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Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin -240003, Kwara State, Nigeria. C.G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, Surat -394 350, Gujarat India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i03.41
Key words: Diversity assessment, DNA polymorphism, genetic diversity, ISSR marker, ornamental ferns, PCR
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Abstract: This study assessed the genetic diversity of six ornamental ferns in parks and gardens in Nigeria using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Genomic DNA were extracted from the samples and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed using seven ISSR markers. The elcetrophoregram showed amplicon size ranged from 100bp-1Kb among the ferns. A total of 87 bands were generated with 71.26 % polymorphism and 28.73 % monomorphic bands. The average number of band per primer was 12.4 and polymorphism range was between 31.23-100 %, the highest polymorphism was obtained with ISSR2. The mean Nei’s genetic diversity was 29 % while the Shannon’s index was 43.5 %. The pair of Adiatum capilus-veneris and Pteris acanthoneura had maximum genetic distance of 0.6592 while A. capilus-veneris and A. furcans are the closest species. At genetic similarity of 78 %, the cluster analysis revealed two major groups. Group-1 comprised of four species, where P. acanthoneura is a distant member, the other three species in the group are closely related. Group-2 on the other hand had two closely related Adiantum species. The study concludes that ISSR markers are effective in the genetic study of the ferns and the genetic diversity information provided could be utilized for selection, improvement and conservation of the ornamental plants.
Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala 621124. Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012. ICAR-Directorate of Floricultural Research, Pune 411005. CPCT unit, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i03.42
Key words: Chrysanthemum, senescence, vase life, aluminium sulphate, 5-sulfosalicylic acid
Abstract: Vase-life is a key factor for evaluating the post-harvest quality of cut flowers that determines their marketability. Chrysanthemum is one of the top most cut flowers sold in international flower markets. In the present study, trials were conducted to improve the post-harvest life of chrysanthemum cut flowers using preservative solutions such as 5-sulfosalicylic acid (5-SSA) and aluminium sulphate (Al2(SO4)3) alone or in combination with 1.5 % sucrose. Treatments using 5-SSA (100 ppm and 150 ppm) or 200 ppm Al2(SO4)3 along with 1.5 % sucrose showed a significant increase in vase-life, fresh weight of the cut stems, vase solution uptake, membrane stability index of the petals and leaf chlorophyll as compared to other treatments. Among different vase solutions evaluated, T10 (200 ppm Al2(SO4)3 +1.5 % sucrose) gave maximum vase life of22.3 days, followed by T8 (5-SSA 150 ppm + 1.5 % sucrose) and T6 (100 ppm 5-SSA+ 1.5 % sucrose) treatments with 20.85 and 19.85 days respectively as compared to 17.84 days in control. High concentrations of both the chemicals (5-SSA and Al2(SO4)3) without sucrose showed toxicity symptoms.
Department of Soil Sciences, the National Institute of Ornamental Plants (NIOP), HSIR, AREEO, Iran. +989188664220. Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i03.43
Key words: Cellulose, Double Dutch, gerbera vase life, hydroponics, lignin, Stanza
Abstract: Nutrition is the cornerstone of plant production. Here, efforts have been made to study the effect of different nutrient solutions from the Netherlands floriculture companies (S1; Schreurs, S2: Florist, and S3: Research Station for Floriculture and Greenhouse Vegetables(RSFGV) on two gerbera cultivars (‘Stanza’ and ‘Double Dutch’). Total chlorophyll index (SPAD), flower harvest per plant, flower stem height, disk diameter, total carbohydrate, lignin, and cell membrane stability were significantly affected by treatments. The highest number of cut flowers was harvested in RSFGV solution which was about 24% and 50% more than Florist and Schreurs solutions, respectively. Schreurs’s solution showed the best impact on cell membrane stability, total carbohydrate, and lignin production. Flowers stem height, disk diameter, and hemi-cellulose content were significantly increased by RSFGV solution. The cultivar ‘Double Dutch’ showed the highest cell membrane stability, total carbohydrate, hemi-cellulose, lignin, and vase life. Flower stem height was highest in the cultivar ‘Stanza’. The interaction of nutrient solution and cultivar affected the studied parameters significantly, and the highest vase life was obtained in the cultivar ‘Double Dutch’ fertigated with Schreurs solution (11.4 d). Results indicated that Schreurs and RSFGV solutions could be the proper solutions for producing high-quality cut gerberas commercially.
