1Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India-190025. 2Baba Farid College, Bathinda Punjab. 3Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Enugu-Onitsha Expressway, Awka P.M.B 5025, Anambra State, Nigeria. Corresponding e-mail: s.zahoor37@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i02.42
Key words: Apple, knowledge index, assessment, Kashmir, yield
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Abstract: Apple is one of the important fruits grown in different regions, including India. In India, it is mainly cultivated in temperate regions of Kashmir valley due to its well suited climatic conditions. In Kashmir, most people are directly or indirectly dependent on apple cultivation for their livelihood. Apple is considered to be Kashmir’s eye as it produces 80% share of total fruit produced in the country and is the mainstay of the economy with revenue of around Rs 1500 crores. More than seven lakh families, i.e., above 50% of the population in the valley, are associated with this industry and almost 3.5 lakh hectares of land is under apple cultivation. The area under apple fruit has increased, but the production and productivity has not improved to a satisfactory level. Adopting improved technologies plays an important role in achieving the goal of higher production and productivity in Kashmir valley. A wide gap exists between the available technologies and its actual adoption by the apple growers was reflected through poor yield at the grower’s field. This disparity was entirely due to a lack of knowledge and awareness about various innovative techniques and technologies developed at different research stations. The study was carried out in various regions of Kashmir valley that were purposefully chosen to have the most area under apple cultivation. The study used a multistage sampling procedure. The study found that the mean knowledge index of apple growers in district Shopian was 51.75 percent, followed by the apple growers in district Baramulla (46.76%) and the least mean knowledge index (41.36%) was found among the apple growers of district Budgam. However, the overall mean knowledge index from all three districts was 46.62 percent. The study also found that apple growers’ knowledge index is determined by age, experience, education, media exposure, innovative proneness, scientific orientation, and risk orientation. Furthermore, apple growers need to follow innovative techniques and technologies to increase the production and productivity of apple fruit, maximize returns, and ensure food security.
1Department of Vegetable Science, 2Department of Plant Pathology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India.Corresponding e-mail: sk-randhawa@pau.edu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i02.43
Key words: Brassica oleracea, Root-knot nematodes, resistance
Abstract: Root-knot nematodes of genus Meloidogyne are the most devastating plant parasitic nematodes of vegetable crops responsible for severe global economic losses. The objective of the present work was to study the diversity of Meloidogne species in cauliflower growing areas of Punjab and to identify the source of resistance against M. incognita. The root and soil samples were collected from the cauliflower growing areas and associated nematode specie(s) was identified based on perineal pattern morphology and morphometry of adult females. M. incognita sp. was found most prevalent in all the cauliflower growing areas surveyed. A total of thirty genotypes of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) was screened against root-knot nematode, M. incognita, in pots. Four genotypes viz., LSMVAR-6, PI1654, LSMVAR-2 and LS-4 were resistant to M. incognita with root galling index (RGI) less than 2.0 and reproduction factor (Rf) less than 1.0. Among others, fourteen genotypes showed hypersusceptible (RGI 2.0- 2.6; Rf 0.57-1.0) and eleven genotypes showed a susceptible reaction. The resistant genotypes identified in the present study may be utilized to incorporate resistance against M. incognita in commercial cauliflower cultivars.
1Department of Biotechnology, Telangana University, Dichpally, Nizamabad, Telangana, 503322, India. 2Department of Biotechnology, Telangana University, Dichpally, Nizamabad, Telangana, 503322, India. 3Department of Biotechnology, Telangana University, Dichpally, Nizamabad, Telangana, 503322, India. Corresponding e-mail: pmamidala@gmail.com; pmamidala@telanganauniversity.ac.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i02.44
Key words: Gerbera; reactive oxygen species (ROS); antioxidative defense; salinity; oxidative stress; fertigation
Abstract: Salinity adversely affects various plants’ metabolic processes, negatively influencing their productivity and crop yield. Gerbera jamesonii cv. Bolus is a commercially important ornamental plant cultivated globally throughout the year for its cut flower production in polyhouses. During polyhouse cultivation, repeated fertigation may cause salinity in Gerbera, affecting flower quality and yield, and functional alterations in the basal level of cellular antioxidative defence systems. Though several factors induce salinity in general, we focussed on NaCl as it is one of the major components of fertigation. In salt-stressed plants, monitoring altered levels of antioxidative defense systems may help better understand their physiological changes. However, little to no studies were attempted on salinity-induced oxidative damage in Gerbera till date. In the current study, we verified the salt sensitivity level of Gerbera with varying concentrations of NaCl (0-200 mM) using in vitro leaf disc approach. We measured various antioxidative enzymatic/non enzymatic defense systems besides MDA and chlorophyll content. Treatment with higher salt concentrations (above100 mM NaCl) exhibited severe bleaching in leaf discs, followed by elevated levels of H2O2, lipid peroxidation and proline. Besides, our study also revealed a decrease in the total chlorophyll content; activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and ascorbate peroxidase. The observed results showed that Gerbera might not tolerate higher levels of NaCl as it could be detrimental to its cellular activities. Future studies on decoding molecular networks associated with salinity stress and antioxidative defense systems may help in developing salt-tolerant varieties in Gerbera and several other ornamental plants of Asteraceae.
Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of PG Botany, Maharani’s Science College for Women, Mysore-570 005, Karnataka, India. Corresponding e-mail: drashoknpyati@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i02.45
Key words: Dendrobium, In vitro, orchids, plant growth regulators, propagation
Abstract: Dendrobiums are highly valued in the floriculture industry and have important medicinal properties used in preparing herbal medicines in different parts of the world. Numerous anthropogenic factors are leading to the rapid loss of natural stands of germplasm. Plant tissue culture, specifically in vitro propagation, may be the only viable solution for preserving and reintroducing Rare Endangered Threatened (RET) back into the wild. An efficient protocol for in vitro seed germination and propagation through various explants of Dendrobiums was established. The protocols developed will help alleviate the pressure on the natural population under stress but also help meet its demands in pharmaceutical and ornamental industries and form the basis for conservation. A perusal of available literature reveals that micropropagation has been achieved using immature or mature seeds/embryos, protocorms, shoot tips, TLCs, leaf explants, pseudobulbs and nodal segments in Dendrobiums. This review provides a short synopsis of the advances made thus far in the in vitro propagation of ornamental and medicinal Dendrobiums.
1ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow-226101, India. 2Advanced Computing & Research Laboratory, Department of Computer Application, Integral University, Lucknow-226026, India. Corresponding e-mail: Harish.verma@icar.gov.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i02.46
Key words: Accuracies, change detection, Landsat 8 OLI, mango (Mangifera Indica L.), satellite images, vegetation
Abstract: Change detection is a process of identifying and quantifying the differences between images of the same scene at different times and in mango fruit crop is still a very challenging task. The major challenge of change detection in mango is discriminating between perennial fruit crops because many of these crops have similar reflectance profiles. Accurate change detection in the mango area will help the government prepare for area expansion and conservation planning. The main aim of this study was to determine the efficient change detection method for mango fruit crop among the most commonly used change detection methods. In this work, a comparative study was conducted by using Landsat 8 OLI images of two different dates i.e. 14 February, 2015 and 25 February, 2019 of the Malihabad mango region of Lucknow district. In this paper, four change detection methods namely, Vegetation Index Differencing (VID), Log Ratio (LR), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Image Rationg (IR) were evaluated to detect the changes in mango crop area. To extract the mango regions, Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) images of year 2015 and 2019 were calculated and further used to retrieve the VID, LR, PCA, and IR raster images. After that, these four raster images were thresholded to annotate the ‘Positive change’, ‘Negative change’ and ‘No change’ areas; thereafter, to obtain the final change map, masking was applied to mask out the non-mango area. Change detection accuracy was calculated using ground truth data to assess performance. After conducting the comparative analysis of all four change detection methods, it was found that the highest change detection accuracy is achieved with the VID and PCA followed by LR and IR, respectively. PCA and VID methods provided higher accuracies, followed by LR to detect changes in mango crop area. It is due to these methods' capability to enhance the information on the change.
Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agriculture Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221005 (U.P), India. Corresponding e-mail: kumarharsh12312@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.20
Key words: Cluster, genetic divergence, germplasm, Mahalanobis D2 statistic, Tocher’s method
Abstract: An investigation was carried out at Vegetables Research Farm of the Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, during Zaid season (Feb-May) of 2019 to evaluate 26 genotypes of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) for genetic diversity based on 32 morphological and 4 biochemical traits. Since any breeding program’s success depends broadly on the available genetic diversity and the rational selection of parents, the wider genetic diversity of the genotypes offers plentiful room for further improvement in available cultivars. Therefore, Mahalanobis’s D2 statistic was adopted for quantitative assessment of genetic divergence and based on the relative magnitude of D2 values, twelve clusters were formed. Of the twelve clusters, cluster I was largest with the nine genotypes, followed by cluster ? with seven genotypes. Among the traits studied, maximum genetic divergence was contributed by the character seed weight index (15.38%). The maximum inter-cluster distance was recorded between cluster VII and XI (106.09) while, the intra-cluster distance was highest in cluster III (46.03) which marked the presence of wide genetic diversity among the genotypes GP-150, Pusa Madhuras, MHY-3, GP-20, MM-1, Durgapur Selection, and GP-73. The inter-cluster distance was more than the intra-cluster distance indicating the presence of wide genetic diversity, among the genotypes under study.
1ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow-226101, India. 2Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow-226026, India. 3Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India. Corresponding e-mail: anju.bajpai@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.21
Key words: Salinity, 2-D Electrophoresis, 13-1, rootstock, signal transduction, phenol accumulation, Cell wall and cytoskeleton, transcription regulation
Abstract: Increasing salinity is a cause of concern for meeting UN sustainable development goals and needs urgent mitigation strategies. The widespread use of salinity tolerant rootstocks in salt-sensitive fruits provides long-term solutions to the harsh effects of soil salinization. Polyembryonic mango cultivar 13-1, a salinity-tolerant variety from Israel, was used to unravel initial salt adaptive mechanism by imposing a salinity screen at 200mM NaCl. Differentially accumulated proteins were separated through 2-D electrophoresis (pH gradient 4.0-7.0), and identified through properties of pI and molecular weight by annotation against Citrus isoelectric focusing database. Protein spots (309) were detected on Coomassie-stained gels and about 22 spots were found differentially expressed in control and stress. Overproduction of stress-related proteins like polygalacturonase (97 kDa/4.9PI) and alcohol dehydrogenase (38kDa/5.6PI) is linked to enhanced cell wall integrity, transpiration rate regulation and ionic maintenance in adaptability mechanism. The upregulated phenylpropanoid pathway proteins p-coumaroyl ester, Flavanone3-hydroxylase-2 and UDP-glycosyl transferase are also involved in stress alleviation through flavonoid accumulation. Glutathione S-transferase was also identified with 2.21-fold accumulation in plants exposed to salinity stress, thereby elucidating its role in oxidative stress mitigation. Cell wall and cytoskeleton metabolism-related proteins were also found to be associated with salinity adaptation in mango cv 13-1. Differential accumulation of proteins implicated in signal transduction pathway, transcription regulation and hormone signaling were also identified. Thus, role of differentially expressed proteins under initial salinity stress conditions provide new insights molecular adjustment mechanisms orchestrated by mango rootstock variety by hormone signaling, osmotic arrangements, cytoskeleton modifications, phenol accumulation and transcription regulation.
Division of Fruit Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Chatha, Jammu- 180009, India. Corresponding e-mail: simrandeep.kour88@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.22
Key words: Regulated deficit irrigation, partial root zone drying, storage, fertigation
Abstract: A two-year study was undertaken in the Division of Fruit Science, SKUAST-J, to examine the effect of differential irrigation regimes as pre-harvest treatments (regulated deficit irrigation and partial root-zone drying) on the shelf life of mango grown in open field conditions. Maximum physiological weight loss (21.06% and 21.10%) and decay loss (51.00% and 52.20%) was recorded under treatment T10 (no irrigation) whereas, minimum was recorded in treatment T9. The fruit moisture was recorded maximum in T7 (77.46 % and 77.72 %) whereas T10 recorded minimum (70.55% and 70.83%) fruit moisture during 2017 and 2018, respectively. Both years recorded maximum fruit firmness in T9 (21.62 and 22.47 lb/in2) and minimum in T10 (14.61 and 15.46 lb/in2). On a mean value basis maximum fruit moisture content and fruit firmness was recorded on 0 day of storage which decreased significantly and continuously upto 10th the day of storage. In contrast, minimum PLW content was recorded on 2nd day of storage which increased significantly and constantly up to 10th the day of storage and minimum decay loss content was recorded on 6th day of storage which increased significantly and continuously upto 10th the day of storage during 2017 and 2018, respectively.
