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Division of Ornamental Crops, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghata, Bangalore - 560 089, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2005.v07i01.11
Key words: benzyladenine, callus, carnations, culture media, explants, gamma radiation, gibberellic acid, in vitro culture, in vitro regeneration, irradiation, leaves, micropropagation, mutagenesis, NAA, plant growth regulators, survival, thidiazuron
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Abstract: In vitro shootlets of carnation (cv. IIHRS-1) were subjected to irradiation with gamma dosage of 20, 40, 60 and 80 Gy. In vitro shootlets required for the irradiation were generated on MS media supplemented with 0.25 mg BAP [benzyladenine], 0.1 mg NAA and 0.25 gibberellic acid/l. From irradiated shootlets, leaves were excised and used as explants for further culturing. Leaves were horizontally cut into half. The region adhering to stem was considered as the leaf base and the region that is away from the stem was considered as the leaf tip. The leaf tip and leaf base were incubated on MS media supplemented with (1) 1.0 mg thidiazuron (TDZ) and 0.1 mg NAA/l (M5) and (2) 0.3 mg TDZ, 1.0 mg BAP and 0.1 mg NAA/l (M6). Weekly observations were recorded for survival percentage, callus formation, regenerated shootlets and expansion of leaf area. The results indicated gamma-radiation at 40 Gy to be the ideal dosage for mutagenesis when mutagenesis was used in combination with regeneration. Survival percentage decrease
Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Sector 30-C, Chandigarh - 30, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2005.v07i01.12
Key words: absorbance, apples, cultivars, monitoring, nondestructive testing, plant disorders, techniques, transmission, water core
Abstract: This paper presents the transmission technique, which has been designed and developed for the study of water core in apple cultivars Red Delicious and Golden Delicious of Himachal Pradesh, India. The principle of this method is to measure the optical density of the sample at 2 selected wavelengths and computation of the optical density difference. It has been observed that Golden Delicious is more prone to water core than Red Delicious. The technique is simple and can be conveniently implemented to develop an on-line instrument to monitor water core in apples.
Section of Agricultural Engineering, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 089, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2005.v07i01.13
Key words: cabbages, cauliflowers, containers, design, drilling, drills, equipment performance, mechanization, performance tests, vegetable growing, vegetables, work capacity
Abstract: A tray type dibbler with capacity of 100 portrays/h and a vacuum seeder with capacity of 50 portrays/h were designed and developed. The tray type dibbler is made out of wooden board with 98 nylon pegs to dibble in the media. The tray type vacuum seeder is made of acrylic sheet and it consists of a vacuum chamber, seed plate with 98 holes to pick the seeds, vacuum pump and necessary control valves. It was observed that the seeder picked and dropped the round shaped seeds like cabbage, cauliflower and knol khol perfectly, i.e., 100% singles. For other vegetable seeds, the metering performance of the seeder was good with singles in the range of 93-97%, doubles between 3-7% and no missing was recorded. It is suggested that these handy and low cost tray type dibbler and tray type vacuum seeder are very much useful for small vegetable nursery growers.
Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, PO Kakori, Lucknow - 227 107, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2005.v07i01.14
Key words: crop quality, fruits, genetic variation, guavas, heritability, phenotypic variation, seed characteristics, seed weight, seeds, selection criteria
Abstract: A total of 68 guava accessions were studied to determine the genetic variability and heritability for fruit weight and associated seed characteristics. Data were recorded for fruit weight, number of seeds per fruit, seed weight per fruit, 100-seed weight, number of seeds per 100 g fruit and seed content. High genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic (PCV) coefficients of variation were observed for all the traits. However, GCV was maximum for pulp:seed weight ratio followed by number of seeds per fruit, 100-seed weight and number of seeds per 100 g fruit. The estimates of PCV ranged from 33.85 (average fruit weight) to 609.75% (pulp:seed weight ratio). The number of seeds per 100 g fruit, number of seeds per fruit and 100-seed weight also exhibited high levels of PCV. The estimates of heritability in the broad sense ranged from 0.558 (seed content) to 0.843 (pulp:seed weight ratio) suggesting that all the characters had high magnitude of heritability. The estimate of genetic advance as percent of mean ranged from 43.76
Department of Vegetable Crops, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana - 141 004, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2005.v07i01.15
Key words: characteristics, firmness, genetic variation, heat stress, heritability, lycopene, pericarp, phenotypic variation, tomatoes
Abstract: Studies were conducted on 15 advance generation breeding lines of tomato, including 4 control cultivars, to study the variation and heritability of quality characteristics in tomato raised under normal and high temperature conditions (November and February, respectively). Data were recorded for total soluble solids (TSS), pericarp thickness, fruit firmness, acidity, lycopene content and dry matter content. There were significant differences among the genotypes under normal conditions, whereas differences were not significant under high temperature conditions. The population mean was higher during November than February planting for all the characters except acid content and TSS. In general, the phenotypic coefficients of variation were higher than genotypic coefficients of variation indicating that the genotypic effect is lessened under the influence of the given environment. Heritability estimates (in the broad sense) were high for all the characters for November planting except for lycopene content.
Defence Agricultural Research Laboratory, Pithoragarh - 262 501, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2005.v07i01.16
Key words: crop yield, cucumbers, fruits, hydroponics, leaf area index, photosynthesis, plant density, protected cultivation, soilless culture, transpiration
Abstract: A greenhouse experiment was conducted to identify the suitable plant density (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 plants per m2) for growing cucumber (cv. Green Long) in recirculating hydroponic system of cultivation. An increase in plant density from 2 to 6 plants per m2 significantly increased yield. A declining trend in yield and fruit number was observed at more than 6 plants per m2. The leaf area index and photosynthetic rate in different treatments were also recorded. The photosynthetic and transpiration rates were maximum when plant density was maintained at 6 plants per m2.
Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori-amamiyamachi 1-1, Sendai 981-8555, Japan.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2005.v07i01.02
Key words: carnations, cut flowers, methodology, preservatives, sucrose, vase life
Abstract: An attempt was made to determine the vase life of spray type carnation flowers by observing the number of open flowers, i.e. the percentage of open flowers to the total number of initial flower buds, and to evaluate the efficacy of this method. The vase life determined by this method was similar to that determined by measuring ethylene production and observing senescence symptoms of carnation flowers. The method effectively evaluated the action of preservatives, sucrose and 1,1-dimethyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)semicarbazide in carnation flowers. The results indicated that this method can be used as an alternative method for the determination of the vase life of carnation flowers, especially those of the spray type.
Aridland Agriculture and Greenery Department, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885 Safat, 13109, Kuwait
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2004.v06i02.22
Key words: Ornamental plants, drought, mulching effect, plant growth
Abstract: To further enhance the understanding of cultural needs and to promote efficient use of expensive water resources in ornamental plant production, it is important to conduct studies on fertilizer and irrigation requirements, identification and control of insect pest and disease and water conservation measures under local climatic conditions. The study reported in this paper was initiated in June 2002 to determine the effects of mulching on the growth and greenery impact of four proven adaptable introduced ornamental plants (Vitex agnus castus (VA), Caesalpinia mexicana (CM), Myoporum parvifolium (MP) and Rosmarinus officinalis (RO). Organic mulches (processed bark or compost) procured locally were applied to the soil surface immediately after planting. Periodic data recorded during the first year after planting indicated significant individual effects (mulches and species). However, the mulch x species interactions were not significant at P= 0.05. The processed bark was the better than compost in increasing plant height and canopy in MP and RO. However, VA plants in bark mulch had increased seedling height and larger canopies than those in unmulched plants. CM plant height was not affected by mulching but canopy increased due to surface mulching. The root zone soil moisture regimes were almost similar in all treatments
Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut - 673012, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2004.v06i02.23
Key words: Callus initiation, multiple shoots, SH medium, somatic embryoids, Nephelium lappaceum L.
