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Journal of Applied Horticulture Selected Contents of Year
Bruce L. Dunn, Arjina Shrestha, Carla Goad and Amir A. Khoddamzadeh
Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Oklahoma State University, 358. Ag Hall, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA. 74078-6027. Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, 301F MSCS Bldg., Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA. 74078-6027. Department
Abstract: Greenhouse production of Gaillardia is becoming increasingly popular for potted production due to growing interests in drought tolerant plant material. The objective of this study was to see if nondestructive handheld sensors could be used to monitor nitrogen (N) status in Gaillardia aristata ‘Arizona Apricot’. Topdressed fertilizer treatments of 0, 4, 8, 10, or 12 g of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) 16N-3.9P-10K were added to greenhouse grown plants. Individual plants were scanned from 10 pots per treatment for Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) and Soil-Plant Analyses Development (SPAD) over eight different sampling dates starting 7 days after fertilizer treatment application (DAT). Height, width, leaf N concentration, and number of panicles were also recorded. Linear, cubic, and quadratic trends were seen for NDVI and SPAD. Plant height was greatest in the 10 g treatment, but was not different than any other treatment. Plant width was greatest in the 12 g treatment, but was not different from the 4 g and 10 g treatments. Number of panicles was highest in the 12 g treatment, but was not different from the 10 g fertilizer treatment. Neither sensor showed correlations with leaf N concentration 7 DAT; however, the NDVI sensor showed the earliest correlation with leaf N concentration starting 14 DAT. Both sensors were correlated with each other at 35, 42, and 56 DAT. Results from this study indicate that 10 g CRF was sufficient for plant growth and flowering. Both sensors can be used to predict N status in potted Gaillardia; however, consistency in sample collection and sampling time may be necessary to correlate values with N status.
Mirta Esther Galelli, Gabriela Cristina Sarti and Silvia Susana Miyazaki
Área de Agroalimentos. Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos. Facultad de Agronomía. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE. Argentina.
Abstract: Biofertilizers can be an alternative to chemical fertilizer as they increase sustainable soil fertility without causing pollution; however, their major problem is the poor survival of the free cells in the soil. A possible solution is the use of cells immobilized in biofilms; it provides a more suitable microenvironment for prolonged cell survival and allows the interaction of the bacterium and its metabolites with the plant. In this work, the planktonic Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii showed a PGPR activity on Lactuca sativa,increasing the weight, 64 % the aerial part and 68 % the roots growth. This bacterium was able to produce a thick biofilm using glycerol as a sole carbon source. Different culture conditions were evaluated for biofilm production. The shear stress and the oxygenation during bacterial culture affected negatively the biofilm formation; a mechanically disrupted biofilm never recovered its integrity. The optimum temperature for biofilm production was between 30 ºC and 37 °C. The presence of different divalent cations salts affected the biofilm formation; 2 mM MgSO4 and 1 mM FeSO4 in static growth culture increased the biofilm production 36 % and 72 % respectively, and CoSO4 and CuSO4 affected negatively its formation. The immobilized cells had a PGPR effect; it showed a higher benefit as a biofertilizer than the planktonic form, producing an increment of 39 % of the aerial part and 59 % the roots growth.
M. Munir, S. Iqbal, J.U.D. Baloch and A.A. Khakwani
Fronteir Agriculture, SOYL Precision Crop Production Division, Newbury, RG14 5PX, United Kingdom. Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2015.v17i03.36
Key words: Strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, explants sterilization, in vitro bud initiation, media formulation
Abstract: A series of in vitro experiments were conducted using four strawberry cultivars to investigate their survival response to different disinfectants, explants regeneration response to liquid and solid media, in vitro bud initiation response to BAP enriched media, clonal multiplication response to various BAP concentrations in MS and Knop media and bud initiation response to sugars sources. Highest meristem survival (75%) was recorded in cultivars Osogrande and Toro when treated with 0.5% NaOCl for 15 minutes, however, 75% explants of Chandler survived when treated with 1% NaOCl for 10 minutes. Similarly, maximum survival (58-71%) was observed in Chandler, Osogrande and Islamabad Local when internodal segments were treated with 0.5% NaOCl for 15 minutes. However, the survival percentage of these cultivars significantly varied at different NaOCl concentrations when petioles segments were used as explants. The results of second experiment indicated that highest rate of survival (79.20%) was achieved in Toro when meristems were cultured on solid MS media containing 0.5 mg/L GA3. In another experiment, maximum percentage (83) of bud initiation was recorded in Osogrande at 0.5 mg/L BAP. Findings of experiment regarding clonal multiplication of in vitro shoots derived from meristem showed that maximum buds formation per culture (25, 20 and 15) were obtained in MS media containing 1.5 mg/L BAP and 0.1 mg/L IBA in cultivars Osogrande, Chandler and Islamabad Local respectively, however, similar buds formation response was varied with the cultivars when knop media was used. Similarly, when sugar sources were studied cultivar Osogrande initiated highest number of buds (20) at sucrose based MS media containing 0.8 mg/L Kinetin and 0.2 mg/L NAA, however, cultivars Chandler and Islamabad Local initiated 15 buds at sucrose based MS media containing 0.6 mg/L Kinetin and 0.2 mg/L NAA.
