V. Pagare1, M. Din2, B.M. Nandede2, D. Yadav2, C.R. Mehta2, M. Kumar2 and K. Singh2
1Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. 2Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India. Corresponding e-mail: vahzarrinn@gmail.com
Abstract: A healthy and robust seedling is one of the benchmarks for mechanical transplantation. The investigation aimed to see how different environmental conditions affect the growth of onion seedlings. Onion seedlings (varieties Puna Fursungi and Gavraan) were grown in an open field nursery compared to a protected structure viz., low tunnel and a 50 % shade net. During the nursery’s growth period, environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and solar intensity were recorded. At 50 days after sowing, physical and mechanical properties were observed. Higher temperature was measured in a low tunnel structure, followed by shade net and open field. The shade net structure had the highest percentage of seedling survival (76.23 %), followed by the low tunnel (68.77 %) and the open field (58.37 %). Plant height was also greater in the shade net structure, followed by the low tunnel and open field conditions, respectively. This could be attributed to how plants compete for sunlight, water, aeration, and nutrition under different growing conditions. Except for plant height, all physical and mechanical properties were higher in open field conditions. Because of its adequate strength, the healthy seedling obtained from open field conditions was more suitable for mechanical transplanting.
Abd EL-Zaher, M.H. Sahar1, M. Abd Elwahab1, Abd El-Gany, Abd El-Sattar2 and Heba A. Fathy2
1Pomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt. 2Viticulture Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: elsharkawy25518@agr.bsu.edu.eg
Abstract: This study aimed to improve the micrografting technique for rapid in vitro grapevine plantlet propagation using Flame Seedless scion and Freedom as rootstock. Explants obtained in vitro were cultured in MS media containing 0.4 mg L-1 BAP. For micrografting, six methods were used: sterile wire ties, sterile metal needle, wax, aluminum foil, gel, and callus. Data was collected on morphological and biochemical parameters in micrografts produced using various procedures. With various degrees of success, all in vitro micrografting procedures successfully produced grafts. The best results of morphological parameters were recorded in micrografting in wax method with the highest survival (83.88%), number of shoots/explants (1.77), shoot length (1.66 cm), leaves/shoot (4.55), rooting (58.20 %), root length (1.27 cm). In contrast, the callus method had the least value for these parameters. Wax and aluminum foil methods were found to be a promising alternative to traditional grapevine propagation methods in the study.
Muskaan Gupta1, Swati Kapoor2, Amanpreet Kaur1, Manpreet Kaur1, Poonam Aggarwal1 and Rajesh V Wagh3
1Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2Punjab Horticultural Postharvest Technology Centre, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 3Department of Livestock Products Technology, GADVASU, Ludhiana. Corresponding e-mail: omarcellan@mdp.edu.ar; marcellan.olga@inta.gob.ar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.09
Key words: Osmo-drying, apple cubes, Malus domestica , Golden Delicious, color, texture, pre-treatments
Abstract: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of various pre-treatments viz., potassium sorbate (T2), steam process (T3) and rose-flavored syrup (T4) compared to control (T1) on the final quality of osmo-dried apple cubes. Osmo-dried apple cubes developed from each treatment had moisture content in the range of 7.3-8.6% with 0.55-0.66 water activity. Pre-treatments proved to be effective on the product as bioactive components and antioxidant activity (%) were maximally retained in rose flavored apple cubes except ascorbic acid. Higher reducing sugars were observed in steam-treated apple cubes and lowest in rose-flavored apple cubes. In terms of colour attributes, potassium sorbate-treated apple cubes retained the most brightness, but texturally, these samples had the most hardness and the least cohesiveness. In contrast, steam-treated apple cubes had the lowest hardness and highest cohesiveness. The highest overall acceptability was noted for rose-flavored apple cubes in sensory properties. Red coloration of these apple cubes resulted in reduced L and highest a values with optimum textural properties. Overall, rose-flavored syrup as an osmotic agent produced flavoured dried apple cubes of improved quality.
