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1Department of Farm Machinery & Power Engineering, AEC & RI, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore -641 003, Tamil Nadu, India. 2Department of Agronomy, AC & RI, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Killikulam -641 003, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: drrthiyagarajan@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.51
Key words: Ergonomics, heart rate, hand tools, grape pruning, evaluation, refinement
Abstract: Grape farming is a labour-intensive operation, with pruning as one of the tasks performed with hand tools. Most of the tropical countries use locally made and commercially available hand pruning tools for grape pruning. Different pruning tools were selected for ergonomic evaluation and refinement was completed based on the physiological responses of the subjects. The comparison between the commercially available Economy tool (M2), Maharashtra tool (L1) and Karnataka tool (L2) model pruner shows that the model Economy tool (M2) gives better performance. Economy tool (M2) model is highly preferred by the grape farmers due to its high performance and more comfort than Maharashtra tool (L1) and Karnataka tool (L2) pruner. This is due to standard material, shape of the pruner slightly bent for easy handling. In Maharashtra (L1) and Karnataka pruning tool (L2) due to direct pressure or “contact stress” refers to on-going contact between a part of the body and a hard edge or surface which in cause the discomfort and pain. Similarly, pressure points of any type can interfere with production. The physiological responses were measured and compared between the ergo refined pruning tool (EM3) and other selected pruning tools. The results for the Ergo refined pruning tool (EM3) registered are 95.2 beats min-1 (Heart rate), 0.566 l min-1 (Oxygen consumption), 11.81 KJ min-1 (Energy expenditure), 30.31 and 20.8 percent of AWL and LCP which is lower values when compared to other selected pruning tools. It was also observed that cutting frequency and area coverage for selected pruning tool varies from 11 to 24 cuts/ min and 750 to 1350 m2/ h. Ergo refined pruning tool (EM3) registered 24 cuts/ min and 1350 m2/ h when compared with other pruning tools. A full hand loop was fitted below the lower handle to improve grip and uniformly apply force throughout the pruning operation, resulting in increased area coverage and frequency of cut.
ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi-221305, India. Corresponding e-mail: vanitha.gkvk@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.52
Key words: Growth rate, forecast, vegetable area, production, productivity,
Abstract: Vegetables are higher in productivity, short duration, and provide a valuable source of income leading to improved livelihood. This study analyzes the growth trends over the years in vegetable area, production and productivity across different states and forecast the future values with the existing growth pattern of vegetables in India.Vegetable area, production and productivity have grown at the rate of 2.17, 4.29 and 2.07 %, respectively from 1961-62 to 2017-18. Further, vegetable production in future is going to increase by 1.75 folds from 197.17Mt by 2020, 242.99Mt by 2030, 284.7 Mt by 2040 and 322.64 Mt by 2050. There would be a surplus production of vegetables ranging from 75 to 133 million tons during 2030-2050 if the same scenario of growth prevails. Highest significant growth rate in vegetable production was seen in the states like Nagaland followed by MPand Tripura. Crops like bottle gourd, brinjal, capsicum, carrot, green chilli, onion, peas, potato, sweet potato, tapioca, musk melon and water melon have more than 50% of their production coming from their 3 highest producing states. These states have to be recognized as hub for the respective crops and encouraged for direct export of surplus after meeting the demand from other consuming states. Processing and market infrastructure should be encouraged in these states for effective utilization and to minimize the wastage of surplus production.
1Departement of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University, Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia. 2Departement of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Warmadewa University, Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia. Corresponding e-mail: rainyoman@unud.ac.id
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.53
Key words: Auxin, fruit set, off-season, Salacca zalacca, snake fruit.
Abstract: Snake fruit blooms every three months, but only one to two of the flowering seasons result in fruit production. Failure of fruit set causes the fruit harvest seasonally. Therefore, the aim of this research was to increase off-season production by preventing the failure of fruit set with various exogenous auxin spray. The research was conducted in the snake fruit orchard at Bebandem Sub-District, Karangasem Regency, Bali Province, Indonesia, from February to November 2019. The experiment was designed as a nested factorial with a randomized block design. The treatment consisted of three types of auxin with a specific concentration for each, IAA at 0, 25, 50 and 75 ppm, IBA at 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm, and NAA at 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm. The IAA, IBA, and NAA were sprayed on the flowers and leaves 3 times in March, April, and May. The results showed the highest percentage of fruit set, fruit weight per tree, and weight per fruit obtained with IAA treatment were 59.80 %, 2,612.91 g, and 91.06 g, respectively. These results were not statistically different to those of the IBA and NAA. Furthermore, the IAA concentration of 25, 50, and 75 ppm produced a significantly higher percentage of fruit set compared with the control. The increased fruit set in the IAA, IBA and NAA treatments resulted in better yield than the control. The novelty of this result is that spraying snake fruit with IAA, IBA and NAA can prevent the failure of the fruit set. Therefore, IAA, IBA, and NAA are recommended to be applied to increase off-season fruit production of snake fruit.