S.J.R. Underhill, and Salesh Kumar
Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia. Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation,The University of Queensland, St Lucia Qld 4072, Australia.
Abstract: This paper reports on a detailed case study of postharvest losses along a commercial small holder tomato supply chain in Fiji. It is the first systematic quantification of postharvest horticultural losses undertaken in Fiji. Postharvest loss was measured from harvest through to product arrival at the Suva municipal fruit and vegetable markets, with post-municipal market loss determined using simulated storage conditions. In this study, 32.9% of the harvested product was removed from the commercial supply chain due to rots (8.8%), failure to ripen (8.9%), insufficient volume fill a carton (7.8%), physical damage during transport (0.1%) and fruit being over-ripe (6.4%). Poor temperature management during on-farm product ripening and limited on-farm postharvest hygiene were key contributors to the observed loss. In trace-back studies to identify the end-use of all product removed from the commercial chain, of the 32.9% total commercial postharvest loss, 11.0% was consumed at home and/or traded within the village, 6.3% was fed to domestic livestock, and a further 14.7% ended up as on-farm waste or dumped at the municipal refuge. Based on simulated ambient storage condition, once the fruit arrived at the municipal markets, daily postharvest loss thereafter was between 8.3% and 13.4%. Overall accumulative postharvest losses based on three days post-market ambient storage was 60.8%. Postharvest ripening, storage and transport conditions along the supply chain are discussed.
V. Eyarkai Nambi, K. Thangavel, S. Shahir and V. Geetha
Department of Food and Agricultural Process Engineering, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.
Abstract: Machine dependent (RGB) and machine independent (CIE-Lab) colours were measured during ripening of Banganapalli mangoes, at 24 h interval and evaluated throughout the ripening period. The machine dependent colour coordinates red (R), green (G) and blue (B) were extracted from the digital images of mangoes taken every day. All the colour coordinates were increasing significantly during the ripening of mango. In total colour difference, major change was observed during 10th day. A steep rise was found in hue angle between 10-11th day of ripening. Croma was increasing up to 20th day and started decreasing. It was found that, the R and G would be more suitable to predict the ripening colour change rather than B value. In case of ratios, the red ratio (R/B), the green ratio (G/B) and both blue ratios would be suitable to predict the ripening of mangoes. These observation could be used as one of the nondestructive tool for mango quality evaluation, mango ripening and optimization studies.
Yoshihiko Shiga, Sakio Tsutsui and Tetsuo Mikami
Hokkaido Agricultural Laboratory for Business Development, Eniwa, 061-1405, Japan.
Abstract: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an ancient and clonally propagated crop that has been under rather continuous selection since antiquity. In Japan, each garlic-growing region had its own local cultivars (clones) at one time. This is still the case in some regions, but with expanding transport networks and the requirements for high yield of commercial quality, only a few clones dominate the garlic production in the country. Here we describe the morphological characteristics of Japanese garlic clones. The review also focusses on the possible ancestry of Japanese garlics inferred from molecular genetic analysis.
Division of Fruit Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar 190 025, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Abstract: The present investigations were conducted to assess the effect of intercrops like maize, pea, strawberry, cabbage, red clover, french bean, oats and clean cultivation (control) on productivity, quality, leaf nutrient status and relative economic yield of apple cv. Red Delicious. The results obtained revealed that the intercrops of leguminous nature like (pea, red clover, french bean) resulted in higher productivity, better quality fruits and increased leaf nutrient content in apple as compared to heavy feeder(requiring high level of soil nutrients) crops like maize, oats, strawberry and cabbage. However the apple plants intercropped with control (clean cultivations) performed better than heavy feeder crops. The impact of intercrops on relative economics of apple (system equivalent yield) revealed that the apple plants intercropped with pea gave a net income of Rs 291814.00 per ha with benefit : cost ratio of 1.71 followed by cabbage Rs 224428.00 per ha with the benefit: cost ratio of 1.41 and red clover with a net income of Rs 232395.00 with benefit : cost ratio of Rs 1.40, respectively.
