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institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. 2Centre for Diploma Studies, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Higher Education Hub, 84600 Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia. Corresponding e-mail: norhazimah@uthm.edu.my
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.43
Key words: Vinegar, pickling, tropical fruit, preserve food, traditional foods, functional foods, shelf life
Abstract: Vinegar pickling is a traditional food preservation method; nevertheless, scientific evaluation and industrial standardization of tropical fruits are limited. The emerging potential of unripe tropical fruits in vinegar-based pickling systems was examined in terms of health-oriented and sustainable food trends. Vinegar pickling of tropical fruits involves immersion in an acidified solution to inhibit microbial proliferation, extend shelf life, and develop desirable sensory attributes. Existing limitations, including flavor imbalance, textural degradation, and the absence of standardized processing protocols were analyzed. Consumer perceptions and market dynamics were reviewed, indicating an increasing demand for natural, functional, and value-added food products. Selected innovations, such as the utilization of natural vinegar sources, bioactive enrichment, intelligent processing, and smart manufacturing were summarized to illustrate potential improvements in product quality and consumer appeal. The limited scientific literature on this integrated perspective underscores the timeliness of this mini review for further investigation. This mini review aims to position vinegar pickling as a preservation strategy and platform for integrating traditional practices with functional food development.
1Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, Thiruvananthapuram, India, 2Department of Horticulture, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi, Kerala Agricultural University, Palakkad, India, 3Department of Horticulture, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Palakkad, Kerala Agricultural University, India. Corresponding e-mail: aswathik208@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.44
Key words: Mentha piperita, vegetative propagation, rooting media, pro-tray, apical cuttings, cocopeat, vermicompost, rooting efficiency
Abstract: A nursery experiment was carried out at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi, Kerala, India, during November 2024 to January 2025 to standardize an efficient propagation method for peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) under pro-tray nursery conditions. The experiment evaluated the performance of three node stem cuttings with leaves obtained from different portions of the mother plant namely apical (7.5 cm), middle (8.5 cm) and basal (9.5 cm) in five rooting media comprising cocopeat alone; cocopeat + farmyard manure (1:1, w/w); cocopeat + vermicompost (1:1, w/w); cocopeat + farmyard manure + vermicompost (1:0.5:0.5, w/w); and cocopeat + vermiculite + perlite (1:1:1, w/w). The experiment was laid out in a factorial completely randomized design with three replications. The results revealed significant effects of cutting type, rooting medium and their interaction on all growth and rooting parameters studied. Among the cutting types, apical cuttings exhibited superior sprouting percentage, faster root initiation, greater shoot length and higher shoot biomass compared to middle and basal cuttings. With respect to rooting media, the cocopeat and vermicompost mixture (1:1, w/w) was most effective, producing earlier rooting, increased root length and higher root biomass. The interaction treatment involving apical cuttings planted in cocopeat + vermicompost recorded the highest sprouting, earliest emergence, enhanced shoot growth, greater biomass accumulation, improved root volume and overall rooting efficiency. The findings of the study indicate that the use of three node apical stem cuttings combined with a 1:1 (w/w) mixture of cocopeat and vermicompost is the most suitable approach for achieving rapid, uniform, and efficient nursery-scale propagation of peppermint under pro-tray nursery conditions.
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru - 560065, Karnataka, India. *E-email: pprashanthav98@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.45
Key words: Bell pepper, genetic variability, coefficients of variation, heritability, quantitative traits, GCV, PCV, genetic advance
Abstract: Development of cultivars with superior yield and quality for polyhouse cultivation requires a thorough understanding of the available genetic variability. Therefore, the present study evaluated twenty bell pepper genotypes collected from diverse regions of India under polyhouse conditions at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, during two consecutive kharif seasons (2023 and 2024). Data were recorded for seven quantitative traits to assess the extent of genetic variability and identify promising genotypes for polyhouse cultivation. Pooled analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits, indicating the presence of substantial genetic variability. The distribution of variability was visualised through frequency distribution histograms with expected normality. Most traits, except fruit length and width, exhibited high standardized range (SR), which was further reflected in the estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV). The narrow difference between PCV and GCV estimates indicated limited environmental influence on trait expression. Furthermore, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as a percentage of mean was observed for all traits, suggesting that simple selection would be effective for their improvement. Based on per se performance, the genotypes NS 280, Yolo Wonder and Indera were identified as superior for fruit yield. In contrast, Davangere Local, North Karnataka Local and Capsicum Jawari Dharwad were identified as potential donor parents for higher fruit number. Thus, the identified genotypes hold significant potential for strategic utilization in future bell pepper improvement programmes.
1Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, Thiruvananthapuram, India. 2Department of Horticulture, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Palakkad, India. 3Department of Horticulture, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi, Palakkad, India. 4Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, Thiruvananthapuram, India. Corresponding e-mail: fathimathhenna99@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.46
Key words: Ginger, Zingiber officinale, fertilizer, microrhizome-derived plantlets, fertigation levels, polyhouse condition, RDF, growth characters, split application, yield
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to assess the impact of various fertigation strategies on the production of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) seed rhizomes. The investigation encompassed six distinct regimes, employing a recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) of 0.94: 0.63: 0.63 NPK g per plant, supplemented by 10% and 20% increments of the RDF. These fertilizer applications were administered according to two separate schedules, extending over 240 or 300 days after planting (DAP). Results indicated that higher nutrient doses enhanced vegetative growth and quality traits, whereas maximum yield was achieved with the RDF level applied up to 240 DAP. T1 (RDF up to 240 DAP) resulted in the highest tiller count (29.87) and rhizome weight (400.33 g). T5 (20% increased RDF up to 240 DAP) was superior in plant height (120.79 cm), leaf length (27.69 cm), leaf area (43.63 cm2), chlorophyll (2.37 mg g-1), and oleoresin (7.65%) content. T4 (20% increase in RDF) recorded the maximum number of leaves (27.80) and the highest root fresh weight (141.67 g). The most effective treatment for producing seed rhizomes, using plantlets grown from microrhizomes in a disease-free polyhouse, was the application of a specific ratio of nutrients (0.94: 0.63: 0.63 NPK g per plant) up to 240 days after planting.
1Department of Fruit Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India. 2Director of Research and Dean Post Graduate Studies, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India. 3Department of Vegetable Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari. 4Department of Basic Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari. 5Parul University, Vadodara, 391760. Corresponding e-mail: shivkoti36@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.47
Key words: Guava, anthesis, genotypic variability, floral biology, fruit set, floral morphology, fruit retention, anthesis
Abstract: A study was conducted to assess the variability in floral morphology, flowering behaviour, fruit set and retention among five guava (Psidium guajava L.) genotypes: Jarvi Red, Exotica, Sanjari, Yogi and VNR Bihi. Significant genotypic differences were recorded for floral traits. Yogi produced larger-sized flowers (2.29 cm in length; 4.23 cm in width), whereas Sanjari exhibited the maximum petal number (9) and VNR Bihi recorded the maximum stamens (576). Flower buds took between 29 and 45 days to develop in Exotica and VNR Bihi, respectively. Flowering duration extended from 37 days in Exotica to 51 days in VNR Bihi. The duration from anthesis to petal drop was similar across genotypes, while the flowering-to-fruiting period varied from 122 days (Yogi) to 138 days (VNR Bihi). Fruit set was maximum in Yogi (73.87%) and VNR Bihi (73.07%), accompanied by higher fruit retention and lower fruit drop, whereas Exotica showed the lowest values. There were also differences in the time of anthesis and anther dehiscence between the genotypes. VNR Bihi had a longer period of anthesis and dehiscence, which meant that pollen was available for a longer time. On the other hand, Sanjari and Yogi had early anthesis. VNR Bihi produced the fruits in both the terminal and the lateral flowers. Comparing all the studied genotypes, Yogi showed larger flowers, early maturity and superior fruit set and retention. VNR Bihi displayed prolonged flowering and late maturity. These results offer important information for breeding programs, crop management and varietal selection that aim to increase guava productivity.
