Kaushal Kumar1,3, Kamini Kumari3*, Somen Acharya1,2, Thupstan Tsewang1, Alok Mishra1, Anshu Verma1 and O P Chaurasia1
1Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR-DRDO), C/O 56 APO, Leh-Ladakh, India. 2Defence Research Laboratory (DRL-DRDO), Tezpur, Assam-784001, India. 3School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India. Corresponding e-mail: kamini.25795@lpu.co.in
Abstract: This study compared the hydroponic and soil cultivation systems for lettuce and spinach production in India’s cold desert, high-altitude Trans-Himalayan region. Hydroponic cultivation is a soilless technique that provides fresh vegetables in regions with environmental stress and limited arable land. The experiment was conducted in hydroponic structures designed for leafy vegetable cultivation, including vertical and horizontal circulated nutrient film technique (NFT), non-circulated systems, and soil cultivation in an open, naturally ventilated double-layer polycarbonate greenhouse in Ladakh, India. Results showed that lettuce and spinach grown in the vertical circulated NFT system had significantly better plant growth characteristics such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh weight, and yield than horizontal NFT, non-circulated, and soil systems. Moreover, fresh produce from vertical and horizontal NFT systems had higher nitrate content, soluble sugar content, and total sweetness index, indicating better crispiness of the produce. Mineral nutrient contents (Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, and Ni) were also higher in the circulated NFT system compared to other systems studied. Thus, this study demonstrated that lettuce and spinach grown in NFT systems produced significantly higher yields with better nutritional quality than soil-grown systems in the Trans-Himalayan region. Hydroponic systems are recommended for successfully producing nutrient-rich vegetables in areas with limited water and arable land. This is the first demonstration of hydroponic systems in high-altitude cold desert conditions for growing leafy greens, and it has promising implications for sustainable agriculture.
Tavisha Singh1*, Seema Bedi1 and Rajinder Singh2
1Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, India. 2Associate Director (Seeds), Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, India. Corresponding e-mail: tavisha-bot@pau.edu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2023.v25i02.36
Key words: Gibberellic acid, seed coat, harvested seeds, KNO3, mean days to germination, Praecitrullus fistulosus, priming, round gourd, seed dormancy, seed germination, seedling vigour index, storage duration
Abstract: Owing to its hard seed coat, the seeds of Praecitrullus fistulosus exhibit dormancy which impairs the germinability and subsequent seed establishment. To overcome this dormancy, the seeds are required to be stored for a minimum of 45 days after harvest (DAH). In north Indian plains, round gourd seeds are harvested in mid-June and are required to be sown immediately in June-July. Therefore, priming treatments were employed to overcome seed dormancy in a short interval. To assess the effect of various priming treatments in overcoming dormancy, the seeds were stored at room temperature for various durations and at the end of the storage period, the seeds were primed by soaking in solutions of GA3 (150 µgmL-1, 500 µgmL-1,1000 µgmL-1 gibberellic acid), cytokinin (150 µgmL-1, 500 µgmL-1,1000 µgmL-1kinetin), ethylene (150, 500, 1000 ethrel), KNO3 (150 and 500 µgmL-1), HNO3 (150 and 500 µlL-1) and water, at 250C for 12 hours and 24 hours, respectively. Among all the priming treatments, 500 µgmL-1 KNO3 for 24 h enhanced percentage germination to more than 60 per cent in freshly harvested seeds to more than 80 per cent in seeds stored for 15 DAH. It also enhanced the length of seedling, vigour index (SVI-I and SVI-II), and coefficient of rate of germination (CRG) with a reduction in the mean days taken for germination (MDG).