Chandra Kant Sharma and Vinay Sharma
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India-304022.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2015.v17i03.41
Key words: Simple sequence repeat, A. marmelos (L.) Corr., heterozygosity.
Abstract: Analysis of diversity by citrus based microsatellite set in Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. was undertaken because molecular markers are DNA based markers and reveal the genetic diversity which is more universal. Genetic diversity of A. marmelos was measured by using 10 microsatellite markers. A total of 47 alleles were detected in A. marmelos across the 10 loci investigated, all these alleles were polymorphic, thus revealing a level of 100% polymorphism. The number of observed alleles assorted flanked by 4 to 7 with mean 4.7±1.059 alleles at each locus. The experimental no. of alleles intended for every 10 loci gone beyond the effectual no. of alleles that assorted between 1.384 and 3.164 with an average value 1.995±0.11. In present study the mean observed heterozygosity was 0.127+0.06, which was not more than heterozygosity (expected). The expected heterozygosity varied from 0.164 (CCSM147) to 0.685 (CT19) with mean value 0.407±0.177. Since, observed heterozygosity is less than the expected heterozygosity seems to be due to inbreeding.
A.K. Bera, T.R. Maity, A. Samanta, A. Dolai, B. Saha and S. Datta
Mahishadal Raj College, Mahishadal-721 628, West Bengal, India. Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia-721 657, West Bengal, India.
Abstract: An efficient protocol was developed for mass scale in vitro corm production of Gladiolus (cv. ‘White Friendship’) using liquid culture and coconut coir explored as a matrix. The culture was initiated from the basal portion of the innermost leaf of the sprout. The cut surface of responding explant was swelled in MS solid basal media supplemented with 2 mg L-1 NAA. Ten to fifteen shoot buds were observed when the responding explant was transferred in MS media with 2 mg L-1 BAP and 0.2 mg L-1 NAA. The high frequency of in vitro corms were initiated in liquid MS media supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and 6% sucrose in coir matrix. The corms with highest mean fresh weight (4570 mg) and diameter (25 mm) developed on periodically replaced media (every three weeks) than unchanged media. Using RAPD profiling, the genetic fidelity of in vitro raised corms were tested.
Suchita V. Gupta, Vaishali R. Wankhade, Bhagyashree N. Patil and P.M. Nimkar
Department of Agricultural Process Engineering, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola,444104 Maharashtra.
Abstract: Most of the sapota fruit processing methods employed is still traditional. It becomes imperative to characterize the fruits with a view to understand the properties that may affect the design of machines to handle their processing. Objectives of this study were to generate data for physical and mechanical properties of sapota fruit (cv. Kalipatti) in order to facilitate the design of some machines for its processing. The moisture content of sapota fruit was found to be 72 to 76% wb. The results showed that linear dimensions varied from 62.19 to 50.10 mm in length, 42.16 to 31.90 mm in width, and 41.42 to 27.40 mm in thickness. Average weight and volume of fruit were measured as 55.50 to 38.20 g and 587.7 to 408.3 cc, respectively. The bulk density, true density and porosity were 0.915 g/cc, 1.053 g/cc and 13.10%, respectively. The geometric mean diameter, sphericity and surface area were obtained as 41.81 mm3, 0.75, and 19715.81 mm2, respectively. The average static coefficients of friction were measured as 0.20, 0.18, 0.12 and 0.15 on plywood, galvanized iron, glass and acrylic surfaces, respectively. The average peak cutting force, energy used for cutting, specific energy, ultimate cutting stress and deformation of fresh sapota was found to be 73.96 N, 228.42 N cm, 1.23 N/cm, 0.40 N/cm2 and 3.18 cm, respectively. The average peak puncture force, energy used for puncture, specific energy, ultimate puncture stress and deformation of fresh sapota fruit was found to be 62.17 N, 25.50 N cm, 0.13 N/cm, 0.33 N/cm2 and 0.42 cm, respectively.
Simrat Singh, R.K. Dubey and S.S. Kukal
Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, India.
Abstract: Restricted pot volume and inadequate gaseous exchange in root zone environment restricts satisfactory growth and development of chrysanthemum plants. To this effect, an experiment was conducted to study the performance of cocopeat amended media mixtures in improving the root zone environment for satisfactory growth and flowering of chrysanthemum. The growing media mixtures such as farm yard manure and leaf mould as base media (25%) were amended with varying proportions each of soil: cocopeat (CP) as 75%:0; 50%:25%; 25%:50% and 0%:75% on volume basis. The media mixtures amended with increasing proportion of CP lowered the pH, bulk density, particle density and weight of the pots. The plants raised in media mixtures with increasing proportions of CP were observed to be well anchored and exhibited excellent quality of flowers. Utilizing 75% CP as a growing media amendment in FYM proved to be the best media mixture for ideal growth and performance of potted chrysanthemum. Better aggregate stability provided by the base media and increased K content in CP coupled with improved physical characteristics of media mixtures provide a suitable reason to utilize CP as a alternative light weight potting media for an ideal display of pot mums.