S.S. Taha, A. Abdel-Wahab and S. Hosny
Department of Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: satishanandan84@gmail.com
Abstract: The current study was conducted during the summer seasons of 2018 and 2019 under net house conditions at the Eastern Experimental Station of the Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University to investigate the effect of some cucurbit rootstocks on the growth, quality, yield and chemical compositions of cucumber under drought stress. The study included 12 treatments that were arranged in a split-plot design with three replicates. The main plot included two levels of water irrigation (50 or100%) and sub main plot included five rootstocks viz., 1-Bottle Gourd (Legenaria siceraria), 2-Luffa (Luffa aegyptiaca), 3-Squash (Cucurbita pepo), 4- Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) and 5-Shintoza (Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata), in addition, to control treatment (Cucumber, cv. Hayel, without grafting). The results indicated that drought stress treatment (50%) significantly reduced leaf area and fruit length compared with normal irrigation (100%). Also, no significant differences were noticed between the treatments of water regime (50 or 100%) on plant height, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, chlorophyll readings, fruit quality (fruit weight, fruit diameter and fruit TSS), total yield and K%. On the other hand, grafted cucumber onto luffa rootstock caused a significant decrease in plant height, fruit weight and P and K% in leaves, whereas grafting onto bottle gourd significantly increased leaf area and total yield of cucumber, as compared with control.
M. Hasanzadeh-Naemi1, V. Zarinnia2, S. Kalateh Jari3 and F. Fatehi4
1Department of Horticultural Science and Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2Department of Horticultural Science and Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 3Department of Plant Protection, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 4 Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Corresponding e-mail: m-noori@araku.ac.ir
Abstract: The present study aimed to enhance the vase life, maintain quality, and reduce the percentage of infection with gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea using fungal elicitors on cut flowers of roses. Based on a completely randomized design with three replications, a factorial experiment was performed. The eight treatments were as follows: three concentrations of fungal elicitor (600, 800 and 1000 ppm), the three concentrations along with B. cinerea fungal spores, sterile distilled water (as negative control), and B. cinerea spore suspension (positive control). Vase life, cell membrane stability index, superoxide dismutase, catalase, carbohydrate content, and disease severity on the leaves were measured during the experiment. The measurements were carried out on days 3, 7 and 10 after spraying the spores. The results showed that treating rose flowers with the elicitor (1000 ppm) improved soluble carbohydrate preservation, cell membrane stability index, relative water content, catalase enzyme, and leaf superoxide dismutase, resulting in a significant increase in vase life (15.66 days) compared to the control (8.66 days) (P?0.01). Evaluating the disease index also showed that the elicitor (1000 ppm) along with B. cinerea spores caused a significant increase in vase life (12.33 days) compared to the positive control (7.66 days) (P?0.01). Finally, the disease severity in treated samples was lower than that of the B. cinerea treatment as control.
Mohammad Reza Raji
Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khoram Abad, 44316-68151, Iran. Corresponding e-mail: raji.m@lu.ac.ir
Abstract: Chemical pesticides used against house sparrows in areas where they cause significant damage to the quantity and quality of vineyard products can pollute the environment and harm the natural ecosystem. Sunflower seeds are a favourite food of house sparrows. The goal of this project, which lasted six years (2015-2020), was to see if marginal sunflower planting could reduce the amount of damage done to the vineyard crop by house sparrows. There was no marginal planting of sunflowers around the vineyard ('Red Raisin' cultivar) in the first three years of the experiment (2015-2017), and the sparrows damaged the vineyard crop by 32, 38, and 33 percent in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. The vineyard had a large population of house sparrows at first. However, in the final three years of the experiment (2018-2020), when sunflowers were marginally planted (200 m2) around the vineyard at a distance of 50 m, crop damage by sparrow beaks was 2, 4 and 2 percent in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. During these three years, the vineyard's sparrow population was low, but the marginal sunflower field's population was high. As a result, planting sunflowers in the margins of vineyards is an effective way to reduce the damage caused by house sparrows.
P.B. Lalduhawma1, Vanlalvenhima1, Elija Lalrindika1, Albana L. Chawngthu1, H. Lalhlenmawia2 and Chhungpuii Khawlhring1
1Department of Horticulture, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants (HAMP), Mizoram University, Tanhril-796004, Aizawl, Mizoram, India. 2Department of Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Sciences, Zemabawk-796017, Aizawl, Mizoram, India. Corresponding e-mail: khanalsanjaya25@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.13
Key words: Haematocarpus validus, fruit size, red pulp, natural food colour
Abstract: Haematocarpus validus is a promising fruit plant with an intense red fruit pulp that can be used as a natural food color source. The species can grow in the wild in its natural state, and it has not yet been successfully domesticated on a large scale. Fruit samples of H. validus were collected from various locations for this study, and the morphology and biochemical properties of the fruit were investigated. Observations revealed that the morphological characteristics and biochemical content of fruits collected from different geographical locations differ substantially. Furthermore, the findings of this study will serve as a starting point for future scientific research into the fruit’s potential, which includes serving as a natural source of food colour.