Abstract: An efficient protocol has been developed for in vitro propagation of rambutan through tissue culture. Embryonic plants as well as multiple shoots were developed from seed explants cultured on Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) basal medium supplemented with NAA (0.5 mg l-1 ) and BAP (1 mg l-1 ). The multiple shoots were separated and subcultured on the same media. Callus initiation with somatic embryoids were generated from the excised cotyledons that were cultured on SH medium supplemented with 1 mg l-1,4-D whereas direct somatic plantlets were developed from the excised cotyledons cultured on SH medium supplemented with 1 mg l-12,4-D and 0.25 mg l-1BAP. Regenerated plantlets with well developed shoots and roots were successfully transferred to soil. This system could be utilized for biotechnological applications and also in generating variability. This is the first report on in vitro propagation of rambutan.
Department of Botany, Department of Biochemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2004.v06i02.24
Key words: Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, L. pimpinellifolium, cultivars, biochemical properties, peroxidase, catalase
Abstract: The fruits of three cultivars of the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and the wild species (L. pimpinellifolium) were analysed and compared for their biochemical properties. Ripe fruits at the orange-red stage were used for all the analyses. Both the cultivated and the wild tomato species showed high moisture contents. The wild tomato cultivar had a higher crude protein content and quantitatively represents the better source of protein intake when compared with the cultivated cultivars. The crude fibre content was highest in L. esculentum cv. Roma V.F. The ash content was higher in the Ibadan local and wild cultivars than in the other cultivars. Peroxidase activity was found to be highest in L. pimpinellifolium, while catalase activity was highest in L. esculentum cv lfe-1. Glutathione transferase activities was negligible in all the samples analysed.
Caroni Research Station, Waterloo Road, Carapichaima, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, 138 Bregon Park, D ’ Abadie, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Faculty of Science and Agriculture, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2004.v06i02.25
Key words: Citrus, Valencia, Ortanique, mandarin, virus and virus-like diseases, tristeza, exocortis, psorosis, yield
Abstract: Low yield is a serious problem of citrus in Trinidad but it is not known to what extent virus/viroid diseases contribute to yield reduction. This study is an attempt to quantify both the extent of infection of major virus/viroid diseases known to exist in citrus locally and the relationship of infection level with yield. The virus and vims-like diseases assessed in surveys were citrus tristeza virus (CTV), citrus exocortis viroid (CEV) and psorosis. The study began in 1996 and was conducted on Valencia orange, Ortanique tangor and Portugal mandarin established on sour orange rootstock. Techniques used in the survey included visual assessment of symptoms and both biological and serological indexing. In 1997, Ortanique had the highest level of CTV infection of 48.8 % of trees, while in the other cultivars < 10 % tested positive. There were significantly fewer high yielding Ortanique CTV positive trees compared to CTV negative trees (P = 0.042). Fruit count of CTV positive trees was significantly lower than CTV negative trees in Valencia 2000 (P = 0.004) and Ortanique for a cumulative period of 1998 - 2000 (P = 0.001). All Ortanique trees and few trees of the other cultivars appeared infected with CEV. The yield pattern of infected trees over time did not suggest a reduction in yield associated with CEV infection. Valencia field 12069 had the most (51 %) trees with psorosis-like bark symptoms. Presence of bark-scaling symptoms showed no relationship with yield. Of the three diseases studied, only CTV was responsible for yield reduction.
Central Potato Research Institute, Modipuram, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2004.v06i02.26
Key words: Potato, water-logging resistibility, cultivars, tubers, damage.
Abstract: Present study disclosed 24 hours water-logging as physio-damage free water logging and more than 24 hours as physio-damage for the tubers of 4 potato cultivars, namely Kufri Bahar, K. Sutlej, K. Anand and K. Ashoka. A higher percentage (72.51 %) of K. Bahar tubers displaying freedom from water damage showed the tubers of this variety as most water damage resistance among tubers of all cultivars studied. Tubers of K. Sutlej with 64.16 % freedom from water damage were next in order. At various durations of water logging viz., 0, 24, 72, 160 hours, 80.01 % freedom of tubers of K. Bahar from water damages showed this cultivar as most water resistant ones among tubers of remaining cultivars and tubers of K. Sutlej with 56.66% water damage freedom were next in overall 72 hours water logging. But tubers of all cultivars lost their water damage resistibility under 160 hours water logging. Tubers of K. Anand and K. Sutlej were found to be most water damage susceptible under water logging for more than 24 hours. The present investigation suggests that the potato growers should first take care of K. Anand and K. Ashoka tubers during water logging for more than 24 hours.
