traits. Moreover, ornamental plant growers can also get benefited with regards to selection of suitable varieties of their interest.
Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i03.44
Key words: Rabi onion, fertilizer, farmyard manure, integrated nutrient management, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium.
Abstract: Various nutrient interventions affect onion yield and storage quality. Integrated nutrient management interventions need be evaluated for their effect on yield of rabi onion. Three farmyard manure (FYM) rates (0, 25 and 50 t ha-1), three nitrogen (N) rates (75,100 and 125 kg N ha-1), three P rates (30, 50 and 70 kg P2O5 ha-1) and three K rates (30, 50 and 70 kg K2O ha-1) were tested on Punjab Naroya cultivar by using Latin Square Design. A control plot was kept with each rate of FYM application. The treatments were replicated over three artificially created fertility strips. Fertilizer N was the most limiting element. Higher FYM rates though can be used to reduce N, P, and K fertilizer rates, but doubling FYM rate from 25 to 50 t ha-1 did not benefit in general. Bulb yield data indicated that 25 t ha-1 FYM, 100 kg N ha-1, 50 kg of P and K ha-1gave the best results. The results hold significance in view of higher FYM rate recommendation (50 t ha-1) in certain states.
Cool Climate Oenology and Viticulture Institute, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i02.20
Key words: Fruit composition, soil texture, GPS, GIS, precision viticulture
Abstract: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that soil texture would play a minor role in the determination of yield components, fruit composition, and wine sensory attributes of Chardonnay (i.e. the terroir effect), and that vine size, crop size and associated fruit environment would play the major roles. Five Chardonnay vineyards in the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario, Canada were chosen for study. These vineyards were located on sites with heterogeneous soil types to allow study of the impact upon yield, fruit composition and wine sensory attributes of: 1. Soil texture with mesoclimate kept constant; 2. The comparative magnitude of effects of soil texture and vine vigor. Vineyard blocks were delineated using global positioning systems (GPS), and a series of 72 to 162 data vines per site were geo-located within a sampling grid imposed on each vineyard block. Data were collected on soil texture, soil composition, tissue elemental composition, vine performance (yield components and weight of cane prunings), and fruit composition. These variables were mapped using geographical information systems (GIS) software and relationships between them were elucidated. Soil texture and composition were occasionally correlated to yield components and fruit composition but often these relationships were site-specific. Spatial relationships were common between % sand and clay, vine size, yield, berry weight, soluble solids (Brix), and titratable acidity (TA); however, relationships were both vineyard and vintage dependent. Several spatial relationships were apparent as well between vine size, yield, Brix, TA, and various soil/petiole composition variables, including organic matter, soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and soil/petiole N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and B. Spatial relationships between yield, berry weight, berry composition, vine size, and several soil physical variables suggest a likely soil basis to the so-called 'terroir effect'. Vine size, yield, and berry weight were stable temporally within individual vineyards despite differences in annual climatic conditions. Soil texture (% sand) was frequently associated with high vine size, yield, and berry weight. Vine size directly correlated with berry weight. TA was often correlated with vine size. Soil composition had little relationship to petiole composition, fruit composition or yield except in a few specific cases, e.g., between pH and soil K.
College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, P. R. China. College of Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, P. R. China. AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University System, Bea
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i02.21
Key words: Fruit bagging, overrunning clutch, self-locking, paper bag with rubber bands and plastic rings
Abstract: Bagging fruit on the trees in the orchard is a challenge to the fruit industry in China and many other countries due to the heavy labor requirement and low efficiency of the current fruit bagging methods. In this study, we developed a novel semi-automatic apparatus for bagging fruits to overcome these disadvantages. This apparatus adopts a mechanism similar to 'overrunning clutch' using the self-locking principle between nut and bolt to achieve the paper bags being progressively delivered by a screwed pipe and slid out individually. Such apparatus is of simplicity in design and efficiency in operation with a low cost. It does not require a battery or any of other sources of power to complete the process. This article describes the design and operation procedure of this apparatus in details. To our knowledge, this is the first apparatus to complete the fruit bagging process using the paper bags with rubber bands and plastic rings based on the new mechanism of operation.