Darshana Sihmar* and Aradhita Barman Ray
Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-125001, Haryana, India. Corresponding e-mail: darshanaftgju@gmail.com
Abstract: The acceptability of grapefruit juice is hindered by its inherent bitterness, primarily attributed to the presence of naringin as the main bitter component. To enhance consumer preference, two distinct methods, physical and enzymatic, were employed to mitigate the bitterness of grapefruit juice. In the physical method, the juice underwent treatment with the adsorbent Amberlite IR 400, utilizing a 3-level factorial design. The enzymatic method involved the application of naringinase enzyme, employing the Box-Behnken experimental design. Notably, the physical method revealed a significant linear and interaction effect of time and temperature on the naringin content, while the enzymatic method exhibited a significant linear effect of enzyme concentration, time and temperature on the same. Both debittering methods were optimized using a numerical multi-response optimization technique to determine the optimum variable levels. This ensured that both independent and dependent variables remained within the experimental range, achieving maximum desirability. For the physical debittering method, the optimized conditions were 96 minutes and 28 °C for time and temperature, respectively. Meanwhile, the enzymatic debittering method optimized conditions included 0.83 g/L enzyme concentration, 35 °C temperature, and 3 hours 50 minutes time. Under these optimized conditions, the enzymatic method demonstrated superior results, achieving a higher naringin reduction of 55.77%, compared to the 33.18% reduction achieved by the physical method using Amberlite IR 400.
Mahdi Abbaszadeh1, Amir Salari2, Ali Maroosi3 and Babak Jamali4*
1Plant Nutrition Supervision, Jihad Agriculture of Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran. 2Department of Water Science and Engineering, Minab Higher Education Center, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran. 3Department of Computer Engineering, University of Torbat Heydarieh, Iran. 4 Department of Agriculture, Minab Higher Education Center, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran. Corresponding e-mail: babakjamali@ymail.com, babakjamali@hormozgan.ac.ir
Abstract: Nitrate accumulation is a common problem in agriculture. To determine the factors contributing to nitrate accumulation in tomato fruits, the present study investigated the accumulated nitrogen content in tomatoes harvested in Iran’s Khorasan Razavi province (Mashhad, Neyshabur, Torbat-Jam, Fariman, and Chenaran regions) in four consecutive years. At least 30 samples were collected from each growing area and analyzed. Our findings showed that nitrate accumulation was absent in areas where fertilizer application met crop and soil needs. The highest nitrate accumulation in fresh fruits was 487 mg/kg in fields where the plants received 207 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer; the nitrate content of the samples was above the standard critical concentration in 71.67% of the regions studied. Nitrate accumulation in tomatoes from Khorasan Razavi province was high, which can adversely impact the quality of this crop in this region.
K. Sathees Kumar1,4, T. Ilakiya2,4 and T. Gowthaman3
1RVS Agricultural College, Department of Social Sciences, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. 2Department of Vegetable Science, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. 3Department of Agricultural Statistics, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India. 4SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, IndiaCorresponding e-mail: sarassathees96@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2023.v25i02.39
Key words: Cuddy-Della instability index, Kruskal-Wallis test, ratio to moving average approach, seasonal indices, price instability, ARIMA
Abstract: Vegetable production plays a pivotal role in the horticulture industry, yet the availability of vegetable crops remains unpredictable. Seasonal volatility contributes to unclear supply, resulting in price fluctuations. This study aimed to assess the seasonal indices and price instability of key vegetables in India using the Cuddy-Della Instability Index and the Ratio to Moving Average approach. Monthly price series spanning January 2010 to December 2021 were collected from the AGMARKNET website. Seasonality in the price series was examined using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results indicated that potatoes exhibited moderate instability, while onions and tomatoes displayed high instability. The onion price series demonstrated the highest seasonal indices in October, November, and December. Wholesale and retail prices were lowest in April, May, and June. October and November marked the peak wholesale and retail prices for potatoes, with the lowest prices recorded in February and March. July and August were the months with the highest wholesale and retail tomato prices, while February and March saw the lowest prices. The ARIMA model, applied to de-seasonalized price series, estimated factors excluding the seasonal component. Recognizing these price patterns enables farmers, policymakers, and government sectors to take necessary precautions against sudden price changes.