Gaziosmanpasa University, Agricultural Faculty, Agricultural Economics Department, 60240- Tokat, Turkey
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2004.v06i02.27
Key words: Vegetable family farms, economic analysis, profitability, cost analysis, sensitivity analysis
Abstract: The main material of this study consists of primary data obtained through surveying 92 family farms in a chosen area. In the study area, it was found out that the cultivated land is 3.70 ha with average population of 7.49 people/ha, literacy rate is 84.78% and that 57.84 % of family labour is unemployed. Each enterprise has an active capital of 82141.05$ on average and the rate of foreign debts in the passive capital is less than 1%. Average agricultural income per person (1254.87 $) is 1/3 times less than the gross national income (3377 $) in the country. The net profit of studied crops in the planted areas was 375.75, 367.94, 143.90, 98.42 and -12.08$ for eggplant, squash, tomatoes, beans and watermelon, respectively. This result indicates that profitability does not had a significant effect on the pattern. Sensitivity analyses on enterprise net profit for eggplant, squash, tomato, bean and watermelon revealed that for eggplant and squash, net profits were more sensitive to yield and price changes than for tomatoes, beans and watermelons.
Department of Vegetable Crops, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana - 141 004, India
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2004.v06i02.28
Key words: Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., topping, transplanting time, hot-set, yield, varieties, fruit borer, sun-scald, pruning
Abstract: The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of integrated management practices on yield and harvesting span of tomato. The experiment consisted of five cultural treatments and four varieties, planted in a split plot design. Number of primary branches, fruit trusses, fruits, fruit weight, marketable yield and Incidence of fruit borer were the highest in November transplanted crop, allowed to grow as such, and were lowest in March transplanting. Topping in both November and February transplanting reduced fruit yield, characters contributing to yield and incidence of fruit borer. Hybrid TH2312 out performed other varieties for most of the characters. Harvesting span of November transplanted-topped crop was the longest and that of March transplanting the shortest. The effect of topping in delaying the harvesting span was more conspicuous in November transplanted crop compared with February transplanting. This effect also varied with the varieties/dates of transplanting, being well marked in TH2312 and CR-2-P8-5-1 in November transplanting and only in Nagcarlan in February transplanting. The incidence of blotchy ripening and sunscalding was highest in March transplanting and the lowest in November transplanting, whereas the reverse was true in case of incidence of fruit borer. Topping increased incidence of blotchy ripening, sun-scalding and decreased the incidence of fruit borer infestation in both November and February transplanting.
Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori- amamiyamachi 1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan. Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Mild, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2004.v06i02.15
Key words: ACC synthase, Dianthus caryophyllus, flower senescence, ethylene production, transgenic carnation
Abstract: Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. Nora) plants, transformed with carnation ACC synthase (DC-ACS1) cDNA in sense or antisense orientation (the transgenes are sACS transgene and aACS transgene, respectively) by Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer were produced. Cut flowers of all the transgenic lines obtained, 2 lines transformed with sACS transgene and 3 lines with aACS transgene, showed suppressed ethylene production during natural senescence as compared with flowers of the non-transformed control line. Among 5 transgenic lines, the sACS-1 line harboring sACS transgene had the severest reduction in ethylene production from flowers, and the flowers lost their vase-life with drying and discoloration in the rim of petals, the ethylene-independent deterioration of carnation flowers. DNA gel blot analysis revealed that the loci of sACS transgenes in the sACS-1 line were different from those in the 6-0-66 line, which is another transgenic line of different origin harboring sACS transgene, although both lines have two copies of the transgenes.
