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V. Srilatha, Y.T.N. Reddy, K.K. Upreti, R. Venugopalan and H.L. Jayaram

Division of Fruit Crops, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaragatta Lake post, Bangalore- 560 089.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i02.26


Key words: Mango, pruning, paclobutrazol, vigour, phenolic acids, flavonoids, flowering
Abstract: Dominant vegetative phase, if not regulated, can adversely affect the mango production particularly under high density planting systems. Pruning after fruit harvest and use of paclobutrazol (PBZ) have been identified as common strategies for tree vigour regulation and productivity enhancement in mango. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of 50% pruning of current and previous season vegetative growth and PBZ (3 mL/ m canopy diameter) on tree vigour, flowering and phenol contents in three mango cvs. Raspuri, Dashehari and Amrapali. Suppression of plant height, tree girth, canopy spread, shoot length and girth was witnessed with PBZ application in trees pruned to 50% of current season growth followed by trees pruned to 50% of previous season growth and unpruned trees. Early flowering witnessed as a result of PBZ application led to advanced fruit harvest by 20.4, 13.0 and 14.7 days in trees pruned to 50% of current season growth and 18.7, 13.7 and 15 days in trees pruned to 50% previous season growth in the cvs Raspuri, Dashehari and Amrapali, respectively. Drastic increase in total phenols, total flavonoids and phenolic acid contents were observed at 75 days after PBZ application in PBZ treated unpruned trees and in trees pruned to 50% of current season growth followed by in trees pruned to 50% of previous season growth. The high levels of o-coumaric acid, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid and salicylic acid and low levels of caffeic acid and t-cinnamic acid were observed following PBZ application in tree pruned to 50% of current season growth and unpruned trees compared to control. From the study it was apparent that the pruning of trees to 50% of current season growth and PBZ application are vital for regulating tree size, early flowering and advancing fruit harvest in mango and such beneficial effects of treatments were mediated through increases in phenols and flavonoids contents.
D. Sulistyowati, M.A. Chozin, M. Syukur, M. Melati and D. Guntoro

Agronomy and Horticulture Study Program, Post Graduate School, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), and Bogor Agricultural Extension Institute (STPP Bogor). Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i02.27


Key words: Cluster analysis, euclidean distance, principal component analysis, relative productivity
Abstract: Tomato genotypes exibit different shade intolerance and shade-tolerant tomatoes have potential for vegetable-agroforestry system. To obtain shade-tolerant tomatoes, a study on several tomato traits were evaluated on their morphological and physiological characteristics and their yield as responses to low light intensity. This experiment was conducted at farmer’s field, Bogor (October 2014-February 2015) using nested factorial design with three replications. Study was conducted on 50 tomato genotypes cultivated under 50 and 100% light intensity. Variables observed were: leaf number and area, flower number, fruit number, fruit weight and production, flowering and harvesting time. The tolerance levels of tested genotypes were classified based on plant relative productivity rate. Analysis of variance was used to differentiate between genotypes within response group; principal component analysis to define variance characters between genotypes; and cluster analysis using Euclidean distance method to determine relationship among tomato genotypes and similarity level . The 50 genotypes under shading condition were classified into 5 shade-loving genotypes, 16 shade-tolerant genotypes, 15 shade-moderately-tolerant genotypes and 14 shade-sensitive genotypes. First two principal components explained 57.19% variation. The first principal component was plant production and reproduction with the value of 37.69%; and the second one was plant morphological characters with the value of 19.50%. The dendrogram from cluster analysis separated 50 genotypes to 3 clusters with a distance of 20. There were 7 genotypes in the first cluster, 11 genotypes in the second cluster; and 32 genotypes in the third cluster.
Gurlabh S. Brar, M.I.S. Gill, N.K. Arora and H.S. Dhaliwal

Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (141001) Punjab, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i02.28


Key words: Grapes, Cardinal, Punjab Purple (H-516), Merlot, fruiting behaviour.
Abstract: Grape vines, trained on Y-trellis system were evaluated for their fruiting behaviour during the fruiting season of 2011-12 in Punjab conditions (North India). The maximum number of bunches per vine were recorded in variety Punjab Purple (H-516) and the maximum berries per bunch were recorded in variety Chardonnay. While, the variety Cardinal was promising in other berry characteristics such as berry weight, length, breadth and firmness, juice recovery was higher in variety Merlot. Varieties Himrod, Punjab Purple (H-516) and Pusa Navrang performed better as compared to other varieties with respect to physico- chemical parameters. Based on the overall performance, variety Punjab Purple (H-516) was found to be the most promising under North Indian conditions.
Ashok Kumar Bishoyi, Aarti Kavane, Anjali Sharma and K.A. Geetha

