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1Department of Horticulture, Agriculture University, Jodhpur-342304, Rajasthan, India. 2Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Agriculture University, Jodhpur-342304, Rajasthan. Corresponding e-mail: ashirolaniya700@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i04.88
Key words: B:C ratio, bolting percent, plot configurations, neck diameter, water regimes
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Abstract: The experiment was carried out during rabi season 2020-21 and 2021-22 at the Instructional farm, Department of Horticulture, AU, Jodhpur to study the effect of water regimes, plot configuration and mulching on growth and economics of onion (Allium cepa L.). The experiment was laid out in Split-Split Plot Design with three replications. Three factors were studied in this experiment: Main factor A), water regimes included three levels (I1- 1.0 IW/CPE, I2- 0.8 IW/CPE and I3- 0.6 IW/CPE ratio) and two sub-factors A) land configuration include two levels (B1- Flat bed configuration and B2- Raised bed configuration), and B) Mulching include four levels (M1- No-mulch, M2- Black mulch, M3- Silver-black mulch and M4- White-black mulch). The results showed that the maximum number of leaves per plant, neck diameter, bolting percent, net returns and B:C ratio were recorded under 1.0 IW/CPE, raised bed configuration and black mulch. The earliest maturity was recorded under 0.6 IW/CPE, flat bed configuration and no mulch.
1Department of Computer Education, Andong National University, Gyungbook, South Korea. Punggi Ginseng Research Institute, Gyungbook, South Korea. 2Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Colorado, United States. Corresponding e-mail: bsgim@anu.ac.kr
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i04.89
Key words: Ginseng, heat stress, air circulation, leaf temperature
Abstract: Due to climate change, there have been more frequent heat waves and a notable rise in global temperature. This change hinders ginseng’s cultivation, a crop that grows well in cooler and shaded environments. This study evaluated the effectiveness of air-circulation fans in alleviating heat stress and lowering the leaf temperatures when cultivating ginseng. The experiment defined two groups of environments i.e., control and an experimental group. The experimental environment monitored the impact of fan activation, which occurred when the temperature exceeded 30°C. The control, however, does not consist of fans. We monitored three sets of data: ambient, leaf temperatures, and humidity levels, using a custom data acquisition system. The experimental results indicated that the leaf temperature decreased more markedly than the relative temperature decline, attributed to a minor increase in relative humidity induced by the flow fan. The experiment results presented a more significant decrease in leaf temperature with an average of 0.65 °C among the experimental group compared to the control group due to an increase in relative humidity. Through the Mann-Whitney U test, we confirmed a meaningful difference in the temperature and humidity distribution between the experimental and control groups when fans were activated. Such results indicate that air-circulation fans can be an effective temperature mitigation instrument for relieving heat stress in farming ginseng. The research enhances ginseng farming conditions by mitigating the risk of rising temperatures and further contributes to sustainable agriculture.
Department of Horticulture and Postharvest Technology, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan - 731236, West Bengal. Corresponding e-mail: debprld@yahoo.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i04.90
Key words: Correlation, PCA, HCA, Bi-Plot, Phoenix sylvestris Roxb
Abstract: Indian date palm (Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.) is one of the important nutritious, naturally abundant, potentially underutilized rain-fed fruit of the western dry tract of West Bengal available in the natural vegetation. Considering the diversity of the crop under this region, the present study aimed to study genetic diversity using multivariate analysis based on fruit physico-chemical and antioxidative properties of fifteen wild date palm accessions (P-1 to P-15) from natural vegetation of different locations from Bolpur Sriniketan Block under the Birbhum district during the year 2022 and 2023. The Indian date palm accessions exhibited wide ranges of variation in different fruit physico-chemical and antioxidative properties. The significant and high positive correlation of fruit weight with fruit size (length, diameter), pulp weight, seed weight, seed length and seed diameter were noted within Indian date palm accessions. A fairly positive correlation was observed between fruit weight, spadix girth, TSS, and total sugar. Similarly, fruit diameter was positively correlated with spadix girth, TSS, total sugar and reducing sugar. Pulp weight had a high positive correlation with TSS and total sugar. UPGMA clustering of date palm accessions has shown three major clusters. The eigenvalue and Eigenvector have exhibited five major principal components, of which the first principal component (PC1) contributed a maximum of 49.5% towards total variability. Bi-Plot also confirms the variability and the association of different characteristics within Indian date palm accessions.