M. Madhavi Reddy, C.S. Shivakumara and Satish Anandan
Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, Karnataka, India. Corresponding e-mail: ahmed.rasheedy@agr.cu.edu.eg
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.14
Key words: Antiglycation, functional foods, medicinal plant and polyphenol.
Abstract: Intake of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) may be increased by consuming high-sugar meals and foods cooked at high temperatures. AGEs-induced inflammation has been linked to diabetes and degenerative diseases. Leaves from mulberry (Morus indica L) (MI) trees have been used in Chinese medicine for over 3000 years and are a functional food because of their phytochemical content. MI extract was used to substitute 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1% of wheat ?our for making MI wheat bread (MI-B). 5% of turmeric powdered bread (TM-B) was also prepared and used as a positive control. The bread’s overall acceptability was determined using a sensory evaluation on hedonic test. Further, the antioxidant capacity was assayed by using DPPH method and antiglycation effects of MI extract against the formation of ?uorescent AGEs in fortified bread samples. The overall acceptability of bread with MI extract at substitution levels of 0.5% had a good liking score. The total polyphenol content in the MI-B and TM-B were 2.01 mg GAE g-1 and 1.54 mg GAE g-1 on a dry weight basis. MI-B showed significantly higher antioxidant activities, followed by TM-B > control bread. When compared to TM-B, AGEs inhibit fluorescent formation by 31%. Overall, the findings support MI extract as a functional food ingredient in the bread system, providing consumers with a higher antioxidant intake by depleting AGEs load. However, the stability and reactivity of polyphenols during thermal processing should be considered before commercialization.
H. Hussain1, S.I.L. Kamarol1, N. Julaihi2 and R. Tommy2
1Centre for Sago Research (CoSAR), Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia. 2PELITA Mukah Sebakong Sago Plantation Sdn Bhd 1st Floor, Sublot 103, Lot 424, Mukah New Township, Jalan Orang Kaya Setia Raja, PO Box 79, 96400 Mukah, Sarawak. Corresponding e-mail:ahmed2hoba@agr.cu.edu.eg
Abstract: Sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) is an economically valuable crop and cultivated widely in Sarawak, Malaysia, for its storage starch. Under certain conditions, such as deep peat areas, some sago palms do not develop well and become stunted, described as non-trunking sago palms. Morphologically, this type of sago palm is abnormal, leading to wastage of various resources and affecting starch production. The research objective was to understand the molecular process that affects non-trunking and starch synthesis in sago palm. Representational Difference Analysis was performed to identify the differences between trunking and non-trunking sago palm transcriptome. This subtractive hybridisation technique detects the differences in gene expression. After three rounds of hybridisation, the differentiated RDA products were cloned and 24 DNA sequences obtained were compared with the sequences in the NCBI database. Results showed that the differentiated genes in response to the non-trunking sago palm have similarities to genes implicated in plant growth, cell metabolism, and salt or osmotic stress. Some of these genes are related to growth, development and signaling involving neutralising the imbalance in plant stress. The information obtained through this work could be used to develop a database on related genes and enzymes contributing to trunking and non-trunking sago palm.