1Department of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture, Al Doura 10022, Iraq. 2Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, Ramadi -31001, Iraq. Corresponding e-mail: ag.ahmed.fatkhan@uoanbar.edu.iq
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.48
Key words: Date palm, fruits, nano-fertilizers, brassinolide, chitosan, qualitative traits, fruit quality, TSS, sugars
Abstract: This study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of spraying with both the nano NPK fertilizer at the two concentrations (0 and 2 g L-1), and the growth regulator Brassinolide at the concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1), and the growth stimulant Chitosan (0, 1, and 2%) affected certain qualitative fruit traits. The study included 54 trees aged 20 years. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized block design, the experiment included 18 treatments, with each tree considered an experimental unit. The results showed that spraying with NPK nano-fertilizer 2 g L?¹ had a significant effect on improving the qualitative traits of Khastawy date palm fruits, this treatment achieved the highest percentages for macronutrients (N, P and K), TSS, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and total sugars with values reaching (1.54%, 0.42%, 1.87%, 66.34%, 31.73%, 25.31% and 57.04%), respectively. Spraying with Brassinolide significantly affected the following traits (phosphorus, TSS and total sugars), the treatment 1.0 mg L?¹ achieved the best percentages, reaching (0.42%, 70.15%, and 55.83%), respectively. As for the Chitosan spray treatments, they significantly affected the traits (percentages of non- reducing sugars and total sugars). The 2% concentration showed the best values for these traits, reaching (25.29% and 55.50%), respectively, while the concentrations 1 and 2% showed the highest percentage of nitrogen, reaching 1.53% for each concentration. Regarding the effect of two-way and three-way interaction between the study factors, the level of significance depended on the type of treatment and the trait studied.
institute of Fundamental and Applied Research, National Research University TIIAME, Tashkent, 100000, Uzbekistan. 2Urgench State University, Urgench 220100, Uzbekistan. 3Faculty of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan. international Center for Strategic Development and Research (ISCAD), Ministry of Agriculture of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100140, Uzbekistan. Corresponding e-mail: egamberdievad@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.49
Key words: Ginger growing, bibliometric analysis, medicinal plant, VOSviewer, Scopus
Abstract: Ginger is one of the most commonly used spices in food and beverages around the world. The essential oil extracted from ginger is potent and is recognized for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal properties. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of ginger cultivation research from 1981 to 2024, based on 183 articles published in the Scopus database. The analysis examines annual publication trends, document types, most cited articles and top journals contributing to the field. The study highlights the main contributions to the academic discourse on ginger cultivation and examines the country and institutional affiliations of the authors. The findings offer valuable insights for researchers and agricultural practitioners, providing a comprehensive overview of the evolution of research in this field. Furthermore, enhancing international scientific collaboration on ginger research would be beneficial, particularly in fostering knowledge exchange between emerging and industrialized nations. Strengthening the connections between agricultural researchers, food scientists, and industry stakeholders could accelerate innovation and improve the commercial viability of ginger-based products.
1Plant Stress Biology Laboratory, P.G. Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore-756089, Odisha, India. 2Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Bioresource Management and Energy Conservation Material Development, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar Balasore-756089, Odisha, India. 3Betel vine Research Center, Islampur, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour Bhagalpur-813210, Bihar, India. Corresponding e-mail: punam.lifescience@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.50
Key words: betel vine, leaf spot disease, Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis, pathogenicity test, ITS, RPB2
Abstract: Betel vine (Piper betle) is an economically and medicinally important cash crop widely cultivated across coastal regions of Odisha, India. However, its productivity is often constrained by leaf spot disease, which causes massive losses in betel vine production. This study aims to identify the pathogen causing the disease in betel vine leaves collected from the Balasore district of Odisha, India. The pathogen was isolated and characterized based on its morphological and molecular traits. Molecular identification using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and RNA polymerase II beta subunit (RPB2) gene sequences revealed that the isolate shared high sequence similarity with Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis through BLASTn (GenBank accession numbers: ITS-PQ238875; RPB2-PQ415739). To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. Ochraceopetaliformis associated with leaf spot disease in betel vine.
1 Department of Sociology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, Haryana.. 2Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, Haryana. 3Assistant Professor, C.R. Law College, Hisar-125001, Haryana. E-mail: eralamba.9@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.51
Key words: Agricultural diversification, factor analysis, perception of farmers, socio-economic determinants and sustainability.