1Departement of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Jl. Kamper Babakan Dramaga, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia. 2Departement of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Jl. Kapten Muchtar Basri 3, Medan 20238, North Sumatera, Indonesia. Corresponding e-mail: andinihanif@umsu.ac.id
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i04.91
Key words: Fusarium basal rot disease, soil, varieties
Abstract: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (Foc) in bulb is a source of inoculum for Fusarium basal rot disease of shallot. This research aimed to determine the transmission efficiency of Foc carried by bulb of shallot to plants and the relationship between shallot variety and soil origin with the efficiency of pathogen transmission. This research used two varieties of shallots ‘Batu Ijo’ and ‘Bima’, with six different seed lots. The bulbs of shallot were tested for seed health using the blotter test and growing on test methods and tested for transmission efficiency on several sources of soil. The results showed a correlation between the infection of Foc in the bulbs of shallot and the incidence of basal rot on shallot plants. The results also showed a relationship between plant varieties and soil properties on the efficiency of Foc transmission to shallot bulbs. Shallot varieties that are resistant to Fusarium basal rot disease have lower transmission efficiency of Foc bulbs compared to susceptible varieties. The study also revealed that soil from Samosir, which had higher nitrogen and clay content, along with a larger population of soil microorganisms, showed increased suppression of Fusarium basal rot disease. This, in turn, helped reduce the transmission efficiency of Foc in shallot bulbs.
Pomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: abdo.abdullatif@agr.cu.edu.eg
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i04.92
Key words: Apricot, spermidine, salicylic acid and sodium nitroprusside, cold storage, fruit quality
Abstract: Maturity at harvest is crucial for determining the quality of apricot fruit, a highly perishable crop with limited storage potential. The study aims to extend the storage life and preserve the quality of "Amal" apricots through various pre-harvest treatments. Pre-harvest application of spermidine at 1 mmol, salicylic acid at 1 mmol and sodium nitroprusside at 25µm were done at 15 or 30 days before harvesting. The treated fruits were packed and stored for up to 7 weeks at 5°C and 90–95 % R.H.; fruit quality parameters were evaluated at harvest and every 7 weeks. Results showed that weight loss, total soluble solids, maturity index, total sugars content, respiration rate and total carotenoids increased whereas, firmness, total acidity, and total phenols, decreased by increasing storage periods. The obtained results showed the efficacy of pre-harvest spermidine treatment followed by salicylic acid and then sodium nitroprusside in delaying fruit maturation and maintaining fruit quality. The study suggests that these treatments might be promising for maintaining apricot fruit quality and extending storage life and marketing of apricot.
1Department of Horticulture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh (India) - 474001. 2ICAR- National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra (India) – 412307. 3MPKV, Rahuri, Maharashtra (India) – 413722. 4VNMKV, Parbhani, Maharashtra (India) - 431402. Corresponding e-mail: rgsgrapes@gmail.com, ausaripraveen@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i04.93
Key words: Cabernet Sauvignon, grafted, grapes, rootstocks, vines, wine quality and yield.
Abstract: The present study was conducted at ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, during the fruiting season of 2022–2023, and the experiment was laid out using a Randomized Block Design with 8 rootstocks. Research findings revealed that yield and quality are affected by rootstocks. Yield/vine (7.24 kg), number of bunches (78.41), TSS (23.88 oBrix), phenol content (0.250 mg/g), reducing sugar (398.98 mg/g) and flavonoid content (5.85 mg/g) was higher in Cabernet Sauvignon grafted on 110R rootstock. A higher number of berries/bunch (133.67), juice recovery (64.07%) and anthocyanin content (2304.12 mg/L) were recorded in Dogridge grafted vines. The vines grafted on Gravesac rootstock had a higher 50-berry weight (53.67 g) as compared to other rootstocks. A higher bunch weight (110.23 g) was recorded in grafted vines on SO4. Cabernet Sauvignon grafted on 140 Ru recorded higher acidity (6.67 mg/L), colour intensity (0.680) in juice, total acids (7.5 g/L) in wine and better wine colour (8.7). Higher tannins (2.52 and 2.641 mg/g in juice and wine, respectively), proline content (2.196 mg/g), alcohol content (13.53%) and volatile acids (0.44 g/L) were estimated in wine prepared from Cabernet Sauvignon grafted on 1103P rootstock. Higher anti-oxidant (51.57 µ.moles/g) and acidity (1.50%) of wine were recorded in Fercal grafted vines. Higher glucose content (2.65 g/L), mallic acid (2.48 g/L), aroma, taste, flavour and overall acceptability of wine (7.3) was found in Cabernet Sauvignon grafted on 101.14 Mgt.