Ratnakar M. Shet1*, T.. Shantappa2, Ashok1, Shivanand Hongal1, Raghavendra Gunnaiah3 and R.C.Jagadeesha4
1College of Horticulture Sirsi, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.-581401. 2Regional Horticultural Research & Extension Centre, Dharwad, Karnataka,India-580005. 3College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India-587104. 4 College of Horticulture, Bangalore, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India- 560065. Corresponding e-mail:ratnakar.shet@uhsbagalkot.edu.in
Abstract: Cucumis melo var. acidulus, also known as Mangalore melon, has been reported to have a shelf life of more than six months. A study was conducted to assess the variability in fruit traits with shelf life for 52 culinary melon accessions at room temperature. Fruits were suspended in the air, tied with smooth plastic fibre and pseudostem banana fibre, and hung from the roof of a laboratory, with observations made on fruit weight loss, rind colour change, and fruit decay. During storage, there was a significant variation in shelf life and rind colour change among the accessions. The correlation analysis revealed a significant positive high association between shelf life and weight loss during storage (0.602), followed by fruit weight (0.544), flesh thickness (0.401), fruit length (0.359), days to harvest (0.346), peduncle length (0.332), and fruit width (0.322). Twenty six accessions had a shelf life of more than 150 days. Green rind fruits were more prone to discoloration and decay. MS30, MS28, MS79, MS74, MS78, MS39, MS74, and MS6 were identified as promising accessions for shelf life with marginal weight loss, rind colour change, and fruit traits among the accessions. Understanding the physiological and biochemical changes that occur in fruits during storage, as well as the identification of candidate genes for shelf life, will aid in the use of this trait to improve the muskmelon
Ratnakar M. Shet1*, T.. Shantappa2, Ashok1, Shivanand Hongal1, Raghavendra Gunnaiah3 and R.C.Jagadeesha4
1College of Horticulture, Sirsi, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.-581401. 2Regional Horticultural Research & Extension Centre, Dharwad, Karnataka, India-580005. 3College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India-587104. 4College of Horticulture, Bangalore, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India- 560065. Corresponding e-mail: ratnakar.shet@uhsbagalkot.edu.in
Abstract: Culinary melon (Cucumis melo var. acidulus) also known as Mangalore melon is reported with extended shelf life of more than six months. A study was conducted to assess the variability in the fruit traits with shelf life for selected 52 accessions of culinary melon at room temperature. Fruits were hanged in the air tied with smooth plastic fiber and psuedostem banana fiber, hanged to the roof of a laboratory and observations were recorded on fruit weight loss, change in the color of rind and fruit decay. Significant variation in shelf life and rind color change was observed among the accessions during storage period. The correlation analysis revealed that shelf life had significant positive high association with weight loss during storage (0.602) followed by fruit weight (0.544), flesh thickness (0.401), fruit length (0.359), days to harvest (0.346), peduncle length (0.332) and fruit width (0.322). Twenty-six accessions exhibited shelf life of more than 150 days. Green rind fruits were less vulnerable for discoloration and decay. Among the accessions MS30, MS28, MS79, MS74, MS78, MS39, MS74 and MS6 were identified as promising accessions for shelf life with marginal weight loss, rind color change and fruit traits. Understanding of physiological and biochemical changes in fruits during storage period and identifying candidate genes for shelf life will help exploit this trait to improve the muskmelon.
Neeraj Kumar Verma1, T. Damodaran2*, R.B. Ram1, Rubee Lata1 and Kavita Yadav2
1Department of Horticulture, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025. 2ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Lucknow, 226002. Corresponding e-mail: damhort73@gmail.com
Abstract: Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) occupies a significant place in the fruit industry, since it is cultivated in both plains and hills. The fruit stands out for its organoleptic and nutraceutical properties and is appreciated worldwide for its economic returns. Despite their high sensitivity to marginal and salt-affected soil, it has potential, as fruit crops perform well in salt-affected soils when grown with the aid of innovative interventions. The current study is one such attempt where a CSR bio-inoculant comprising of salt tolerant and growth promoting rhizobacterial bio-consortia on a unique media developed at ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Insitute, Regional Station, Lucknow was assessed for its field efficacy with enrichment of different organic amendments. The field experiment was conducted during 2018-19 at the Horticulture Research Farm of the Department of Horticulture at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India, on Strawberry cv. Chandler grown on partially reclaimed alkali soil of central Uttar Pradesh. The study was laid out in RBD with twelve treatment combinations and control, replicated thrice. The results showed that runners treated with CSR bio-inoculant and applied with FYM, municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and paddy straw mulching had a significant influence on fruit yield and physicochemical properties. The maximum fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit size, fruit weight, fruit dry weight, fruit volume, fruit yield/plant (131.06g), and fruit yield/ha. (194.16q) were all statistically significant over the control in the treatment with 75% NPK+ MSWC + Mulch (Paddy straw) + CSR bio-inoculant. The experimental findings revealed that treatment with CSR bi-inoculant and 75% NPK+MSWC+paddy straw mulch could increase the yield of strawberry cv. Chandler under salt stress conditions without hampering the soil fertility status, particularly in the subtropical region of the country.