PDPIAS, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Anand, Gujarat, India. ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Research, Boriavi, Anand, Gujarat, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i02.29


Key words: CTAB, DNA fingerprinting, RAPD, ISSR, SSR, barcode, gene
Abstract: Extraction of DNA from medicinal and aromatic plants is often problematic, since these plants contain high levels of secondary metabolites which interfere with PCR based downstream applications and restriction digestions. Removal of these secondary metabolites requires appropriate reagents for DNA isolation. This investigation optimised an efficient DNA isolation protocol for Cymbopogon species that yielded sufficient quantity of DNA and could be used for diverse molecular applications. The modified protocol was also compared with the two existing DNA extraction procedures for cost effectiveness, time efficiency and quality DNA recovery. The modified protocol yields good amount of DNA ranging from 76 to 90 µg/ g of fresh tissues which was significantly higher in comparison to the other two protocols. A260/A280 ratio of the DNA obtained from the modified method ranged from 1.81 to 1.87 indicates purity of DNA and was also found to be suited for downstream applications such as restriction digestions. Subsequent RAPD, ISSR, SSR and barcode gene amplification analysis suggested that the DNA isolated by our modified method was suitable for various molecular research applications. The efficiency of this method in terms of lesser time requirement and cost effectiveness makes the present method a noticeable alternative for total cellular DNA extraction for Cymbopogon species and could be adoptable by the developing countries across the world.
Widiatmaka

Department of Soil Science and Land Resources, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i02.19


Key words: Land suitability, land availability, multi-criteria decision-making, spatial overlay, SPOT-6 imagery
Abstract: In Indonesia, Java Island still contributes a large amount of the total number of vegetables produced. In this tropical country, vegetables are produced in two different agro-ecological conditions, which are high altitude and low altitude. The rapidly increasing population growth has caused the centre's production of high altitude vegetables on Java Island to be increasingly pressured by other types of land utilization. This study was conducted in one of the production centres of tropical high altitude vegetable crops in the upper slope area of Mts Gede-Pangrango, West Java, covering an area of 78,290 ha. The research objective was to delineate the suitable land that is available for high altitude vegetables crops. In the first step, land suitability was analysed using multi-criteria decision-making methodology. The criteria used include those grouped within the parameters of land, topography, climate and ease of management; criterion consists of sub-criteria. The criteria were weighted using the Analytical Hierarchy Process, while sub-criteria were scored according to their contributions to land suitability. The weights of the criteria and scores of the sub-criteria were used for delineating land suitability in a geographic information system model. In the second step, the land availability was analysed by taking into account the constraints of forest area status designation and the spatial pattern of official land use plan map. Results of both analyses were used to delineate suitable and available land for tropical high altitude vegetables crops. The results showed that the amount of land that was suitable and available for tropical high altitude vegetables crops was 23.7% of the analysed area. The area of suitable and available land that is actually not used yet is 9% of the area analysed, which could be recommended for the expansion of vegetable crops. Land that is suitable and available, either land that is already used or land that is not yet used, could be designated as priority lands to be protected from the pressure of non-agricultural land utilization in order to maintain the sustainability of vegetable availability
Hiren Bhavsar, Fisseha Tegegne and Krisden Ingram

Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i01.03


Key words: Greenhouse, energy use, middle Tennessee, profitability
Abstract: The greenhouse industry is an important sub-sector of agriculture. On average, greenhouse and nursery farms in the U.S. have 57 percent more cash receipts than all farms (Muhammed, 2000). Tennessee cash receipts for greenhouse and nursery farms was 307 percent above than the average in the US. However, greenhouse operations in Tennessee have declined over the years. The goal of this study was to acquire a better understanding of energy use by greenhouse businesses in Tennessee. The latest database containing greenhouse businesses was provided by the Tennessee Department of Agriculture. A mailed survey was used to collect data that covered questions on energy use, marketing and skill needs of the businesses. The respondents were mixed in terms of size of their operations, education and income levels. Out of the 279 surveys, 56 were returned, resulting in a 20 percent response rate. To determine the different factors affecting profitability of greenhouse operations, this study utilized correlation and chi-square tests using different variables. Results indicate that profitability of greenhouse operations is influenced by the rising energy cost, economic downturn and size of operation. The survey also indicates that growers would consider adopting alternative energy saving methods depending on their income and age. The study shows the need to assist the growers in learning more about alternative energy saving methods and technologies. This study is beneficial not only for greenhouse businesses but also other stakeholders including policy makers and those working with growers. Other researchers can also undertake similar studies using the approach used here with appropriate modification.
V.R. Logegaray, D. Frezza, A. Chiesa. and A.P. Leon