Department of Horticulture, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi,46300, Pakistan. Corresponding e-mail: drazam1980@uaar.edu.pk
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.54
Key words: Intercropping, marigold, organic, root-knot nematode, tomato
Abstract: The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of African marigold (Tagetes erecta) root extract in controlling root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita species and to determine its effectiveness as an intercropped plant on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) morphological and quality traits as well as on soil attributes. The results of the in vivo study revealed that the highest mortality rate (82.33%) of nematodes was observed in T3 treatment (3:1 marigold root extract in distilled water) after 72 hours while minimum egg hatching (9.33) by nematodes was obtained after 12 hours with a similar concentration. Whereas, the pot experiment of intercropping with tomato showed that after 45 days of transplanting, the maximum plant height (79.14 cm), number of leaves (28.22) and leaf area (24.46 cm2) in tomato were obtained in the T3 treatment (Tomato 1 + Marigold 2 + Root knot nematodes (RKN) 1). Similarly, maximum fruit TSS (4.90 °brix) and shelf life (8.67 days) were observed with the same treatment. Concerning root-knot nematode infestation, the maximum number of galls (39.33) and eggs (38.66) on the tomato root system were measured in T4 (Tomato 2 + Marigold 1 + RKN 2). However, the soil analysis of intercropped crops showed that there was no significant impact of marigold and tomato intercropping on soil pH and electrical conductivity, while this intercropping scheme slightly decreased soil nutrient levels.
Potato and Vegetatively Propagated Vegetable Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: mazamahmoud@yahoo.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.55
Key words: Potato, Solanum tuberosum, irrigation, water stress, evapotranspiration, growth, yield, WUE
Abstract: The current investigation was conducted to test the response of five potato varieties; i.e. , Arizona, Diamant, Markies, Spunta and Valor, to different irrigation levels during the summer seasons of 2018 and 2019 under Egyptian conditions. The irrigation levels were 100, 75 and 50% of evapotranspiration (ET). Different traits of vegetative growth, some chemical characters and yield were increased with increasing irrigation levels from 50 to 100% of ET for all tested varieties. While there were increased bound water and proline content in leaves as well as dry matter and starch content percentages in tubers under drought conditions. Concerning potato varieties, Diamant in both growing seasons gave the highest values for most growth measurements, tuber yield and its components as well as, some parameters of growth analysis, physical and chemical characters and water use efficiency (WUE), followed by the Arizona variety. In terms of the interaction between potato varieties and irrigation levels, Diamant and Arizona cv. were the most drought-tolerant cultivars, with 75 and 50 % ET, respectively, whereas Spunta cv. was the most sensitive. Furthermore, bound water and proline content in leaves, as well as the dry matter and starch content percentage in tubers, increased with decreasing irrigation levels.
1Amity Institute of Horticulture Studies and Research, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh- 201313. 2Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh- 201313. 3Manager-PHM, EYLLP, Panchkula, Haryana. 4Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173230 (H.P.). 5School of Agriculture, IGNOU, New Delhi. Corresponding e-mail: sonalivatsyayan@rediffmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.56
Key words: Momordica charantia, dehydration, charantin, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, antioxidant, phenol, fibre, benefit cost ratio
Abstract: Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is an important nutrient rich vegetable with plenty of health benefitting phytochemical properties, however the crop has a short shelf life. Dehydrating bitter gourd is a viable option to ensure availability in off-season but preserving the nutritive and medicinal value through the shelf life of dehydrated bitter gourd is a key challenge. The present investigative study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different pre-treatments on fresh green bitter gourd rings for preservation of important nutrient and phytochemical properties in the dehydrated product. The experiment was laid out in factorial completely randomized design with sixteen pre-treatments. Among these sixteen pre-treatments, T16 [Salt Blanching (SB) + Potassium metabisulphite (KMS) + Sodium carbonate (SC) + Guargum (GG)] was the best performing treatment in terms of retention of important nutrient and phytochemical properties which included carotenoids (1.6 mg/100g), phenol (41.2 mg/g), ascorbic acid (78.8 mg/100g), fibre (2.4 %), antioxidant (42.3 %) and charantin (135.8 ?g/g) of green bitter gourd rings after dehydration, followed by T15 [Salt Blanching (SB) + Potassium metabisulphite (KMS) + Guargum (GG)] treatment which retained maximum properties viz. fibre (2.2 %), antioxidant (40.9 %) and charantin (125.5 ?g/g) after dehydration. The economic benefit of dehydrating green bitter gourd rings is also demonstrated by calculating the benefit cost ratio (BCR) which came out to be 1.75:1, making dehydration a preferred and sustainable option. Pre-treatments of green bitter gourd rings improved shelf life and nutritional quality of the product.