Hoa Quynh Vu1,2*, Ha Thi Thu Phung1,2, Duc Anh Nguyen1, Thom Mai Nguyen1,2, Hai Minh Ngo3
1Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, 10000 Trau Quy-Gia Lam-Hanoi. 2Institute of Ornamental Organism Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, 10000 Trau Quy-Gia Lam-Hanoi. 3Faculty of Economics and Rural Development, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, 10000 Trau Quy-Gia Lam – Hanoi. Corresponding e-mail: hoayamaguchi2010@gmail.com; vuquynhhoa@vnua.edu.vn
Abstract: Vietnam is one of the countries with high biodiversity, with extremely rich and diverse genetic resources of flowers and ornamental plants, which are precious and valuable in the domestic and international markets. Currently, in Vietnam, rain lilies have many different shapes and colors. This study focused on evaluating the growth characteristics of ten different varieties of rain lily and the ability to propagate these varieties by bulb chipping method in winter-spring in Hanoi, Vietnam. The results show that there was a great diversity in growth characteristics among lily varieties in terms of the number of leaves (4.4 to 12.7), leaf length (8.3-22 cm), leaf width (2.4-9.7 mm), leaf thickness (1.0 to 1.7 mm), leaf angle (23-50o), and tillering ability in six months (0 to 5.8 branches/bulb). The flower colors were also diverse such as white, light pink, dark pink, orange, white. The number of petals was 6 or 12 petals, along with the diversity of flower structure. The ten varieties showed a different propagation capacity by bulb chipping ranging from 1 to 17 multiplication times. The bulbils derived from bulb chipping had the good quality, with the highest number of bulbils in the treatment of the four-piece-chipping. Therefore, the method can be applied to rain lily propagation in Vietnam.
V.A. Naliapara, V.M. Sejani and N.U. Joshi
Department of Processing and Food Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh – 362001 (India). Corresponding e-mail: virajnaliapara18@gmail.com
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to develop a conceptual automated solution for the labour-intensive processes of coconut dehusking and deshelling. This was achieved by utilizing simulation-based design techniques. The study centred on the utilization of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) as a fundamental tool for the visualization and simulation of the proposed mechanisms. This study has developed a comprehensive framework for assessing the potential feasibility of the simulated dehusking and deshelling processes by conducting thorough evaluations that encompass stress, displacement, strain, and safety considerations. The cylindrical design with spiral spikes was designed to remove husks efficiently. CAD helped to comprehend the mechanism’s behavior, and subsequent analyses revealed that stress levels remained far below acceptable thresholds. The displacement and strain effects were negligible, providing the structural integrity of the simulated dehusking procedure. The design utilized strategically placed metal bars to improve contact points and effectiveness. The simulation-based assessments replicated the dehusking evaluations, confirming that stress, displacement, and strain remained within limits. This study shows that simulated automation in coconut processing has excellent potential and supports its real-world implementation. Computer-aided design (CAD) and thorough analyses ensured the safety and reliability of conceptual mechanisms and set a precedent for agricultural processing machinery. This study proposes a systematic approach to coconut processing that might change the industry by improving productivity and reducing manual labour.