Departamento de Horticultura, Facultad de Agronom�a, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Mart�n 4453 (C1417DSE) CABA, Argentina.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i01.04


Key words: Nasturtium officinale, quality, gas concentration, chlorophyll, weight loss, ascorbic acid, reducing sugar, oxalic acid
Abstract: Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) is an aquatic plant of the Brassicaceae family and used as a leafy vegetable that grows in and around water. It is consumed raw or steamed and has a short shelf life of approximately seven days. The objective of this study was to evaluate the postharvest behaviour of watercress minimally processed and stored at optimal storage temperature vs. market temperature. Treatments were: shoots packed with plain film (PD961EZ, 31�m thickness) and stored in refrigerated chambers at 1 � 0.5 oC and 8 � 2 oC for 10 days. Overall visual quality, gas concentration inside the packages, chlorophyll, reducing sugar, ascorbic acid, oxalic acid and weight loss were evaluated. At the end of the storage period overall visual quality, gas concentration and reducing sugars were affected by storage time and temperature, whereas dehidro ascorbic, oxalic acid and weight loss were not.
X. Alex Isac, K.R. Rajadurai, M. Jawaharlal, K. Arul Mozhi selvan, D. Uma, Hena roy and Nabrun Bhattacharyya

Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India. Horticultural College & Research Institute for Women, Navalur kutapattu, Trichy, India. Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Ch

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i01.05


Key words: Jasminum sambac, Electronic Nose, MOS, volatile emission
Abstract: The Jasmine (Jasminum sambac Ait.) flowers are highly fragrant and used for extraction of essential oil, preparation of perfumes and scented water. Since there is a growing demand for the fresh flowers, there arises a need to develop a technique to identify the flower quality in non-destructive and quickest possible manner. A study was undertaken using hand held electronic nose technology (HEN) at the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during the year 2013-2015.The result showed that, the HEN device generated Aroma Index (AI) score increased over the flower development stages and varied from 0.41 in immature bud (stage I) to 4.26 in matured bud (stage V). The comprehensive study on quantum of fragrance releasing pattern at different flower opening stages (physiologically matured bud to fully opened flower) over period of time interval showed that, minimum of 5.41 was recorded in an unopened closed bud stage which gradually increased upto 41.26 in the fully opened flowers. The biochemical constituents responsible for the unique jasmine flower fragrance were identified using Gas Chromatography –Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).
K.S. Nirmala, B.V. Champa and A.P. Mallikarjuna Gowda

University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore 560 065. University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot – 587 102. University of Horticultural Sciences, College of Horticulture, Bengaluru-560 065

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i01.06


Key words: Genetic diversity, Jasminum, AFLP, wild, cultivated
Abstract: Jasmines (Jasminum sp.), a native of tropical and subtropical region, are esteemed for their attractive fragrant flowers and essential oil. However, very meagre information is available on the genetic relatedness among species and cultivars of jasmine. This study analyzed genetic relatedness of 48 genotypes across 26 species using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism markers. Of the ten sets of primers screened, four sets were selected for the present investigation on genetic diversity. A total of 212 bands were scored, of which 90.5% were polymorphic. The relationship among genotypes was analyzed using Unweighted Pair Group method of cluster analysis. Among 48 genotypes J. auriculatum formed a separate node while rest of the 47 genotypes formed two major clusters with two sub clusters in each. Cluster I comprised of 28 genotypes and cluster II had 19 genotypes. It was difficult to classify the genotypes either based on geographical region or based on their cultivation since there was assortment of wild and cultivated species. However the results reflect a high level polymorphism suggesting occurrence of genotypes of diverse genetic background that will be useful in breeding programmes.
Shigeru Satoh, Yoshihiro Nomura, Shigeto Morita and So Sugiyama

Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu 520-2194, Japan. Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan. Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika Town, Kyoto 619-0224, Japan.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i01.01