School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: kanimozc@srmist.edu.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i04.94
Key words: Horticulture intervention, therapeutic horticulture, perceived stress scale, inclusion of nature, urban stress, virtual reality, visual therapy.
Abstract: The dominant urbanization and work environment, which have imposed stress on individuals and isolated them from nature, prompted this research into alleviating such stress through therapeutic horticulture interventions. The participant’s stress levels, engagement with nature, and socio-demographic status were documented by questionnaires and subjective feedback. The natural and simulated environments serve as interventional methods to stimulate the sensory aspects of urban dwellers through visual, aural, gustatory, tactile, and olfactory therapies. The garden configuration, virtual reality devices, fragrant oils, plant-derived beverages, and infinity walking configurations barefoot constitute the intervention measures. The horticulture interventions, both in natural and artificial environments, significantly reduced urban stress levels, yielding a mean value of 17.6±4.44, in contrast to the pre-test value of 20.8±4.14. The inclusion of nature in the self-scale score demonstrates a positive increase from 3.3±1.78 in the pre-test to 5.46±1.07 in the post-test. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was employed to determine the disparity between the two methods of horticultural therapy. The efficacy of natural and simulated methods for horticulture interventions demonstrated a significantly higher ranking for the natural approach, with a significance level of 1%. The paired t-test was employed to compare the differences between pre-test and post-test data for natural and simulated therapy. The findings indicate that despite residing in a technologically advanced society, there is a preference for the natural world over the simulated one.
1Department of Food Processing Technology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat. 2Department of Food Quality Assurance, Anand Agricultural University Anand, Gujarat. 3Department of Food Engineering, College of Food Processing Technology and Bio-Energy, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, 388110, India. Corresponding e-mail: nileshrsardar@aau.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i03.51
Key words: Spices, ajwain, cryogenic grinding, volatile oil
Abstract: The therapeutic benefits of seed spices have long been acknowledged, and there is growing interest in their potential biological activity in human health. Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.), a significant seed spice from the Apiaceae family, is characterized by its distinct aroma and taste, attributed to its volatile oil content (2.5-5%). In postharvest processing, grinding is a crucial stage requiring careful handling to preserve flavor and aroma constituents. However, conventional grinding methods can lead to volatile oil loss due to varying grinding temperatures. To address this, a study was conducted using cryogenic grinding of ajwain seeds with liquid nitrogen on a laboratory-scale cryogenic grinder. The grinding was performed at temperatures ranging from 0°C to -100°C, with feed rates of 8, 9, and 10 kg/h and sieves of 0.8 and 1.0 mm. The study focused on liquid nitrogen consumption and the volatile oil content of the ground powder. The optimal conditions for producing high-quality ajwain seed powder were determined to be a feed temperature of -60°C, a feed rate of 8 kg/h, and a sieve size of 0.8 mm, achieving the highest retention of volatile oil at 2.9%. This approach highlights the effectiveness of cryogenic grinding in preserving the volatile oil content in ajwain seeds, offering a promising method for maintaining the quality of spice powders.
Deprtment of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Odisha University of Agriculture &Technology, Bhubaneswar, Orrisa, India. Corresponding e-mail: swarnalata1967@rediffmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i03.52
Key words: Dark treatment, SPAD value, tomato, fruit yield
Abstract: Chloroplasts play a crucial role in photosynthesis because their chlorophyll content has a positive relationship with the photosynthetic rate. The chlorophyll content is an important assessment parameter for crop improvement research and is affected by dark-induced stress. The present investigation was undertaken to study variation in the chlorophyll content of 45 tomato genotypes exposed to dark treatment under ex vivo conditions and its association with fruit yield. Forty days after transplanting, healthy and well-expanded leaves were excised from the mother plant and exposed to dark treatment for 7 days. Chlorophyll content was indirectly measured by using a Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter on 0, 3rd, 5th and 7th day of dark treatment. Results revealed wide variation in the SPAD value at different durations of dark treatment. On 3rd day of dark treatment, the SPAD value ranged from 4.17 to 21.33 SPAD unit with a mean of 12.06. On 5th day of dark treatment, the SPAD value ranged from 4.07 to 20.56 SPAD unit with a mean of 10.43 and at 7th day of dark treatment the SPAD value ranged from 3.32 to 14.33 SPAD unit with a mean of 8.03. Some genotypes, such as BT 3, BT 17 and BT 207-2, were susceptible to the dark. The genotypes such as BT 2, Utkal Raja, BT 101, BT 218, BT 17-2, BT 442-2, BT 12-3-2, BT 413-1-2, BT 429-2-2, & BT 433-1-2 were identified as tolerant to dark. A positive association was observed between SPAD values and fruit yield.