G. Sandeep1*, T. Arumugam2, G.J. Janavi3, T. Anitha4, K. Senthil5 and A. Lakshmanan6
1Department of Vegetable Science, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam. 2Department of Horticulture, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Killikulam. 3Department of Vegetable Science, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam. 4Department of Postharvest Technology, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam. 5Department of Soil Science, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai. 6School of Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Corresponding e-mail: sandeepgunalan@outlook.com, sandeepguna1995@gmail.com
Abstract: The effect of different extraction methods using ethanol as a green solvent, such as soaking/maceration, Soxhlet, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), on the percentage of extraction yield, total phenol content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial effect, was investigated. Unknown phytochemicals present in moringa leaf extract from various extraction methods were identified using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and identified compounds ranged from twenty-eight compounds to thirty-four compounds from various extraction methods. On comparing the conventional and non-conventional methods of extraction, the quantity and quality of extracted moringa biomolecules were found to be high in terms of extraction yield (21.79 ± 0.10%), TPC (144.52 ± 3.44 QE mg/g)), TFC (22.93 ± 0.28 GA mg/g)) and antioxidant activity (84.15 ± 1.14%) in UAE followed by MAE in less time than conventional methods. Moringa leaf extract from UAE, showed a maximum zone of inhibition (56.25 ± 0.35 mm) against E. coli at higher concentrations. Based on the research results, UAE and MAE could be novel extraction methods for various industrial sectors with a wide range of nutrients and bioactivity. In future, these extracted compounds might be further purified, characterized and fortified with other food products to mitigate malnutrition.
Piyatida Amnuaykan
Faculty of Agricultural Production, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. E-mail: piyatida.chou@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2023.v25i01.04
Key words: Hydrangea macrophylla, glucose, sucrose, mannitol, vase life
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the effect of different sugar types on the vase life of cut hydrangea flowers. There were 19 treatments based on concentrations and sucrose, glucose, and mannitol combinations. The results showed that the vase solution with 5% glucose provided the most extended vase life, which was 12.4 d, while the control solution with distilled water presented 8.86 d. The results were correlated with the total solution uptake, the number of days for reaching maximum inflorescene diameter, maximum sepal hardness score, chlorophyll content, and sepal electrolyte leakage. It could be implied that glucose alone extends hydrangea vase life by inactivating the ethylene signaling pathway. Based on the sepal size and colour, 3% glucose treatment which generated the second-highest vase life, could be the appropriate concentration for improving flower quality and longevity. This study provides essential information to understand hydrangea flower senescence and develop better vase solutions for cut hydrangea flowers.
Yashi Bajpai1,2, Sandeep Kumar1,2, M. Muthukumar1, S. Rajan1, Anju Bajpai1*, Mala Trivedi2*
1ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow-226101, India. 2Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus. Corresponding e-mail: anju.bajpai@gmail.com; mtrivedi@lko.amity.edu
Abstract: Proteome-based vegetative and flower bud formation characterization was utilized to identify and differentiate protein species with significant variable abundance during floral transition in mango cv. Dashehari using 2DE and corroborated the identified protein spots using gene expression analysis. Total soluble proteins were phenol-extracted from mango cv's vegetative and floral flush. Dashehari and separated on 2D gels at pH 4-7. The protein spots with variable intensity were identified through SameSpots software. The protein sequences of differentially accumulated spots were identified based on PI and MW using Citrus sinensis proteome isoelectric focusing database. Furthermore, these protein sequences were used to conduct (tBLASTn) against Mangifera indica to predict the protein. Real time gene expression was done to corroborate identified proteins. Total 301 spots were detected, out of which 16 were identified as differentially expressed (P?0.05) and a 2-fold change. These 16 protein spots were identified on the basis of in silico comparative mapping protein against genome of mango and citrus, a close relative. They were classified into eight categories: transcriptional regulation, phenylpropanoid pathway and cell wall /cytoskeleton metabolism-related proteins, hormone signalling, flowering time, signal-transduction, transport and protein synthesis to flowering. Five genes coding for shortlisted proteins were used for validation of results using gene expression analysis. SAM (S adenosyl methonine synthase) was found up-regulated in floral flush, involved in the biosynthesis of polyamines has association with flowering, and stress responses. Furthermore, ARF (Auxin Response Factor), serine/threonine kinase gene members were also found to play critical role in determining floral development process in mango, consistent with results obtained through 2DE. Protein species that are putatively involved in phenylpropanoid pathway were also identified, showing the process of mango flowering from a new perspective beyond the conventional view. This flowering related proteomics study provides an overview of the biological pathways and regulatory mechanisms associated with flowering developmental physiology.