Key words: pyridinedicarboxylic acids; spray-type carnation; carnation cultivars; flower bud; time to flower opening; vase life; gross flower opening
Abstract: Pyridinedicarboxylic acid (PDCA) analogs accelerate flower opening and retard senescence, which markedly extend the vase life of spray-type Light Pink Barbara (LPB) carnation. In the present study, we characterized the activity of these chemicals to develop a novel flower care agent for a practical use. A representative PDCA analog 2,4-PDCA is effective in a wide range of spray-type carnation cultivars, Barbara, Beam Cherry, Candle, Collin, Rascal Green and Scarlet Ostara, as well as LPB and Mule. Treatment of LPB flowers for the initial 24 h with 2,4-PDCA at 5 and 10 mM was almost as effective as the continuous treatment with the chemical at 2 mM.
Shafna Kalarikkal, P. S. Udayan and M. Asha Sankar

Department of Plantation Crops & Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur District, Kerala, P.G. Department of Botany & Research Centre, Sree Krishna College, Ariyannur P.O., Guruvayur, Thrissur District, Kerala,

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i01.07


Key words: Phyllanthus spp., Kerala, harbaceous, morphology
Abstract: Phyllanthus amarus Schum and Thonn belonging to Euphorbiaceae is reputed for its hepatoprotective activity against Hepatitis B virus. Preponderance of other herbaceous Phyllanthus spp. often leads to deliberate adulteration or substitution, lowering the efficacy of medication. Hence surveying agro ecological zones of Kerala and characterizing natural population of Phyllanthus spp. morphologically will ensure the correct identity. Exploratory surveys were conducted adopting purposive sampling procedure and accessions of Phyllanthus spp. were collected from different agro-ecological zones of Kerala (coastal, plains, midlands and high altitude regions) representing northern, central and southern Kerala. The collected accessions were identified using morphological key characters of herbaceous Phyllanthus spp. as described in Flora of Madras Presidency by Gamble and Fischer (1915-1936). No considerable variations were observed for characters like, growth habit, branching pattern, leaf margin, capsule colour, capsule shape and flower colour. Accessions representing P. amarus were found to have oblong leaflet shape, obtuse apex and round base. Dark green, light green and purple green stem colour and faintly mucronate to mucronate leaf apices were observed for the collected accessions of P. urinaria. The accession of P. maderaspatensis had obcordate leaf apex. Number of sepals and pedicel length were identified to be the non variable quantitative characters in Phyllanthus. Highest plant height, was observed for P. virgatus var. gardnerianus, inferring that it is the tallest herbaceous Phyllanthus spp among the collected ones. Broad leaves were observed in P. rheedei and longest leaflets in P. virgatus var. gardnerianus and P. virgatus var. virgatus.
P.R. Paul, A.H.K. Robin and M.R. Hossain

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i01.08


Key words: Musa sapientum L, seeded banana, endosperm culture, seedlessness, triploid, callus blackening, cold treatment
Abstract: The local Bangladeshi banana varieties, possessing similar brix percentage to that of commercial varieties, grow well under adverse conditions with minimum care but are less popular due to the presence of seed. Endosperm culture of seeded banana can produce triploid seedless varieties which can be cultivated commercially in unsuited environments with less agricultural inputs. The current study was conducted to optimize the initial steps of endosperm culture using the immature endosperm of seeded banana cultivar Bhutia. Young fruits at various stages were collected from the local banana gardens to find out suitable developmental stage of endosperm for culture. Endosperms of juvenile fruits at 25 days age, exhibited jelly state, was selected for culture because endosperm explants at that age survived the most in MS medium. It was observed that non-treated explants produced larger calli comparatively quickly than that of cold-treated explants. Largest calli (0.41 cm) within shorter time period (27 days after inoculation) was produced in MS medium additionally supplemented with 0.5 ppm 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) besides 0.5 ppm 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 ppm Kinetin (Kn). The produced calli gradually became blackish in appearance and higher ascorbic acid content (480 mg/100g) was observed in blackish calli. Avoiding the blackening of calli derived from endosperm of seeded banana would be a challenge to establish a successful triploid production protocol in future.
Fatih Hanci, Esra Cebeciand Ayse Fidanci

Atatürk Central Horticultural Research Institute, Yalova-Turkey.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i01.09