Abstract: The study examined the level of persuasion of farmers towards citrus cultivation as a viable and sustainable enterprise among existing citrus growers in Haryana, India. The present research was conducted in the districts of Sirsa, Hisar, and Fatehabad of Haryana. A survey was conducted on a sample of 180 farmers through structured interview schedule and the results were analysed with the use of descriptive and inferential statistics such as Relative Importance Index (RII), Chi-square test of independence and Factor analysis. The persuasion inventory showed a high level of internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = 0.917). The findings revealed that 62.22% of farmers had moderate persuasion levels toward citrus cultivation. Key persuasive factors were profitability, water-use efficiency, diversification, and employment generation (RII > 0.75). The weakest persuasive factors were inadequate postharvest infrastructure, and long gestation period (RII < 0.55). Socio-economic variables such as education, income, extension contact, and mass media exposure were in a highly significant (P < 0.01) association with the level of persuasion. The Factor analysis extracted five distinct components accounting for 63.14% of the total variance. The five components were: Institutional support, market assurance and risk perception; Economic and resource sustainability; Labour and soil considerations; Agronomic and postharvest practices; and Agro- climatic compatibility. Overall, citrus cultivation was perceived as a promising avenue for agricultural diversification in Haryana, though its wider adoption is dependent on strengthened institutional support especially in the areas of extension services and infrastructure.
Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala, India Corresponding e-mail: anjalypv123@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.52
Key words: Coconut rhinoceros beetle, EPN, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Black soldier fly larvae
Abstract: The coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), is a major pest of coconut, causing more than 10 % yield loss. Adult beetles bore into unopened leaves and inflorescences, while grubs develop in decomposing organic matter. In this study, the infectivity of the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, multiplied in black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens L., was evaluated against all three larval instars of CRB using different doses of infective juveniles (IJs). All instars showed dose dependent mortality, with no mortality at very low doses (100-300 IJs per insect). In the first and second instars, mortality began at 500 IJs per insect and increased steadily with dose and time, reaching 100 % at 20000 IJs by 6 DAT (days after treatment) and at 10000 IJs by 10 DAT. At lower doses (500-1000 IJs), the first instar reached only about 35 % mortality, whereas the second instar showed slightly higher susceptibility, recording 46.67 % mortality by 12 DAT. The third instar was less susceptible, with mortality beginning later and reaching only 40 % at 20000 IJs by 12 DAT. A t-test comparing nematodes produced from BSFL and greater wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella) indicated no significant difference in infectivity. The results confirm that H. bacteriophora is highly effective against the second instar of CRB. Even though wax moth larvae are the universal host for the multiplication of EPN, BSFL offer a simpler and efficient alternative host for producing these nematodes, supporting their use as a valuable tool in integrated pest management.
1School of Agricultural Sciences, GD Goenka University, Sohna-122 103, Gurugram, Haryana, India. Corresponding e-mail: mauryadeepak0077@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.53
Key words: Additive gene action, genetic advance, heritability, genotypic coefficient variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV)
Abstract: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a major horticultural crop and enhancing yield through trait-based selection requires knowledge of genetic variability and trait associations. This study integrates morphological descriptors and genetic analysis to identify key yield traits and proposes a breeding ideotype for tomato under semi-arid conditions. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all traits, confirming the presence of wide genetic variability in the study population. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was recorded for average fruit weight, number of fruits per plant and fruit yield per plant, suggesting the predominance of additive gene action and effectiveness of direct selection. Fruit yield exhibited significant positive correlations with average fruit weight and number of fruits per plant, whereas path coefficient analysis confirmed their strong direct effects on yield. However, further generation-wise and molecular analyses are needed to confirm the mode of gene action across environments.
1Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur 2School of Economics and Finance, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China. 3Department of Economics, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna-6600, Bangladesh. Corresponding e-mail: yahia.bapari@pust.ac.bd
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.54
Key words: Litchi, economic efficiency, technical efficiency, stochastic frontier approach (SFA), litchi farmers
Abstract: This paper examines the productive efficiency of litchi growers using the Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA) based on primary data from 164 farmers. The model provides estimates of the effects of several important inputs, including fixed and variable land, labor, and fertilizers, and other farm resources, on litchi output, and?it also decomposes technical inefficiency from random shocks. The results show that litchi production is significantly and positively correlated with land size and human labor, highlighting scale effects and labor intensity in litchi cultivation. The adoption of chemical inputs, such as urea, TSP, and MoP, also has a positive coefficient, though the negative coefficient on DAP may indicate nutrient misuse or imbalance. Although pesticides are primarily used for pest management, their application can significantly increase crop production by reducing pest-related losses. On the other hand, the effects of irrigation cost and cow dung are weak or negative, suggesting the possibility of improving?water and organic input application. The technical efficiency of litchi growers is relatively high, with over 91% on the efficient frontier; yet economic efficiency varies with access to markets, input cost management, and ease of profitability. The paper argues that such output uncertainty is largely due to exogenous shocks rather than inefficiency, thereby underscoring the importance of risk management alongside technology adoption. Results are consistent with the Sustainable Development Goals in reducing global objectives for sustainable agriculture, decent work, responsible use of inputs, and climate resilience. The results are useful for policymakers in formulating measures to enhance litchi productivity and farmers’ income in the country by intervening in land access, labor productivity, input use management, and market linkage systems.