1Department of Life Science, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; 2Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; 3Department of Agriculture, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, South Africa. Corresponding e-mail: zkhetsha@cut.ac.za
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i03.53
Key words: Proliferation, succession, coliforms, cold supply chain, opportunistic pathogens, antibiotic resistance
Abstract: Leafy vegetables are a highly variable group of perishable food that broadly can be defined as vegetables grown for their edible leaves. This study was conducted to investigate the safety of commodities grown at farms and those sold in various retails globally, cascading to South Africa, and to determine the identification and characterization of the microbiota. Therefore, the authors conducted a desktop and literature review using popular trusted search engines with special keywords. For this study, the authors-maintained research material from 2010-2024, constituting research articles, reviews, book chapters, thesis, research short communications, and industrial short communications. From this study, it could be deduced that leafy green commodities differ from intact vegetables with regard to their physiology, handling, processing, and storage. In addition, various agronomic activities were identified as contributing to the contamination of leafy greens at various stages of minimal processing, including distribution. More studies have shown that various types of microorganisms are found in leafy vegetables purchased at small-scale farms and retail stores. Concerning that, characterise those that are pathogenic to human health and those that are beneficial and how to treat through antibiotics the diseases caused by those that are pathogenic to our health. Furthermore, the findings of this study revealed that some opportunistic pathogen communities in fresh leafy vegetables are diverse and can pose a health risk to consumers, leading to death. Finally, food safety and security remain a global challenge, and stunting continues to affect the majority of developing countries. Thus, future studies should focus on improving food safety management systems reducing food poisoning, recall incidents and outbreaks by controlling critical points and food security in primary horticulture production environments even at retail and determining which antimicrobials will inhibit the growth of specific bacteria causing a certain infection.
Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India. Corresponding e-mail: sabhyapathania209@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i03.54
Key words: Marigold, Tagetes spp, Pusa Deep, Pusa Bahar, seracole, potting substrate, vegetative attributes, flowering, leaf mould, spent mushroom compost, pot presentability
Abstract: The influence of various potting substrates on the vegetative and floral attributes of three marigold cultivars (‘Pusa Bahar’, ‘Pusa Deep’, and ‘Seracole’) was investigated in the mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh. Eight different substrates were utilized, including soil+FYM (1:1, v/v), soil+FYM (2:1, v/v), soil+sand+FYM (1:1:1, v/v), sand+soil+FYM (2:1:1, v/v), spent mushroom compost (SMC), smc+soil+sand+FYM (1:1:1:1, v/v), leaf mould and leaf mould+soil+FYM (1:1:1, v/v). Among the different potting substrates, the substrate composed of leaf mould+soil+FYM (1:1:1, v/v) exhibited superior performance, resulting in maximum plant height (50.52 cm), plant spread (34.70 cm), number of shoots (11.74), number of flower heads open at a time (12.49), largest flower head diameter (5.60 cm), total number of flowers per plant (18.37), pot presentability score (80.60), available NPK (659.16 kg ha-1, 23.87 kg ha-1 and 335.61 kg ha-1, respectively) and OC (44.61 g kg-1). Regarding cultivar variation, ‘Pusa Deep’ demonstrated significant attributes with the maximum plant spread (36.24 cm), number of flower heads open at a time (15.75), total number of flowers per plant (24.57) and pot presentability score (79.40). However, ‘Seracole’ exhibited the highest number of shoots (12.02), largest flower head size (5.81 cm), maximum available NPK (505.26 kg ha-1, 18.15 kg ha-1 and 43.25 kg ha-1, respectively) and OC (43.25 g kg-1). This study suggests that a potting medium containing Leaf Mould+Soil+FYM (1:1:1, v/v) coupled with the ‘Pusa Deep’ cultivar is optimal for producing high-quality potted marigold plants. These findings offer practical insights for improving marigold cultivation practices by selecting optimal potting substrates along with the cultivar in similar agro-climatic regions, potentially enhancing flowering, marketability and economic returns for farmers.