1Faculty of Agriculture, Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal. 2Nepal Agriculture Research Council, Lalitpur, Nepal. 3Central Department of Botany, Tribhuwan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.57
Key words: Organoleptic taste, physiological loss, shelf-life, freshness, sensory evaluation
Abstract: Due to higher temperatures in Nepal’s mid-hill region, postharvest quality of cauliflower faces significant challenges during the late winter season. To address this issue, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the curd quality of eleven late-season cauliflower varieties. The experiment was set up in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with nine hybrid varieties (Freedom, Titan, Ravella, Artica, Bishop, Casper, Indam 9803, NS 106, and Snow Mystique) and two open pollinated varieties (Amazing and Snowball 16). The experiment was carried out over four replications from November 2016 to March 2018. Snowball 16 had the highest TSS value of 5.5 oBrix and pH of 6.5 when compared to other varieties. Snow Mystique had the highest vitamin C content of 48.5 mg/100 g, followed by Amazing and Snowball 16, compared to other varieties. At three, six, and nine days after harvesting, physiological weight loss was 4.0 percent and 8.0 percent in Bishop, and 13.3 percent in Artica, respectively. Snowball 16 received a significantly higher score of 8.5 tasty curds, followed by Amazing. Titan and Artica produced curds with the best appearance and compactness when compared to other varieties. Artica and Titan produced significantly more fresh curds than other varieties. Based on the taste and chemical parameters of the curds for the late winter season in Nepal’s Mid-hill region, it was determined that Amazing was the best OP variety, while Artica, Titan, and Bishop were more preferable hybrid varieties.
Punjab Agricultural University, Farm Advisory Service Centre, Tarn Taran-143401, India. Corresponding e-mail: savreetkhehra@pau.edu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.58
Key words: Pear, adoption level, improved practices, practical know-how
Abstract: Pear is one of the most important fruit crops of the temperate region. In Punjab, a low chill variety Patharnakh, has been widely cultivated and become the commercial fruit crop. The present investigation was conducted to assess the awareness and adoption of recommended pear production practices to narrow the adoption gaps so as to achieve sustainable production of quality fruits in Tarn Taran District to evaluate the effect of different technology variables on the awareness score and adoption level of recommended package of practices for pear. The study showed that the respondents along with awareness adopted some of the recommended practices for pear cultivation on priority such as timely irrigation to the plants (As = 1.0; Al =2.6), use of FYM along with chemical fertilizers and timely pruning and training of the fruit plants having good awareness and adoption values. However, they were moderate in terms of weed management (As = 0.58; Al =1.26) and practice of proper packaging and marketing of fruits (As = 0.56; Al =1.20). On the other side, management of mite (As = 0.06; Al =0.10) followed by use of micronutrients as balanced nutrition (As = 0.10; Al =0.22), use of Bordeaux mixture for sap wood and root rot and use of potassium nitrate (KNO3) for better yield were practices with least awareness and adoption values. The results indicated that, a mere awareness of technology does not lead to adoption. This gap can be bridged by imparting practical know-how with hands-on training to pear growers in niche area.
1Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya; Nadia, Mohanpur 741 252, West Bengal, India. 2Department of Post-Harvest Technology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya; Nadia, Mohanpur 741 252, West Bengal, India. Corresponding e-mail: alemjamirhorti@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.59
Key words: Black cumin, cassia, Cinnamomum tamala, inorganic fertilizer, intercrop and nutrient management
Abstract: Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is an annual flowering plant, belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. It is predominantly grown for its seeds and oil in open condition, but with its short life cycle and low input requirements it has potential for growing as a profitable intercrop. Cassia (Cinnamomum tamala) being perennial and wide spaced crop, it makes possible for cultivation of short duration and closely spaced intercrops during its harvesting period. However, information on nutrient fertilization of black cumin as intercrop remains elusive. The present investigation was conducted at the HRS, Mondouri, BCKV, West Bengal, India with 9 different combinations of inorganic fertilizer in CRBD with 3 replications to find out the optimum combination of nutrients on growth and yield of black cumin as an intercrop with Cassia. Among the various treatments, maximum plant height (68.11 cm), number of primary (6.07) and secondary branches (9) per plant, number of capsule per plant (23.33), 1000 seed weight (2.24g), seed yield hectare-1 (3.48 q) and B:C ratio (2.20) were recorded with treatment T5 (70:40:20 kg NPK ha-1) followed by treatment T9 (70:40:30 kg NPK ha-1). Treatment combinations with higher levels of nutrients had significant effects on growth components and seed yield. From the results of this experiment, treatment T5 (70:40:20 kg NPK ha-1) can be recommended as the optimum fertilization dose for obtaining maximum growth, seed yield and profitable economic return of black cumin as an intercrop during harvesting period of cassia leaves under alluvial plains of West Bengal.