Department of Biotechnology, Shree M and N Virani Science College, Rajkot (India) 360005.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.19
Key words: Rose micropropagation, Synthetic PGRs, natural plant extract, 6-benzylaminopurine, growth, low-cost alternatives
Abstract: Effect of various plant extracts during in vitro culture of rose (Rosa hybrida L. cv. bush rose), with the objective of replacing synthetic Plant Growth regulators (PGRs) to reduce the production cost, was studied. Test extracts included sweet lime juice, orange juice, sweet corn extract, tomato fruit extract and coconut water. Significant increase in shoot multiplication (15.41±1.12 shoots/explant), shoot length (3.66±0.08 cm), fresh weight (7.48±0.71 g) and dry weight (1.68±0.075 g) was observed when coconut water (@10 % v/v) was used in the standard MS medium. Addition of tomato fruit extract in the MS medium did not show any noteworthy effect on growth in rose micropropagules. Total chlorophyll and other biomolecules varied with the change in the type and concentration of plant extract. Highest accumulation of biomolecules was recorded on coconut water (@ 10 % v/v) supplemented MS medium followed by sweet corn extract and orange juice. Although tomato fruit extract (@10 % v/v) enhanced the total chlorophyll biosynthesis but at the same time depressed the accumulation of other biomolecules. Treatment of plant extract was given in two different ways; a) incorporation in the medium prior to autoclaving (PrA) and b) post-autoclaving addition of filter sterilized extract (PoA). No significant changes were noted in growth when mode of application was changed. To know the physiological pandemonium in the cells, peroxidase and IAA-oxidase activity was noted. No abnormal changes in the activity of these enzymes were recorded in the propagules grown on different plant extracts. The total cost of synthetic 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) can be reduced upto 98 % by replacing it with natural plant extract.
Graduate School of Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Meranti, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia. Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Meranti, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia. Center for Tropical Horticulture Studies, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16144, Indonesia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.20
Key words: Citrus reticulate Blanco, bending, defoliation, sustainable fruit production, canopy architecture
Abstract: Mechanical shoot manipulations through bending and defoliation were applied on mandarin citrus cv. Borneo Prima in order to stimulate flushing and flowering during the rainy season, Oct. 2016-July 2017 in the tropical lowland of Indonesia. Four-year-old citrus trees were treated with bending, defoliation and its combination; and were replicated ten times with single tree as an experimental unit. All manipulated shoots exhibited rapid flushing, particularly of those with defoliation. Unfortunately, no flower was produced on trees treated with defoliation or its combination. Bending stimulated a larger number of flowering and fruiting trees than control. Flower drop was lower in bending, resulted in higher number of fruitset and fruitlets than control. At the generative stage, mandarin showed high C/N ratio due to low nitrogen content, irrespective of treatment. The failure to produce flower on defoliation and its combination could be ascertained by steady C/N ratio. Overall, bending could be applied to improve flowering and support sustainable mandarin production in tropical condition, especially at lowland production fields in Indonesia.
Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, U.S. National Arboretum, U.S.D.A., Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A.. Statistics Group, U.S.D.A., Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A;
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.21
Key words: Ornamental trees, aromatic cytokinins, tissue culture
Abstract: Micropropagation and regeneration systems were established for the U.S. National Arboretum accession, Ulmus parvifolia ‘Pathfinder’. Experiments were done using two lines of U. parvifolia, P-6 and P-10, each derived from a different, open-pollinated seed. Because micropropagation of U. parvifolia required the addition of a cytokinin to the Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) medium, BA, mT, and TDZ were compared. Stem cuttings cultured on DKW containing 2.4 mg L-1mT for line P-10 or 4.8 mg L-1 mT for both lines P-6 and P-10 produced a significantly higher number of axillary shoots than cuttings on DKW lacking phytohormones. Stem cuttings on TDZ (0.25, 0.50, or 1.0 mg L-1) produced a significantly lower number of axillary shoots. Axillary shoots of line P-6 formed roots at a low frequency (6 %) as compared to those of P-10 shoots (58 %) when cultured on DKW with either NAA (1.0 mg L-1) or IBA (1.0 mg L-1). Most of the shoots, 96 % of P-6 and 99 % of P-10, survived in soil in the greenhouse. Shoots were regenerated from leaves taken from in vitro-grown plants, and most of the regenerated shoots came from leaves of line P-10 and very few from line P-6. P-10 leaves cultured on DKW containing 7.2 mg L-1mT regenerated significantly more plants than leaves cultured on DKW lacking hormones. The frequency of regenerated shoots from leaves cultured on DKW with mT(2.4, 4.8, or 7.2 mg L-1) that formed roots in vitro was 47, and 98 % of the shoots survived in soil in the greenhouse. This study indicates the benefit of using mT for micro propagation and regeneration from leaves of U. parvifolia.
College of Fisheries Engineering, TNJFU, Nagapattinam. Professor, Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology, Thanjavur. Deputy Director General (Agrl., Engg., ), New Delhi, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.22
Key words: Acoustic resonance, ripeness, non-destructive, muskmelon, stiffness coefficient
Abstract: Four different stages of ripeness have been identified (immature, mature raw, semi-ripe and ripe) in commercial grading of muskmelon. Destructive measurement (by determining firmness, total soluble solids and titratable acidity) of muskmelon ripeness is time-consuming and labour-intensive. Further, conventional visual examination procedures demand expert graders. Hence, there is need for a suitable approach to evaluate the ripeness of muskmelon; a technique that can be scaled-up to on-line applications. The objective of this study was to develop an acoustic resonance based technique to evaluate the ripeness of muskmelon. The developed system consisted of a sample holding unit, impact device, sound acquisition system, signal analyser and computer. Acoustic response parameter, stiffness coefficient was correlated with various destructive parameters. During ripening, stiffness coefficient values decreased from 5.43 x 106 Hz2g2/3 to1.47 x 106 Hz2g2/3. The proposed methodology can be efficiently modified to determine the ripeness of various other horticultural products too.
Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India. Department of Botany, Fakir Chand College, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal - 743331, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.23
Key words: Antagonist, biocontrol, Citrus reticulata, defense enzymes, Emblica officinalis
Abstract: Common mandarin and Indian gooseberry are extremely important fruits and used in several countries for their medicinal properties. Bacillus licheniformis SR-14 strain was tested in vitro for their antagonistic properties against Penicillium digitatum, the causal agent of postharvest green mold decay in common mandarin and Indian gooseberry. In dual culture bioassay as circular and semicircular patterns, the isolate quantitatively inhibits the growth of the pathogen by more than 72 and 57 %, respectively. In vitro plate assay detected that the strain produces hydrolytic enzymes like protease, chitinase and volatile compound. Treatment with the antagonist also resulted in the induction of defense enzymes like, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, ?-1, 3-glucanase and higher phenol accumulation compared to control. In vivo application of the antagonist revealed that the maximum mean disease index reached to 1.16 and 1.41 in Indian gooseberry and mandarin, which showed around 65 and 63 % reduction in disease severity, respectively when compared to control. These experiments suggest that the strain could be considered as a promising mean for the control of mandarin and Indian gooseberry postharvest green mold decay and its use may be an effective method to improve the integrated disease management strategy.
Mississippi State University Coastal Research and Extension Center, 1815 Popps Ferry Rd, Biloxi, Mississippi 39532. School of Human Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box 9745, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762. Mississippi State University Coastal Research and Extension Center, 810 Hwy. 26 West, Poplarville, Mississippi 39470.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.24
Key words: Florist, floristry, American Institute of Floral Designers, studio, freelance
Abstract: Data was collected from florists who passed a rigorous examination in floral design ability and maintained certification through educational updates. The purpose was to identify the current profile and challenges of leading floral designers, members of the American Institute of Floral Designers (AIFD). Survey responses indicated more than one-fourth of the participants identified as traditional retail florists, operating brick and mortar shops. Remaining respondents were either specialized, studio designers, freelance designers, teachers or other. A slight income increase was observed in those with years of experience. AIFD membership was not statistically significant in relation to income level, but those with more years of membership earned more income. Educational level was not significant for any of the variables. Age, years of membership and work experience were highly correlated.