1Department of Chemistry, Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women, Bhimavaram-534202, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2 Department of ECE, Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women, Bhimavaram-534202, Andhra Pradesh, India. 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women, Bhimavaram-534202, Andhra Pradesh, India. Corresponding e-mail: kganeshkadiyala@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.55
Key words: Virgin coconut oil, whitefly, saponification value, yellow sticky traps, integrated pest management, oil quality, coconut, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus
Abstract: Whitefly (Aleurodicus rugioperculatus) infestation poses a serious threat to coconut production, reducing nut development and oil quality. This study assessed an integrated pest management (IPM) approach and its impact on virgin coconut oil (VCO) yield and quality. A total of 205 palms across 3.5 acres were categorized as infested, under treatment, or recovered. Interventions included application of castor oil-smeared yellow sticky traps (1 per 3 trees, recoated every 15 days), foliar sprays of 3% neem oil at 10-15-day intervals, and placed naphthalene balls at the crown region (upper canopy, non-contact with nuts) under expert guidance. Oil was extracted from two batches of 800 nuts per group (n = 2) and analyzed at Intertek Laboratory, Hyderabad (NABL/ISO 17025 accredited) using AOAC/ ISO methods. Yields increased from 5.0 ± 0.1 L/800 nuts (infested) to 10.0 ± 0.2 L (treated) and 12.0 ± 0.3 L (recovered). Acid value declined from 2.42 ± 0.04 to 0.50 ± 0.01 mg KOH/g, peroxide value from 1.40 ± 0.02 to <1.0 meq O?/kg, and moisture from 0.235 ± 0.007% to 0.145 ± 0.007%. Saponification and iodine values shifted within Codex and FSSAI ranges, interpreted as quality indicators rather than direct evidence of fatty acid changes. Results were benchmarked against APCC (2015) and Codex (2024) standards and aligned with recent evaluations of VCO processing quality (Nivya et al., 2023; Prasanna, 2024) and regional IPM strategies for whitefly suppression in coconut (Kolanthasamy et al., 2023; TNAU, 2025).
1PG and Research Department of Botany, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore - 641029, India. 2Department of Biochemistry, SSM College of Arts and Science, Dindigul - 624002, India. 3Tamil Nadu Forest Academy, Coimbatore - 641002, India. E-mail: arunkumarradha20@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.56
Key words: Bio-stimulation; coriander; cowpea; magnetic field intensity; seed germination.
Abstract: Magnetic field treatment is gaining attention for enhancing seed performance and plant productivity in sustainable farming practices. The present study explored the influence of magnetic field exposure on the germination and early seedling growth of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Seeds were subjected to four magnetic field intensities (M1-M4) generated by permanent round magnets for continuous conditions throughout the experimental period, while untreated seeds served as the control. After 15 days, the growth parameters, including root, shoot, and leaf lengths, were measured under controlled greenhouse conditions. The results demonstrated a significant increase in all measured parameters in magnetically exposed seeds compared with the control. In V unguiculata, M4 resulted in root (6.46 ± 0.7 cm), shoot (8.28 ± 0.5 cm), and leaf (7.56 ± 0.3 cm) lengths, while in C. sativum, seedlings reached root (8.35 ± 0.5 cm), shoot (11.28 ± 1.1 cm), and leaf (4.54 ± 1.8 cm) lengths. These results demonstrate that static magnetic field treatment can effectively enhance germination and early seedling growth, offering a practical approach to support crop production.