M.D. Nesreen1*, A.M. Hosni2 and M.S. Ouda1
1Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. 2Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: nesreen.darwish@agr.asu.edu.eg
Abstract: Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii, Asteraceae), is a perennial important commercial cut-flower crop. A common concern with gerbera cut flowers is short vase life, which is caused by neck bending and other factors. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of thyme, clove, and caraway essential oils, as well as nano-silver particles, on vase life and some parameters of gerbera cv. 'Rosalin' cut flowers. A factorial experiment was conducted with essential oils as the first factor (at 25 and 50 mg/L) and Nano-silver as the second factor (at 5 and 10 mg/L), with distilled water ÿas the control. Vase solution uptake, relative fresh weight, flower vase life, neck bending, enzyme activity of polyphenol oxidase and catalase, anthocyanin pigment, and phenols were estimated. The results showed that essential oils had a positive effect on vase life and vase solution uptake, as well as reduced neck bending, with caraway and clove oils in normal form at 50 and 25 mg/L, respectively, being the most effective treatments. Similarly, catalase levels increased significantly. Nano-silver particles, on the other hand, had no effect on neck bending. Nonetheless, there was a significant effect on vase life and vase solution uptake.
E.E. Ekpiken1, O.I. Eyong2 and A.O. Adediji3
1Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Cross River University of Technology, Cross River State, Nigeria. 2Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Cross River University of Technology, Cross River State, Nigeria. 3Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Oyo Sate, Nigeria. Corresponding e-mail:etimekpiken@yahoo.com
Abstract: Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a major root crop in sub-Saharan Africa, including Cross River State, Nigeria, where the crop is cultivated as a staple food in many communities. Cassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs) have limited cassava production across Africa. Thus, between March and August 2021, forty-five samples of symptomatic cassava leaves across the state were collected and evaluated for CMBs using molecular techniques. Partial sequencing of the African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) coat protein genes produced sequence lengths of 620 bp for representative isolates from Okpoma (MZ507578), Ababene (MZ507579) and Idundu (MZ507580), and 554 bp for an Ovonum isolate, respectively. BLASTn results for MZ507578 and MZ507580 showed a percentage similarity of 99.35 and 99.03%, respectively with the nucleotide sequence of ACMV (MH251339) from Nigeria for MZ507579, percentage similarity was 99.84% with ACMV (MG250088) from Ghana. Conversely, the Ovonum isolate showed a 100% percentage similarity with EACMV (MW826364) from Nigeria. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the Calabar isolates (MZ507578, MZ507579 and MZ507580) with MH251339 from Nigeria, MG250088 from Ghana and EU155147 from Togo while the Ovonum isolate was grouped with MW826364 and MT571462, both from Nigeria. The two main CMBs in Nigeria, ACMV and EACMV, were identified and characterized from Cross River state in this study, indicating that disease monitoring should be continuous and more virus-resistant cultivars should be introduced for proper virus management.
K. Sofiya*, K. Anbalagan, A. Richa Elson, I. Fazal Fathima and M. Vignesh Kumar
Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur- 603203, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: sofiyak@srmist.edu.in,ksofiya26@yahoo.co.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.18
Key words: Rosa x damascena, organic solvents, composition analysis, multistage solvent extraction
Abstract: Four different solvents, ethyl acetate, ethanol, petroleum ether, and hexane, were used for the multistage solvent extraction of rose concrete oil from the aromatic plant species of Rosa x damascena. The components present in the concrete oils were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer. After the multistage solvent extraction process, the solvent was removed by using a rotary vacuum evaporator. Methyl alpha d-glucopyranoside, 5-hydroxy methyl furfural, 2,3-butanediol, and ethyl-d glucopyranoside were the major components identified using ethyl acetate ethanol, hexane, and petroleum ether as a solvent, respectively. The phenyl ethyl alcohol and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural were identified as the repeated components in all four solvents. The solvent ethanol showed a different composition when compared to the other three solvents. A high yield was obtained when ethanol was used as a solvent. The type of solvent used significantly impacts the compositions of the concrete oil of Rosa x damascena.
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