1Department of Post Harvest Technology, College of Horticulture Bengaluru, UHS Bagalkot-587104, India. 2Department of Pharmacology, Hanagal Shri Kumareshwar College of Pharmacy, Bagalkot-587101, India. 3Directorate of Research, College of Horticulture, UHS Bagalkot-587104, India. Corresponding e-mail: hamsar.pht95@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.60
Key words: Spine gourd, Khakra, STZ, Wistar rats, hypoglycaemic activity
Abstract: Spine gourd is popular as an emerging underutilized crop due to its various health benefits and medicinal properties. Its powder is used to form a dish called Khakra. Khakra is one of the famous dishes made out of mat bean and wheat flour, a popular dish of western India mainly in Gujarat and Rajasthan, which is used as a snack or during breakfast. During the preparation of Khakra along with whole wheat flour and Bengal gram flour, 50 % of spine gourd powder was used and evaluated for hypoglycaemic activity in STZ induced diabetic wistar rats. The oral administration of Khakra of about 5 to 10 g/rat/day was given for diabetic induced and normal rats for about 21 days and observations were recorded at 0th, 7th, 14th and 21st day for serum glucose (mg/dL), serum cholesterol (mg/dL) and serum haemoglobin (mg/dL). The Group 6 (STZ + Laboratory diet + Spine gourd Khakraat 10g/ kg body weight/day) showed significant decrease (P<0.01) in serum glucose, serum cholesterol and significant increase (P<0.01) in serum haemoglobin which was found to be dose-dependent. In case of normal rats no significant decrease in serum glucose and serum cholesterol was observed.
1Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, 125004 India. 2Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab-141004, India. Corresponding e-mail: davinderr184@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.61
Key words: Carrot genotypes, mean, PCV, GCV, heritability, genetic advance
Abstract: Widespread genetic variation occurs across carrot germplasm, and the assessment of variability provides an important foundation to take advantage of that variation for future carrot improvement. The present investigation was carried out to study the variability, heritability and genetic gain for nineteen traits in carrot. Genotypes PC-161, PC-15, PC-173 (tropical), PCO-30, PCO-5, PCO-7, PCP-2, PCP-1 and PCP-17B (temperate) were found to be superior with respect to highest total and marketable yield. Magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters which indicated role of environment on the character expression. Quantitative traits like total sugar content (%), carotene content (mg/100g), anthocyanin content(mg/100g) and lycopene content (mg/100g) had higher values of GCV, heritability and genetic gain and were found most important traits for applying selection in carrot for crop improvement.
1Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141001, Punjab, India. 2Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141001, Punjab, India. Corresponding e-mail: boparaik91@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.62
Key words: Hand weeding, oxyfluorfen, paddy straw mulch, rose, weeds
Abstract: An experiment was directed to assess the effect of integrated weed management practices on weed density and dry biomass in rose cv. Gruss-en-Tepltiz by using treatments paddy straw mulch 0.6 kg/m2, paddy straw mulch 1.2 kg/m2, oxyfluorfen 0.025 g/m2, oxyfluorfen 0.025 g/m2 + paddy straw mulch 0.6 kg/m2, oxyfluorfen 0.025 g/m2 + paddy straw mulch 1.2 kg/m2, hand weeding (at monthly interval) and unweeded control. The least value of weed count of diverse species was recorded in hand weeding closely followed by oxyfluorfen 0.025 g/m2 + paddy straw mulch 1.2 kg/m2. Dry biomass of weeds and weed control efficiency was also marked to be lowest in hand weeding followed by oxyfluorfen 0.025 g/m2 + paddy straw mulch 1.2 kg/m2. Since hand weeding is costly, tedious, laborious, and if not done legitimately, harms the plant and root system, the result of the study advocated using oxyfluorfen in combination with paddy straw mulch at a rate of 1.2 kg/m2 for effectively reducing weed growth.
1Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. 2Frontier Agriculture, SOYL Precision Crop Production Division, Newbury, United Kingdom. 3College of Technology and Development, Zagazig University, Egypt. 4Central Laboratory for Date Palm Research and Development, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: mmunir@kfu.edu.sa
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.63
Key words: Date palm, Phoenix dactylifera, pollination times, fruit yield, and quality.
Abstract: The present study was conducted during the 2017 and 2018 seasons on date palm cv. Khalas to determine the most effective daytime to pollinate female palms to obtain optimum fruit set, yield, and best fruit characteristics. Nine, twelve-year-old date palm trees were selected for the experiment, and five spathes from each palm were chosen for pollination. These palms were pollinated at three different daytimes, i.e., at 8am (morning), 11am (late morning), and 2pm (afternoon). The experiment was laid out on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates for each treatment. The outcome of the study indicated significant differences among three pollination times. Date palm cv. Khalas pollinated at 11am exhibited significantly promising results regarding fruit set percentage, parthenocarpic fruit percentage, biser fruit percentage, tamar fruit percentage, bunch weight, yield per palm, fruit fresh weight, fruit length, fruit width, fruit volume, pulp weight, pulp ratio, seed ratio, pulp:seed ratio, seed weight, seed length, and fruit moisture content; however, fruit drop percentage, seed width, total soluble solids, total sugar, reducing sugar, and non-reducing sugar were not significantly affected by any pollination times. Pollination carried out at 2pm closely following to 11am pollens application time, and a number of attributes were non-significant between the two times such as fruit set percentage, parthenocarpic fruit percentage, biser fruit percentage, tamar fruit percentage, bunch weight, yield per palm, fruit volume and seed length. Early pollination time (8am) showed poor results regarding most of the attributes studied. Therefore, it is concluded that pollination should be carried out around the middle of the day when the ambient temperature is optimum, which favours pollen germination and positively influence fruit yield and quality attributes.
1Department of Horticulture, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. 2Department of Soil Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Corresponding e-mail: rashid.iags@pu.edu.pk
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.64
Key words: Kalonji, N:P supply ratio, antioxidant activity, phenolics, flavonoids
Abstract: Kalonji (Nigella sativa L.) is an important medicinal plant, cultivated as a rabi crop in Pakistan. A hydroponic sand culture experiment was conducted to know the effect of N:P supply ratio at two N and P supply levels on kalonji. N:P ratios maintained in nutrient solution ranged from 2 to 18 at two levels of N and P designated as high and low. The plants produced more biomass and seeds with higher antioxidant activity, total phenolics and flavonoids at high N and P supply levels. Biological weight, seed weight, antioxidant activity and total phenolics were not affected by N:P supply ratio. However, high N:P supply ratios i.e. 15 and 18 reduced total flavonoids in kalonji seeds. N uptake by the plant was not influenced by N:P supply ratio however, P uptake was found maximum at ratios 6 to 9. It is concluded from the results that kalonji plants with better quality seeds can be more successfully grown if N:P supply ratio is maintained at or near 7 in the growth medium.
1Extension and Research Professor, , South Mississippi Branch Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Poplarville, MS, 39470, P.O. Box 193, USA. 2Extension Agent II/Fruit and Field Crops, University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) Cooperative Extension St Lucie County, 8400 Picos Rd, Fort Pierce, FL 34945. Corresponding e-mail: eric.stafne@msstate.edu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.65
Key words: Horizontal trellis, maypop, Passiflora caerulea, Passiflora edulis, Passiflora incarnata, vertical trellis
Abstract: Passiflora incarnata L., often referred to commonly as ‘maypops’, has showy flowers and large fruit. This species has been identified in historical documents as being a food crop, although it is not presently grown as a commercial crop. To better facilitate harvest, Passiflora vines must be trellised to keep flowers and fruit off the ground. There are different methods to accomplish this, but there is little consensus as to the best model. Simple trellis systems made from t-posts, wire fencing, and cement blocks were erected onto a crushed rock covered nursery pad. One trellis was made horizontal to the ground roughly 0.3 m off the pad. The other trellis was vertical (perpendicular to the ground) and reached a height of 1.5 m. Three Passiflora species were used: Passiflora caerulea L. (blue passion flower), Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa O. Deg. (yellow passion fruit), and Passiflora incarnata (maypop). There were no statistically significant differences between vertical and horizontal trellised passion fruit vines in our study. Overall, trellis orientation did not appear to significantly impact vine growth, fruit growth, or fruit quality of Passiflora incarnata. We recommend employing a vertical trellis system for this species.