A. Kaur and H.S. Sodhi
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, India.
Abstract: Volvariella volvacea is a tropical mushroom with variable biological efficiency which may be stabilized through isolation of single spore cultures. Eighty seven single spore cultures (VAT-1 to VAT-87) of V. volvacea strain VV132 were isolated from three fruit bodies. The single spore cultures were characterized for their growth and enzyme producing capability followed by yield trials. Maximum growth rate was recorded in VAT- 81 and maximum biomass production was recorded in VAT-15 and VAT-82. On the basis of growth characteristics, twelve single spore cultures were selected for enzyme activity and cultivation trials along with the parent strain VV-132. Maximum endo-1,4-?- glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) activity was recorded in VAT-82 (0.158U/h/mg). Maximum xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) activity and exo-1,4-?-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.91) activity were recorded in VAT-15 (0.155U/h/mg and 0.083U/h/mg, respectively). The laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) activity was maximum for VAT-73 (3.66U/min/mL). In comparison to parent strain V. volvacea VV132, five single spore cultures VAT-15, VAT-26, VAT-33, VAT-73 and VAT-81 had shown higher yield whereas the number of fruit bodies was higher for single spore culture VAT-81. During the present study, these five V. volvacea single spore cultures have been identified as high yielding strains.
K.L. Mary Rani, B. Narsimha Rao and M. Rambabu
Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, Andhra Pradesh., India.
Abstract: Oil palm requires adequate irrigation and demands a balanced and adequate supply of nutrients for its growth and yield. Under irrigated conditions, studies were undertaken to standardize fertilizer and irrigation dose through fertigation and micro irrigation to improve nutrient and water-use efficiency, respectively. For these studies, the palm-wise data needs to be compiled and analysed to know the performance of various treatments. Software requirement analysis was done to identify the input and output characteristics of the experiments and related data management. Database modules were designed and developed in MS Access using the Visual Basic for Applications to record the palm-wise data on different characters and to retrieve information in the form of various reports for the selected period like day, month and year. User friendly screens were designed for this purpose. The software enables to retrieve the data on treatment means for various parameters and export it to Excel format for further analysis using any statistical software. The software was tested for its function and is implemented.
Swati Kumari, Mala Trivedi and Maneesh Mishra
ICAR - Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow, India. Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Lucknow Campus, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Abstract: Papaya is the first fruit crop which was not only successfully genetically engineered but also deregulated and commercialized. Pathogenic derived resistance was utilized for harnessing PRSV resistance. Coat protein gene from PRSV was invariably used to confer resistance against papaya ring spot virus. Microprojectile transformation has been the most preferred pathway. However, several reports are also available involving Agrobacterium pathway. Majority of workers found somatic embryos as the explant of choice for genetic manipulation in papaya compared to other explants. This paper highlights the global status of development of genetically engineered papaya for viral resistance.
S.S. Miller, C. Hott and T. Tworkoski
USDA-ARS, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2015.v17i02.20
Key words: Apple, carbohydrate, fruit quality, productivity
Abstract: Light is a critical resource needed by plants for growth and reproduction. A major portion of the apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) tree’s canopy is subjected to shade during most daylight hours each day and such shade may affect productivity. The current research determined effects of morning, afternoon, and all-day shading on processes that are significant to orchard productivity. In 1996 ‘Ginger Gold’/M.9 apple trees were planted in the field near Kearneysville, WV and shade treatments were imposed from 2002 to 2005. Trunk and branch growth were reduced consistently by morning shade (MS) compared to no shade (NS) and full shade (FS) and afternoon shade (AS) had intermediate effects. Total branch growth from 2002 to 2005 was 164, 168, 145, and 157 cm for FS, NS, MS, and AS, respectively. Although shade affected yield inconsistently from year-to-year, total yield from 2002 to 2005 was 7.8, 201.6, 72.5, and 110.6 kg/tree for FS, NS, MS, and AS, respectively. Time of shading clearly affected yield with full shade causing the greatest reduction, followed by partial shade treatments, MS and AS. Concentrations of soluble carbohydrates, particularly sorbitol, were greater in leaves of AS compared to MS. It is postulated that MS may have adversely affected photosynthesis at a time of day that was most conducive to high net assimilation. Planting and training apple trees to minimize shade, especially morning shade, may benefit orchard productivity.
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