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram, Jalan Majapahit 62 Mataram, Mataram-83127, Indonesia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.25
Key words: Apical stem cutting, auxin concentration, planting space, seed-potato tuber, soilless culture
Abstract: Growth and production of apical stem cuttings under various soil-less culture conditions for mass production of potato G1 seed tubers was investigated. Different cutting lengths, Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) concentration, and age of mother plants from which the cuttings were taken, were evaluated for survival and growth of the cuttings. In separate experiments, successful cuttings were planted at different spacings and fertilizer rates. The highest survival rate was obtained from apical cuttings with three nodes treated with 1 ppm IAA. The best cutting growth was obtained from cuttings derived from 2 to 3 week-old mother plants. Plant height and individual leaf areas were higher at low spacing (10 cm x 10 cm), and a higher dose of NPK fertilizer (40 g/plot). The number of tubers and tuber weight per plant were higher at a spacing of 20 x 20 cm and fertilizer dose of 40 g/plot. Although higher plant density resulted in smaller tuber size, the combination of close spacing and higher doses of fertilizer resulted in the highest yield per unit area. Importantly, stock plants showed no significant decrease in plant yield after cutting. The results indicate that apical cuttings can be used for the mass-propagation of G0 seed plants to speed up and increase the efficiency of production of G1 seed tubers.
Indonesian Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Institute (ICSFRI), Jl. Raya Tlekung, Junrejo, Batu, Indonesia. School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.26
Key words: Apples, consumer preference, market segment, supply chain, Indonesia
Abstract: Managing agri-food chains based on the value defined by end consumers provides competitive advantage but requires a thorough understanding of consumers and their value preferences. This study was conducted to identify consumer preferences for apples and to segment consumers so that findings could be used to guide domestic apple value chain development in Indonesia. Data were collected through an intercept survey of 200 apple consumers in Malang, Indonesia. Three significantly different clusters of domestic apple consumers were identified. The ‘indifferent consumers’ disregarded the importance of most attributes of domestic apples, while ‘pro–sensory consumers’ valued sensory attributes more than search attributes. ’Value–conscious consumers’ rated most of the value attributes as important in making a purchase. This study identifies the need for adopting practices along the chain that enhance particular attributes of domestic apples so as to increase value for each consumer segment.
Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.27
Key words: Salicylic acid, pomegranate, fungal decay, chilling injury, anthocyanin, fruit color.
Abstract: This study was aimed to assess the effect of salicylic acid (SA) on quality and storage life of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) and performed in two experiments including foliar application and postharvest dipping of fruits in salicylic acid solutions. In the first experiment, pomegranate trees were sprayed at concentrations of 0, 1, 3 or 9 mM L-1. After two months of storage at 5 °C, ionic leakage, total soluble solids, and decay of pomegranate fruit was examined. The results showed that ionic leakage and fungal decay decreased and total soluble solids increased in treated fruits compared to the control. In the second experiment, fruits were dipped in SA at concentrations of 0, 1 or 3 mM L-1 and stored at 5 °C for two months to investigate the effects of salicylic acid on chilling injury (Cl), decay, and chemical attributes of stored samples. The results revealed that postharvest application of SA significantly increased total antioxidants and decreased chilling injury and decay of treated fruits. However, it did not significantly affect total phenol, total soluble solids, total anthocyanin and colour of fruits compared to the control.
Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Oklahoma State University, 358 Ag Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.28
Key words: Dip ‘N Grow, winter creeper, supplemental CO2, cuttings
Abstract: Although effect of rooting hormone in the propagation of ornamental species has been studied by many scientists, very few have contributed to understanding the effect of supplemental carbon dioxide(CO2) in rooting of plants. With the aim of understanding the effect of CO2 in rooting and its interaction with rooting hormone treatment, a greenhouse study was conducted. Two identical greenhouses were used in which, one was supplied with an average of 800 ppm of CO2and the other one was at about 400 ppm (ambient) throughout the rooting period. Rooting hormone treatments were control, 1000, 3000 and 5000 ppm concentrations of Dip’N Grow. Elevated CO2 did not promote root development when compared to ambient condition. However, increasing rooting hormone concentration significantly affected the rooting parameters. Rooting percentage was not improved under elevated CO2. Ambient CO2 with 5000 ppm concentration of Dip’N Grow showed greater root number.
Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, Haryana.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.29
Key words: Brinjal, bio-fungicides, carbendazim, Phomopsis vexans, seed quality, Trichoderma viride
Abstract: Brinjal is an important vegetable crop in India and its production is mainly constrained up to 30 per cent due to the seedling and fruit rot caused by fungus, Phomopsis vexans. Although carbendazim is effectively used to control the P. vexans, it is detrimental to human and environment with long term usage. Hence, the present study was conducted to identify the bio-fungicide which can be used as an alternative to carbendazim. The results revealed that the seed germination was significantly superior with Trichoderma viride, T. viride + Pseudomonas fluorescens and T. viride + T. asperellum as compared to the carbendazim in blotter method while it was at par in pot culture experiment. The T. viride resulted in significantly higher seedling length (cm), seedling dry weight (mg), SVI-I and SVI-II as compared to the carbendazim in pot culture experiments. The disease incidence was significantly low and the disease control was significantly high in T. viride and its combinations with P. fluorescens or T. asperellum as compared to carbendazim in blotter method while, at par under pot culture conditions. Therefore, T. viride (5 g kg-1 seed) can be effectively used as an alternative to carbendazim to improve the seedling vigour and control of P. vexans of brinjal.
Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, 1815 Popps Ferry Road, Biloxi, MS 39532, United States. Former Post-doctoral Associate, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State University Extension Service, 856 Hwy. 90, Ste. B, Bay St. Louis, MS 39520.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.16
Key words: Asian varieties, cucumber, bitter melon, Momordica charantia L., eggplant, Solanum melongena L., fruit yield.
Abstract: Ethnicity plays a strong role in niche market development, and the market for specialty Asian crops is currently under-served. As Asian populations continue to grow in the southern United States, especially along the Gulf Coast, it is important for producers to recognize this opportunity. Fruits and vegetables desired by the diverse Asian population are often completely unavailable or of poor quality due to shipping distance. This market need can be met by local growers with a greater potential return on investment greater than traditional vegetables. This paper summarizes results of variety trials of Asian vegetables conducted during 2003 -2005 growing seasons at Mississippi State University, Coastal Research and Extension Center’s Beaumont Horticultural Unit (USDA Hardiness Zone 8a). These trials evaluated yield performance of Asian varieties of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under coastal Mississippi environmental conditions. Cucumbers: ‘Natsuhikari’, ‘Tasty Queen’, ‘Crisp Petrel’, ‘Tokiwa’, ‘White Sun’, and ‘Summer Express’; bitter melon: ‘Large Top’, ‘Taiwan Large’, ‘Japan Long’, ‘Thailand Star’ and eggplants: ‘Round Green’, ‘Orient Charm’, ‘Ichiban’, ‘Millionaire’, ‘Green Giant’, ‘Purple Ball’, ‘Kurume’, ‘Purple Excel’, ‘Ping Tung Long’, ‘Mangan’, ‘Long Green’, and ‘Orient Express’ were grown conventionally on raised beds using drip irrigation and plastic mulch. Results indicated that cucumber varieties performed well, though their yield might have been affected by environment conditions. Average total yield and fruit numbers in 2004 were 65.5 and 56.1 % higher, respectively, compared to 2005. Marketable yield of Asian bitter melon varieties ‘Large Top’, ‘Taiwan Large’, and ‘Japan Long’, were higher than ‘Thailand Star’. Total eggplant yield varied greatly among varieties. Total yield of ‘Round Green’ in 2003 was highest compared to all other cultivars.