Key words: Onion, Allium cepa L., in vitro, callus, salinity, embryo, explant
Abstract: Salinity is one of the major limitations for onion growth and productivity all over the world. There are several methods to determine of salt stress tolerance of plants such as germination tests, pots trials, in vitro experiments etc. This study was conducted for optimisation of rapid and practical method to compare onion genotypes under salinity conditions. In the first stage of the study, three explant types and twenty one combinations of plant growth regulators were tested for optimization of callus protocol. Callus indicate percentage (%), callus fresh weight (mg) and callus dry weight (mg) were measured on the 31st day. According to results, the best medium (MS + 2 mg/L 2,4-D + 0,5 mg/L BAP) and explant type (mature zygotic embryo) for the proliferation of callus were determined. After choosing the best hormone and explant type, the effect of salinity on callus induction was tested using different level of NaCl. Akgun-12 consistently performed the best in callus culture. Responses of onion cultivars were different for different parameters. The proposed method was simple to perform, as no long time is required, and offers a possibility to screen genotypes in any time of year.
K.M. Sharadraj and R.Chandra Mohanan

Central Plantation Crops Research Insitute (ICAR), Kasaragod 671124 Kerala, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i01.10


Key words: Baiting, coconut, bud rot disease, Phytophthora palmivora.
Abstract: Earlier studies using different methods of isolations revealed that it is extremely difficult rather impossible in certain cases to isolate the pathogen, Phytophthora sp. from bud rot disease of coconut due to the presence of high population of other microorganisms like bacteria and fungi in the rotten tissue. Hence, it was very much imperative to develop an easy technique for isolations of Phytophthora sp. from samples collected from various locations. In the modified baiting method, different treatments were given to infected tissues before baiting with susceptible healthy plant tissues. Among the different treatments given to infected tissue, the treatment of keeping infected tissue in carbendazim (Bavistin 50 WP) 125 ppm + rifampicin 200 ppm solution was found to be better for successful infection of baits and successive isolation of Phytophthora palmivora (Mean 30%) irrespective of the baits used. Out of the seven types of baits used in this treatments, rachillae of young unopened coconut inflorescence, leaves of Loranthus parasiticus (L.) Merr. and leaves and young fruits of badam tree (Terminalia catappa L.) were found to be superior to others (with 33-37% success in isolation) and they were statistically on par. Tender leaves of badam tree yielded the highest percentage (37) of isolation of P. palmivora, when used as bait in the treatment carbedazim + rifampicin solution containing rotten bud tissue of coconut palms. Hence it can be used for large scale isolation of P. palmivora.
F.Y. Daramola

Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota Nigeria.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i01.11


Key words: Helicotylenchus spp, Parkia biglobosa, population distribution, rainfall pattern, temperature changes, horticultural crops, Celosia argentea, Colocasia esculentum, Azadirachta indica, frequency rating, nematodes, Nigeria
Abstract: The African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa Benth) is a perennial, deciduous fruit tree that is important for its myriad medicinal and nutritional benefits. The association of the spiral nematodes of the genus Helicotylenchus spp. with P. biglobosa has not been previously reported in Nigeria. Three P. biglobasa trees from University of Ilorin in the Guinea Savanna Ecological zone of Nigeria were purposively selected for nematode sampling for a period of five months (May to September). Eighteen field and horticultural crops were also surveyed to assess the population density of Helicotylenchus spp on selected agricultural crops in the local environment. Soil samples were collected monthly from the rhizosphere of P. biglobosa trees and also from the field crops to a depth of about 15 cm and within a 25 cm radius from the base of the plants. Vermiform nematodes were extracted from 250 g each of the composite samples using a modified Baermann extraction tray set-up. The spiral nematodes were frequently encountered in association with all the crops. Higher soil population of Helicotylenchus spp was recorded on Celosia argentea, Colocasia esculenta and Azadirachta indica at relative densities of 55.33, 42.11 and 25.6, respectively. The African locust bean trees also supported population build-up of Helicotylenchus spp which were found at a frequency rating of 100% in all the soil samples. Higher soil population of Helicotylenchus spp were recorded in June and September, coinciding with the two rainfall peaks while lower nematode population was recorded in August, at the lowest ambient temperature. The study indicated spiral nematodes as abundant and often associated with many agricultural crops at University of Ilorin, Guinea savanna of Nigeria. P. biglobosa was a suitable host for Helicotylenchus spp while the rainfall pattern and temperature changes influenced the population distribution of soil nematodes in the local environment.

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