1Ibn University Khaldoun, Tiaret, Algeria. 2Laboratory of Vegetal Protection, Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University, Mostaganem, Algeria. 3Desert Research Center, Mataria, Cairo, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: samirasoualem2006@yahoo.fr
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i03.55
Key words: Silicate potassium, water deficit, yield, protein, proline, rehabilitation, animal feed
Abstract: The water deficit effects on growth parameters, protein content and proline level in the Gtaf (Atriplex halimus) plant were investigated using potassium silicate under three drip irrigation regimes (100, 75 and 50% of field capacity). Compared to the control, yield biomass estimated by the dry and fresh weight of the shoot decreased significantly at severe deficit irrigation levels. In contrast, the moderate-level treatment stimulated the growth. The silicate treatments mitigated the adverse effect caused by water deficit but at a moderate level. The concentration of protein in leaves decreased by decreasing water, while the reverse effect was observed with the application of potassium silicate. Medium treated with silicate of potassium increased the proline accumulation in leaves, especially at the higher deficit level. Under the potassium silicate treatment, the proline concentration dramatically rose in response to the higher stress level. At low deficit level, there was a slight, but not significant, decrease in this trait. Based on these findings, Atriplex halimus as an axero-halophytic shrub could be economical to use as animal feed materials and for the rehabilitation and revegetation of water deficit-affected lands.
1Department of Entomology, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand – 388 110. 2Department of Entomology, C. P. College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar – 385 506. 3Department of Entomology, N.M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari – 396 450. Corresponding e-mail: jayitaliya7898@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i03.56
Key words: Thrips parvispinus, brinjal, invasive thrips, Solanum melongena, vegetables
Abstract: The current investigation focused on assessing the prevalence of thrips infestation on vegetables in the southern region of Gujarat. The study recorded the presence of Thrips parvispinus (Karny) specifically in brinjal fields during the survey conducted in 2022–23. T. parvispinus infestation was observed on both flowers and fruits of the brinjal plants. The impact of this infestation was evident as infested flowers were observed to drop prematurely, and lesions were observed on the rinds of the fruits. This discovery of T. parvispinus (Karny) infesting brinjal marks the first documented occurrence of this novel invasive thrips species affecting brinjal cultivation in Gujarat, India. This finding highlights the need for further research and management strategies to address the threat posed by this invasive pest to brinjal crops.
1Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. 2Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Periyakulam, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: irenevetha17@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i03.57
Key words: Turkey berry, dormancy breaking, tap water treatment, hot water treatment, gibberellic acid (GA3), potassium nitrate (KNO3)
Abstract: The Turkey berry plant (Solanum torvum Sw), used as rootstock for vegetable grafting and a key medicinal species in Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM), and homeopathy from the Solanaceae family, faces challenges in commercial cultivation due to seed dormancy, which inhibits germination. To enhance the germination and seedling quality characteristics of Turkey berries, an experiment was therefore carried out in the Department of Vegetable Sciences at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, in the years 2022–2023. In this study, effectiveness of seed dormancy-breaking treatments (12) using a Completely Randomised Block Design (CRD) with replicated three times undertaken. The seed treatment includes control, physical scarification using tap and hot water, and chemical scarification using GA3 and KNO3. The maximum values for early germination, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, shoot length, and root length were significantly recorded by GA3 400 ppm for 24 hours among the various treatments. However, the KNO3 3% treatment for 24 hours was superior to GA3 400 ppm treatment for 24 hours in terms of early germination, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, shoot length, and root length. It also had a significant impact on the germination and survival percentage, while the control had the lowest value. Therefore, it may be recommended to use GA3 400 ppm and KNO3 3% for 24 hours to promote germination and break dormancy in S. torvum.
1AICRP on Spices, Pepper Research Station, Panniyur, Kerala Agricultural University, India 670142. 2Agricultural Research Station, Thiruvalla, Kerala Agricultural University, India. Corresponding e-mail: resmi.paul@kau.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i03.58
Key words: black pepper, correlation, field evaluation, heritability, path analysis
Abstract: Black pepper, the king of spices, is grown for its dry berries. Genetic variation and the relationship between yield and yield-linked characters in nine black pepper genotypes were studied. Highly significant differences for all the characters were found in the variance analysis. Maximum GCV and PCV were noted for spike length, dry berry yield and number of berries spike-1. High heritability and genetic advance over the mean exhibited by the genotypes for dry recovery and spike length indicate additive gene effect in the expression of these characters. Dry berry yield plant-1 had a very strong correlation with fresh berry yield plant-1 and dry recovery at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. During path analysis, fresh berry weight and dry recovery percentage showed a high positive direct and indirect effect on dry berry weight. Genotype PRS 161 was found superior in morphological, yield and yield-related characters, followed by SV11 among the different genotypes studied. Fresh berry yield per plant and dry recovery percentage are the most critical factors for enhancing dry yield in black pepper genotypes, while the number of berries per spike plays a significant indirect role.