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA, 37996. Formerly of Hort Americas, LLC, Euless, TX, USA.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i02.22
Key words: Hydroponic, protected culture, light emitting diode, metal halide, lettuce, Lactuca sativa, greenhouse, high intensity discharge lighting
Abstract: Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is one of the most common vegetable crops produced in greenhouses in the United States. Yet, it is difficult to maintain consistent production cycles in many areas due to seasonal variation in ambient light. This presents a challenge to profitability, so, many growers utilize supplemental lighting to provide more consistent production in greenhouse leafy crop operations. Research has frequently been carried out to investigate the relationships between light, temperature, and carbon dioxide (CO2) in greenhouse lettuce crops to optimize production and profitability. Much of this work has been carried out using high intensity discharge lights (HID), specifically high pressure sodium (HPS) and metal halide (MH). Currently, growers are considering whether light emitting diode (LED) technology can augment or replace HID lighting for greenhouse-grown vegetables. To improve knowledge in this area, this study evaluated LED and MH lighting in Bibb lettuce crop in the Midwestern United States during low light seasons in 2014. Three lighting treatments were compared: 1) a naturally lighted control, 2) supplemental MH lighting, and 3) supplemental LED lighting. Three sequential runs comparing the three lighting treatments were carried out between January and April of 2014. At the conclusion of each run, fresh shoot weight for all plants was measured along with a chlorophyll content index and a subjective tipburn rating. Supplemental lighting increased biomass over naturally-lighted controls by 194%, 104%, and 39% in MH and 253%, 165%, and 55% in LED in runs one, two, and three, respectively across the two cultivars. Differences in the chlorophyll content index and tipburn rating were also observed in lettuce under both supplemental lighting treatments when compared to the naturally lighted control. This study illustrates that supplemental lighting can improve greenhouse lettuce yield during low light seasons, but suggests growers implementing supplemental lighting should carefully monitor and manage crop quality.
Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, Parma Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, 29603 University of Idaho Lane, Parma, ID 83660, USA.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i02.23
Key words: Jasmonic acid, polyamines, chilling injury, citrus, cold storage.
Abstract: Chilling injury is one of the most important problems of tropical and subtropical fruits during storage that can occur if the temperature falls below 5 oC. Polyamines and methyl jasmonate (MJ) are believed to prevent and inhibit chilling injury (CI) during storage. In order to find a suitable treatment to reduce CI of oranges (Citrus sinensis) during cold storage, a research was conducted with two concentrations of MJ and two concentrations of spermidine (Spd) and putrescine (Put) (1 and 1.5 mgL-1), applied as pre-storage treatments and fruits were stored at 2 oC for 1.5 months. Application of MJ and PAs reduced percentages of CI, decay, pitting, physiological decay (PHD), ion leakage, potassium leakage, and weight loss (WL) and firmness in the fruit as compared to control after the storage period. Put at 1 mgL-1 had significantly lower percentage ion leakage and pH although CI in this treatment was similar to other treatments. Fruit juice density was not affected by any of the treatments.
Department of Aridland Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i02.24
Key words: Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), salinity, morphology, pigments, physiology
Abstract: Salinity represents an increasing threat to agricultural production in every region of the world. The objective of this investigation was to determine ameliorative effects of calcium chloride (CaCl2) on salt stressed lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in terms of growth, pigments and biochemical contents. The treatments were divided into 4 sections: control, 80mM NaCl, 80mM NaCl +5mM CaCl2 and 5mM CaCl2 alone. NaCl and CaCl2 stress decreased lettuce plant root and stem length, number of leaves and fresh weight versus the control. NaCl combined with CaCl2 increased these parameters versus treatments with NaCl or CaCl2 alone. Salt stress reduced the shoot and root fresh weight. The roots showed slightly increased growth under salinity, but after the treatment with CaCl2 the plants were normal. The pigment chlorophyll showed a diminishing trend in NaCl stressed plants, but it increased with CaCl2 application. The chlorophyll content increased in all plants with age. There was a slight decrease in carotenoid and anthocyanin contents with NaCl treated plants. CaCl2 also showed decrease in carotenoid and anthocyanin contents, but it was still higher than that of NaCl treated plants. Proline and phenol contents increased in lettuce plants under treatment with NaCl and CaCl2 when compared to the control. From these results, it can be concluded that the addition of CaCl2 to NaCl-stressed lettuce plants have a significant role in partial alleviation of salinity stress. Our results indicated that the cultivation of vegetable plants like lettuce in saline areas would be possible with supplemental calcium application.