laboratory of insect ecology and pest management, Department of Zoology, Raiganj University, Raiganj, West Bengal - 733134, India. 2Department of Zoology, Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya, Burdwan, West Bengal - 713103, India. 3Department of Zoology, Murshidabad University, Berhampore, West Bengal - 742101, India. 4Siliguri, Darjeeling, West Bengal - 734013, India. Corresponding e-mail: partharayma99@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.57
Key words: α-amylase, Bactrocera dorsalis, Oriental fruit fly, enzyme kinetics, zymogram, host plant resistance, mango
Abstract: Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera), is a significant threat to the global horticulture industry due to its polyphagous nature and extensive economic damage directly or via trade restrictions. Traditional pest management strategies are valuable, but pose a significant threat to non-target organisms and contribute to pesticide resistance. Host plant resistance through transgenic expression of enzyme inhibitors has been successful in many instances. α-amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch into simpler sugars and is essential for insect development. By genetically engineering a host plant to produce a protein that disrupts this enzyme, it is possible to reduce larval survival and, consequently, fruit damage. For such an application, it is essential to have a detailed knowledge of the biochemical properties of the target enzyme. Therefore, in this study, α-amylase from the Bactrocera dorsalis larvae was characterized to gain insight into its biochemical properties. The highest α-amylase activity was detected at pH 9 and 35 °C, with a specific activity of 0.86 ± 0.04 U/mg of protein. Kinetic analysis revealed a Km value of 1.12 mg/mL, indicating a high affinity for the substrate. While Ca was found to activate the enzyme, inhibitory effects were observed in the presence of Ca²+, Na+, K+, Fe²+/Fe³+, Mg²+, Cu²+, Zn, EDTA, SDS and Gallic acid. Electrophoretic mobility and zymogram analysis confirmed the presence of 3 enzyme isoforms with molecular weights of approximately 163 kDa, 81 kDa and 48 kDa. Additionally, molecular docking analysis using gallic acid as a ligand demonstrated favorable interactions with the α-amylase active site, supporting the experimental inhibition data. These insights could aid in the development of resistant mango cultivars, either through conventional breeding by utilizing naturally occurring α-amylase inhibitors or by incorporating α-amylase inhibitor genes to generate transgenic crops.
Department of Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food, and Sustainable Development, Mariano Marcos State University, City of Batac 2906 Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Crops Research Laboratory, Mariano Marcos State University, City of Batac 2906 Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Corresponding e-mail: rgrosales@mmsu.edu.ph
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.58
Key words: Probiotics, root and shoot elongation, seed priming, seedling vigor
Abstract: Seed priming is a pregerminative technique used to improve seedling vigor in different crops, including okra. The effect of hydropriming and biopriming (Lacticaseibacillus paracasei) on the root characteristics and seedling vigor of okra was evaluated. The two priming methods with different priming durations, 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 h, were applied in the Smooth Green variety of okra. Unprimed seeds served as the control. The primed and unprimed seeds were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design with four replications and grown under ambient conditions with a temperature of 29 ± 2 °C and a relative humidity of 60 ± 5%. Results showed that hydropriming for 6.0 h improved the germination percentage more than without priming, but it was comparable to other hydropriming (3.0 and 4.5 h) and biopriming (4.5 h) durations. Germination index was improved by hydropriming for 4.5 h, and this was comparable with 1.5 and 3.0 h. Hydropriming for 6.0 h was similar to hydropriming for 4.5 h and biopriming durations, resulting in faster germination. Stimulation of the root elongation and production of a higher number of secondary roots per seedling was observed in hydropriming for 6.0 h. At this hydropriming duration, it produced vigorous okra seedlings.