Department of Horticulture, Sikkim University, 6th Mile, Samdur, Tadong-737102, Gangtok, Sikkim, India. Corresponding e-mail: supadhyay@cus.ac.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.23
Key words: Large cardamom, essential oil, GC-MS, Amomum subulatum, capsule, Zingiberaceae
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to study the essential constituents in four major cultivars of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.). Each sample was analysed for volatile oil content using hydro-distillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus. The essential oil content varied from 2.70 to 1.90% and highest amount of essential oil content 2.70% was obtained from variety Golsey. The composition of the essential oil was determined by GC-MS which led to the identification of 47 compounds representing 93%-99.7% of the total oil. The major components identified in the oil were 1,8-Cineole, ?-pinene, ?-Pinene, ?-Terpineol, ?-thujene, ?-terpineol, limonene, ?-terpineol, ?- terpinene and myrcene. Out of 47 metabolites analysed it was found 1,8-Cineole was the major component in the large cardamom oil. Golsey cultivar contained the highest numbers of major metabolites among the cultivars tested. Further, Ramsey cultivar was found with high percentage of 1,8-cineole.
1Vanavarayar Institute of Agriculture, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu, India. 2Department of Spices and Plantation Crops, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. Corresponding e-mail: ck@via.ac.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.24
Key words: Banana, biochar, nutrients, palmyrah, pyrolysis, sugarcane, vetiver, water purification
Abstract: A lab experiment was conducted in Vanavarayar Institute of Agriculture (Affiliated to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University), Pollachi, Tamil Nadu, India during 2018-2019 in a completely randomized design to study the effect of vetiver root (Chrysopogon zizanioides) and other biochars on water quality and water nutrient status in Bore well water and Well water. The experiment consisted of five main factors and two sub-factors. The samples like vetiver root, vetiver root biochar, sugarcane bagasse, palmyrah fruit and banana peel were shade dried and dried in a hot air oven at different temperatures for uniform drying. The pyrolysis process i.e. dried samples into biochar with the recommended temperatures, was carried out in Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi. Water from Bore well and well was filtered using vetiver root and different biochars. Water quality parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, potassium, alkalinity were analyzed. The analysis concludes that vetiver root biochar-treated water showed best results in pH, Electrical conductivity, TDS, Potassium and Sodium concentrations.
1High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre (HAPPRC), H.N.B. Garhwal University, Post Box: 14, Srinagar Garhwal -246174, Uttarakhand, India. 2Department of Biotechnology (CCS), MIET, Meerut-250005 (U.P.), India.Corresponding e-mail:ankitsinghrawat333@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.03
Key words: Phenology, BBCH scale, Meconopsis, Garhwal Himalaya
Abstract: Alpine plant species are perennial but have a shorter growing period according to prevailing habitat conditions that remain snow-covered during winter. In these areas, many of the species are important sources of valuable drugs. Phenological observations on Meconopsis aculeata were recorded at a weekly interval in Tungnath region of western Himalaya. Phenological studies in alpine plants are minimal, especially in Indian Himalayas thus, the present study was carried out to describe detailed phenological stages of M. aculeata in Tungnath region of the Indian Himalaya. The BBCH (Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt, and Chemische Industrie) scale was used to characterize seven primary growth stages from seed germination to senescence, as well as secondary growth stages. These stages include stage 0 (germination phase), stage 1 (leaf development), stage 5 (Inflorescence emergence), stage 6 (flowering), stage 7 (fruit development), stage 8 (Fruit ripening) and stage 9 (Senescence). Due to the high market demand of medicinal plants in local and international markets, work on the various aspects of domestication and crop improvement is a dire need, therefore the detailed phenological growth stages of M. aculeata could be helpful and complimentary for local growers, breeders and researchers.
1Department of Horticulture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349-Iran. 3Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran. 4Gene Bank Department, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran. Corresponding e-mail:swatikapoor@pau.edu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.04
Key words: Flavonoids, essential oil, Iran, Lamiaceae, mint, Zagros
Abstract: Iran has different environmental conditions due to its specific geographical location. Therefore, exploring essential oil and flavonoid components among medicinal plants in different areas may result in discoveries about valuable bioactive compounds. The present investigation aimed to study flavonoids profile and essential oils composition of four Lamiaceae species i.e., Stachys lavandulifolia, Teucrium polium, Thymus daenensis and Ziziphora clinopodioides from Oshtorankoh located on Zagros Mountains, Iran. A chemical study using two dimentional paper chromatography (2-DPC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) showed that the four studied species contained flavone C and C-/O glucosides and flavonoid sulphates. The present study revealed that T. polium had high levels of many flavonoids such as apigenin, genistein, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin, and vitexin compared to the other studied plants. The results of GC/MS analysis showed that S. lavandulifolia was rich in ?-pinene (21.16 %) and 1,8-cineol (16.95 %), T. polium in ?-pinene (12.21 %) and sabinene (9.55 %), T. daenensis in ?-Terpinene (36.98 %) and p-Cymene (26.87 %), and Z. clinopodioides in piperitone (16.84 %) and 1,8-cineol (16.11 %) components.
Pomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, Corresponding e-mail: puii.kh@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.05
Key words: WUE, proline, peroxidase, phenols, soluble sugars, chlorophyll, Punica granatum
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two irrigation levels [100 percent of field capacity (FC) (control)] and 30 percent FC (deficit irrigation) on vegetative growth, biochemical status, and water use efficiency of five pomegranate cultivars (Wonderful, Manfalouty, Acco, Assuity and 116) over two seasons in 2019 and 2020. The results showed that deficit irrigation reduced the dry weight of the shoots and roots, as well as the chlorophyll content of the leaves, in all the pomegranate cultivars. Meanwhile, under stress, proline content, total soluble sugars, total phenols, and peroxidase activity all increased significantly. The Manfalouty cultivar had the highest shoot and root dry weights, as well as the highest water use efficiency, proline content, and total phenols. Furthermore, when compared to other cultivars, the Wonderful cultivar had the highest chlorophyll content during both seasons. In comparison to the other cultivars studied, the Wonderful cultivar showed the limited or no significant increase in peroxidase activity. This could be due to a genotype’s variable peroxidase activity potential in pomegranate cultivars under water stress. The obtained results may indicate that Manfalouty and Wonderful cultivars are more tolerant of deficit irrigation than the other cultivars studied.
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. C.C. 276, 7620 Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina. ? Corresponding e-mail:marcellan.olga@inta.gob.ar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.01
Key words: Rootstock breeding, conventional interspecific crosses, Actinidia chinensis var deliciosa, Actinidia argute, male parent effects, root system analysis
Abstract: Interspecific hybridization is an effective way to create desirable rootstocks for grafting of fruit crops such as kiwifruit. Previous studies showed that interspecific hybrids in the genus Actinidia could be obtained through in vitro embryo culture. In attempts to develop vigor-controlling rootstocks, conventional intraploid crosses between two species that differ in the vigor of their root systems-A. arguta (Issai selection) and A. chinensis var deliciosa (four male genotypes)-were successfully performed without resorting to embryo rescue. A wide variation in root architecture characteristics was detected among the hybrid progenies. The identification of hybrids with less vigorous root systems than those of A. chinensis var deliciosa further highlights the potential of the intraploid hybridization between these species to develop rootstocks with size-controlling potential for kiwifruit. Statistically significant effects of male parent on seed set (xenia), and percentage of germination and normal hybrid seedlings were also detected in this investigation.
Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan. Corresponding e-mail: etimekpiken@yahoo.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.06
Key words: Fruit size, fruit thinning time, low-chill requirement, maturity, Prunus persica
Abstract: This study aimed to see how the timing of fruit thinning affected the fruit quality of the peach cultivar 'KU-PP2'. In the present study. 'KU-PP2' peach trees (12-year-old) were trained to an open center system at the Kagawa University Research Farm in Japan. Fruits were thinned at intervals of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after full bloom (DAFB) on four branches per tree, for a total of 16 branches, to determine the best fruit thinning time for high fruit quality and larger fruit size. The branches were hand-thinned at each thinning date, keeping a distance of 10 cm between the fruits. Fruit maturity was accelerated by the fruit thinning treatments. Fruit weight and size increased when the fruits were thinned at 7 and 28 DAFB. Furthermore, the highest total soluble solids were found at 7, 14 and 28 DAFB, followed by 21 DAFB, which was higher than the control. All of the thinning treatments reduced skin and fruit firmness; however, the treatments did not affect flesh firmness. In control, the fruit colour value L was highest. The fruit colour value a, on the other hand, was the highest at 7 and 28 DAFB. Furthermore, b did not differ significantly between treatments, including the control. Based on our findings, we concluded that the 7 DAFB fruit thinning treatment produced the best results compared to other treatments.