Abiyu E. Molla1, Animut M. Andualem2*, Misganaw T. Ayana3 and Melkamu A. Zeru4
1Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia. 2Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Ethiopia. 3Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Ethiopia. 4Department of Statistics, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Ethiopia. Corresponding e-mail: animutmekuriaw39@gmail.com
Abstract: Drought is the most predominant abiotic factor that affects plant growth and development. The present research examined at how drought stress affected the growth, physiological, and biochemical responses of Local and Markofana red pepper (Capsicum annum L.) cultivars. Five-week-old cultivars were exposed to well-watered, low, moderate, and severe drought conditions, kept at 100, 80, 60 and 40% of field capacity, respectively. Nine-week-old cultivars were sampled to analyze the effects of the stress on different parameters of both cultivars. Compared with the control group, drought stress caused a reduction in growth, physiological and biochemical parameters; nevertheless, adverse effects of the stress were more noticeable in the Local cultivar. Severe drought stress significantly reduced shoot length in Markofana (53.71 %) compared to the control group. Significant variation was observed in relative water content in the Local cultivar (20.26 %) exposed to drought. In the Local cultivar, the total chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence declined significantly by 77.28 and 3.33 %, respectively. Therefore, the cultivar Markofana was relatively less affected by drought stress. In general, these differences in cultivar responses to drought stress may aid in developing drought tolerance genotypes that can withstand drought stress conditions with minimal yield losses.
Byungsoon Kim*
Department of Computer Education, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea. Corresponding e-mail: bsgim@anu.ac.kr
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2023.v25i01.06
Key words: Lepton 3.5, LT-1T, warm-up time, accuracy
Abstract: Accurately monitoring leaf temperatures is becoming more and more critical as more studies use a crop's leaf temperature for irrigation, disease, and pest detection. In the present study, the accuracy of a module for camera warm-up times of 30 sec, 1 min, 2 min, 3 min, 3.5 min, and 4 min was compared when leaf temperature was periodically measured using a Lepton 3.5 module, a low-cost thermal imaging camera. The experiment was conducted for a plant in a laboratory, and a high-accuracy LT-1T thermistor sensor was used together to compare module accuracy. The power consumption of both sensors decreased by using the sleep mode of the module, and all measurements were conducted in intervals of five minutes. The accuracy was compared using the R-Squared, MAE, and RMSE of the two values measured by LT-1T and Lepton 3.5. As a result of the experiment, the accuracy was the highest when the warm-up time was 3.5 minutes showing the mean absolute error (MAE) and the root means squared error (RMSE) values of 0.56 ? and 0.59 ?, respectively. The accuracy was 2.5%, which was substantially higher than the 5% accuracy of the device specification.
B.S. Narwariya1*, K.N. Agrawal2 and B.M. Nandede2
1ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. 2ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India. Corresponding e-mail: bsnarwariya87@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2023.v25i01.07
Key words: Cabbage, planting method, cultivars, maturity indices
Abstract: The predominant method of cabbage harvesting in India is manual labor, which is both time-consuming and physically demanding. However, the introduction of mechanical harvesting could offer a viable solution to this problem. A plant physical properties database is needed before the developing mechanical harvesting system design. In view of this, a study was conducted to examine the effect of planting methods (flat, ridge-furrow and ridge-furrow with plastic mulch) on physical growth and harvesting age of crop and thereby find out the most suitable planting method for mechanical harvesting. For two cabbage cultivars (Syngenta BC-79 and S-996), the effect of planting methods on physical growth parameters (plant height, plant diameter, length of leaf stem, length of stem, stem diameter, head diameter, and head weight) and harvest maturity indices (compactness, specific gravity, total soluble solids, pH, and pattern of wrapper leaves) was studied. The planting methods had shown a significant effect on growth parameters such as plant height (270.56 mm), plant diameter (549.39 mm), stem length (58.61 mm), stem diameter (34.58 mm), head diameter (144.89 mm) and head weight (1.12 kg) at harvest. The maximum number of matured heads (83.66%) was recorded in ridge-furrow with mulch planting. The interaction effect of planting methods and cultivars was found to be non-significant for all physical growth indicators. The findings of this study provide a valuable planting method for cabbage growers from the perspective of mechanical harvesting.