Department of Horticulture (Floriculture), Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr El-sheikh University, 33516, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i02.25
Key words: Seashore Paspalum, Paspalum vaginatum, late season nutrition, cold wear.
Abstract: The present research was conducted on Kafer El-Sheikh University garden turfgrass during the winter season (November-May) of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 to study the possibility of improving cold tolerance of seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) turfgrass during late season through either nutrition by compost alone or in combination with foliar application of potassium, silicon, iron or calcium separately. Compost was applied to all area except control on 1st November of each season at 10m3/feddan (2.38kg/m2). Aqueous solutions containing the recommended dose of each element plus 0.1% Tween 20 as a wetting agent were sprayed on the above ground parts until runoff, twice a month. The results showed that compost and Fe combination followed by compost and K2SO4 recorded the best results for most growth and anatomical measurements. The least growth values were observed from the compost alone or in combination with silicon and control treatments.
Division of Fruit Crops, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaragatta Lake post, Bangalore- 560 089.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i02.26
Key words: Mango, pruning, paclobutrazol, vigour, phenolic acids, flavonoids, flowering
Abstract: Dominant vegetative phase, if not regulated, can adversely affect the mango production particularly under high density planting systems. Pruning after fruit harvest and use of paclobutrazol (PBZ) have been identified as common strategies for tree vigour regulation and productivity enhancement in mango. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of 50% pruning of current and previous season vegetative growth and PBZ (3 mL/ m canopy diameter) on tree vigour, flowering and phenol contents in three mango cvs. Raspuri, Dashehari and Amrapali. Suppression of plant height, tree girth, canopy spread, shoot length and girth was witnessed with PBZ application in trees pruned to 50% of current season growth followed by trees pruned to 50% of previous season growth and unpruned trees. Early flowering witnessed as a result of PBZ application led to advanced fruit harvest by 20.4, 13.0 and 14.7 days in trees pruned to 50% of current season growth and 18.7, 13.7 and 15 days in trees pruned to 50% previous season growth in the cvs Raspuri, Dashehari and Amrapali, respectively. Drastic increase in total phenols, total flavonoids and phenolic acid contents were observed at 75 days after PBZ application in PBZ treated unpruned trees and in trees pruned to 50% of current season growth followed by in trees pruned to 50% of previous season growth. The high levels of o-coumaric acid, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid and salicylic acid and low levels of caffeic acid and t-cinnamic acid were observed following PBZ application in tree pruned to 50% of current season growth and unpruned trees compared to control. From the study it was apparent that the pruning of trees to 50% of current season growth and PBZ application are vital for regulating tree size, early flowering and advancing fruit harvest in mango and such beneficial effects of treatments were mediated through increases in phenols and flavonoids contents.
Agronomy and Horticulture Study Program, Post Graduate School, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), and Bogor Agricultural Extension Institute (STPP Bogor). Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i02.27
Key words: Cluster analysis, euclidean distance, principal component analysis, relative productivity
Abstract: Tomato genotypes exibit different shade intolerance and shade-tolerant tomatoes have potential for vegetable-agroforestry system. To obtain shade-tolerant tomatoes, a study on several tomato traits were evaluated on their morphological and physiological characteristics and their yield as responses to low light intensity. This experiment was conducted at farmer’s field, Bogor (October 2014-February 2015) using nested factorial design with three replications. Study was conducted on 50 tomato genotypes cultivated under 50 and 100% light intensity. Variables observed were: leaf number and area, flower number, fruit number, fruit weight and production, flowering and harvesting time. The tolerance levels of tested genotypes were classified based on plant relative productivity rate. Analysis of variance was used to differentiate between genotypes within response group; principal component analysis to define variance characters between genotypes; and cluster analysis using Euclidean distance method to determine relationship among tomato genotypes and similarity level . The 50 genotypes under shading condition were classified into 5 shade-loving genotypes, 16 shade-tolerant genotypes, 15 shade-moderately-tolerant genotypes and 14 shade-sensitive genotypes. First two principal components explained 57.19% variation. The first principal component was plant production and reproduction with the value of 37.69%; and the second one was plant morphological characters with the value of 19.50%. The dendrogram from cluster analysis separated 50 genotypes to 3 clusters with a distance of 20. There were 7 genotypes in the first cluster, 11 genotypes in the second cluster; and 32 genotypes in the third cluster.
Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (141001) Punjab, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i02.28
Key words: Grapes, Cardinal, Punjab Purple (H-516), Merlot, fruiting behaviour.
Abstract: Grape vines, trained on Y-trellis system were evaluated for their fruiting behaviour during the fruiting season of 2011-12 in Punjab conditions (North India). The maximum number of bunches per vine were recorded in variety Punjab Purple (H-516) and the maximum berries per bunch were recorded in variety Chardonnay. While, the variety Cardinal was promising in other berry characteristics such as berry weight, length, breadth and firmness, juice recovery was higher in variety Merlot. Varieties Himrod, Punjab Purple (H-516) and Pusa Navrang performed better as compared to other varieties with respect to physico- chemical parameters. Based on the overall performance, variety Punjab Purple (H-516) was found to be the most promising under North Indian conditions.
PDPIAS, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Anand, Gujarat, India. ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Research, Boriavi, Anand, Gujarat, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i02.29
Key words: CTAB, DNA fingerprinting, RAPD, ISSR, SSR, barcode, gene
Abstract: Extraction of DNA from medicinal and aromatic plants is often problematic, since these plants contain high levels of secondary metabolites which interfere with PCR based downstream applications and restriction digestions. Removal of these secondary metabolites requires appropriate reagents for DNA isolation. This investigation optimised an efficient DNA isolation protocol for Cymbopogon species that yielded sufficient quantity of DNA and could be used for diverse molecular applications. The modified protocol was also compared with the two existing DNA extraction procedures for cost effectiveness, time efficiency and quality DNA recovery. The modified protocol yields good amount of DNA ranging from 76 to 90 µg/ g of fresh tissues which was significantly higher in comparison to the other two protocols. A260/A280 ratio of the DNA obtained from the modified method ranged from 1.81 to 1.87 indicates purity of DNA and was also found to be suited for downstream applications such as restriction digestions. Subsequent RAPD, ISSR, SSR and barcode gene amplification analysis suggested that the DNA isolated by our modified method was suitable for various molecular research applications. The efficiency of this method in terms of lesser time requirement and cost effectiveness makes the present method a noticeable alternative for total cellular DNA extraction for Cymbopogon species and could be adoptable by the developing countries across the world.
Department of Soil Science and Land Resources, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i02.19
Key words: Land suitability, land availability, multi-criteria decision-making, spatial overlay, SPOT-6 imagery
Abstract: In Indonesia, Java Island still contributes a large amount of the total number of vegetables produced. In this tropical country, vegetables are produced in two different agro-ecological conditions, which are high altitude and low altitude. The rapidly increasing population growth has caused the centre's production of high altitude vegetables on Java Island to be increasingly pressured by other types of land utilization. This study was conducted in one of the production centres of tropical high altitude vegetable crops in the upper slope area of Mts Gede-Pangrango, West Java, covering an area of 78,290 ha. The research objective was to delineate the suitable land that is available for high altitude vegetables crops. In the first step, land suitability was analysed using multi-criteria decision-making methodology. The criteria used include those grouped within the parameters of land, topography, climate and ease of management; criterion consists of sub-criteria. The criteria were weighted using the Analytical Hierarchy Process, while sub-criteria were scored according to their contributions to land suitability. The weights of the criteria and scores of the sub-criteria were used for delineating land suitability in a geographic information system model. In the second step, the land availability was analysed by taking into account the constraints of forest area status designation and the spatial pattern of official land use plan map. Results of both analyses were used to delineate suitable and available land for tropical high altitude vegetables crops. The results showed that the amount of land that was suitable and available for tropical high altitude vegetables crops was 23.7% of the analysed area. The area of suitable and available land that is actually not used yet is 9% of the area analysed, which could be recommended for the expansion of vegetable crops. Land that is suitable and available, either land that is already used or land that is not yet used, could be designated as priority lands to be protected from the pressure of non-agricultural land utilization in order to maintain the sustainability of vegetable availability