Japneet Kaur1, Seema Bedi1, Rajinder Singh2 and Tavisha Singh1*
1Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, India. 2Associate Director (Seeds), Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, India. Corresponding e-mail: tavisha-bot@pau.edu
Abstract: The present study was on brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) seeds var. Punjab Nagina. The quality of brinjal seeds in terms of vigour and viability severely declines due to natural ageing during storage between harvesting and the next sowing season. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of various priming treatments on the quality and storability of brinjal seeds. The freshly harvested seed was divided into two lots. One of these seed lots was subjected to accelerated ageing to obtain low vigour seed and the other lot was considered to be high vigour. The high and low vigour seeds were primed with KNO3 (1%), GA3 (100ppm), KH2PO4 (0.1M), PEG 6000 (30%) and H2O, respectively for 12 hours at 25oC. The seeds were stored in moisture-impervious bags for 12 months in a refrigerator (4oC). The objective was to observe whether the priming treatments improve the seed vigour and retain the advantages obtained during storage. The seeds were drawn at three monthly intervals, viz., zero, three, six, nine and twelve months of storage to study germination percentage, speed of germination, mean days to germination, seedling length, root length, shoot length, seedling dry weight and seedling aand vigour index. With an increase in storage duration, a decline in the physiological aspect of seed quality was observed in both high and low vigour seeds. All the priming treatments improved the germination-related parameters in both high and low vigour seeds over control but the extent of improvement varied. Seed priming with GA3 (100ppm) and KNO3 (1%) were the best treatments for both high and low vigour seeds, even after storage for 12 months.
Deyaa, I. Atwa1*, Amira, SH. Soliman2, Hassan, M. El-Fikey1 and Abdel-Wahab M. Mahmoud3
1Horticulture Research Institute – ARC –Giza – Egypt. 2Faculty of African Postgraduate Studies– Cairo University – Giza – Egypt. 3Faculty of Agriculture-plant Botany department-plant physiology division –Cairo University – Giza – Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: deyaaislam@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2023.v25i01.09
Key words: Iris tingitana, seaweed extract, Garlic extract, water stress.
Abstract: A study was carried out for two seasons (2020/21 and 2021/22) to examine the effect of various natural extracts individually or in combination on the drought resistance of Iris tingitanacv. Wedgewood. A mixture of sand and clay (1:1 v/v) was prepared as a growth media. The treatments were (0, 25, and 50 % water drought) with liquid active biostimulants (garlic and seaweed) five times intervals after two weeks from bulb germination. The results revealed that plants at different soil moisture with various biostimulants succeeded in producing flowers of the best quality. Water drought at 25% also increased chlorophyll (a & b) and carotenoids in leaves, while drought at 0% recorded the highest increase in gibberellic acid. At 25% drought, vegetative growth and flower parameters were at their highest levels. Moreover, water drought at 50 % increased abscisic acid (ABA), proline, and catalase. Additionally, increases in vegetative growth, the number of leaves, flower parameters, chlorophyll (a & b), and carotenoids in leaves were noted as a result of applying seaweed extract at a concentration of 10 mL L-1; however, the best results for gibberellic acid were obtained using the highest concentration of garlic extract (500 mL L-1). The interactions between treatments indicated the superiority of growing bulbs at 25 % water drought with applying seaweed extracted at 10 mL L-1 that improved vegetative growth and most of the flower parameters. Meanwhile, treating plants at 25 % water drought with either seaweed at 5 mL L-1 or garlic extract at 500 mL L-1 realized the higher chlorophyll (a & b), carotenoids, and gibberellic acid (GA3) content.
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