1Plant Production Techniques Department, Al-Mussaib Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, 2Plant Production Techniques Department, Al-Mussaib Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, 3Plant Production Techniques Department, Al-Mussaib Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, 4Department of Soil and Water Techniques, Al-Musayyab Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Iraq. Corresponding e-mail: mohammed.rahim@atu.edu.iq
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.59
Key words: Nitrogen fertilization, mycorrhiza, Trichoderma asperellum, Senna surattensis, seedling growth, fungal inoculation
Abstract: This study was conducted in the ornamental plant shade house of the Plant Production Techniques Department at Al-Mussaib Technical College during the fall 2024 and spring 2025 seasons to examine the effect of nitrogen addition and fungal inoculation on the growth of S. surattensis seedlings. A factorial experiment was implemented using a completely randomized design with two factors: urea fertilizer at three levels (N0: no addition, N1: 40 kg ha?¹, N2: 80 kg ha?¹) and fungal inoculation at four levels (B0: no inoculation, B1: Trichoderma asperellum, B2: mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus sp.), B3: a mixture of mycorrhizal fungi + Trichoderma). The results showed that B3 produced the highest plant height (102.53 cm), stem diameter (9.5 mm), chlorophyll content (39.7 SPAD units), leaflet number (543 leaflets plant?¹), and shoot dry weight (24.6 g). Nitrogen treatment N2 also improved all measured traits, giving 97.7 cm in height, 9.0 mm stem diameter, 37.6 SPAD units, 517.3 leaflets plant?¹, and 22.9 g dry weight. The treatment of combined inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and T. asperellum under nitrogen fertilization resulted in the greatest increases overall, with plant height reaching 106.3 cm, stem diameter 10.6 mm, chlorophyll content 41.7 SPAD units, 576 leaflets plant?¹, and shoot dry weight 27.2 g.
1Division of Fruit Science, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Kashmir, India. 2Division of Soil Science, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, India. 3Division of Basic Sciences and Humanities, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Kashmir, India. 4IBPR, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Kashmir, India. 5Division of Vegetable Science, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Kashmir, India. Corresponding e-mail: Baizasidiqi@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.60
Key words: Apple, phenology, growing degree days, temperature accumulation, thermal time
Abstract: Temperature is a major driver of phenological development in apple under temperate conditions. The present study was conducted to evaluate to study the influence of temperature accumulation on the phenological stages as well as derive the relationship between accumulated growing degree days (GDD) and phenological progression in apple cv. Gala Redlum under Kashmir conditions using three years of field observations (2023-2025). Growing degree days (GDD) were calculated from 1 January of each year to the date of occurrence of each phenological stage using a base temperature (Tbase) of 4°C. Nine phenological stages were recorded and expressed as day of year (DOY) and accumulated growing degree days (GDD). Variation in the timing of phenological stage appearance (DOY) was observed across years; with advanced development in 2023 and 2024 and delayed development in 2025. However, the accumulated GDD for the appearance of each phenological stage remained within a relatively narrow range across three years, indicating that thermal time is a useful indicator of phenological progression. The results suggest that GDD-based phenology forecasting in apple can be used to optimise the timing of orchard operations such as spraying, thinning, irrigation, pollination management, and frost protection. Additional validation across cultivars, locations and other environmental variables is needed to improve the applicability of GDD-based phenology models.
1Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. 2Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. 3Research Institute for Northern Agriculture, Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, 0810, Australia. Corresponding e-mail: mofizur.rahman@sau.edu.bd
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.61
Key words: Strawberry cultivars, foliar nutrition, micronutrients, productivity, fruit quality
Abstract: Micronutrient deficiencies and unsuitable cultivar selection constrain strawberry production in subtropical regions. Selection of suitable cultivars and foliar fertilization of micronutrients may offer potential solutions to overcome these limitations in strawberry production. This research was carried out to enhance the growth, yield and quality of strawberries by investigating the performance of selected cultivars under foliar boron and zinc application. The field experiment was laid out in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment arranged in an RCBD with three replications. Three strawberry cultivars (RU 3, BARI Strawberry 1, and BARI Strawberry 2) were sprayed with three foliar micronutrient sprays (0, 50 ppm boron, and 50 ppm zinc) at vegetative, flowering, and fruit setting stages. The results showed that the interaction of the cultivar RU 3 and foliar application of boron potentially enhanced the quantitative and qualitative traits of strawberry plants. The highest plant height (30.7 cm), number of fruits per plant (32.8), single fruit weight (31.4 g) and yield per plant (1.03 kg) were found in the combination of RU 3 with 50 ppm boron application at harvest maturity. Besides, TSS (10.9 °Brix), TSS/TA ratio (17.3), vitamin C (42.8 mg 100 g-1), phenolic content (2.9 mg GAE 100 g?¹ FW.) and shelf life (4.9 days) were higher in RU 3 spraying with 50 ppm boron at harvest maturity. Hence, the combination of RU 3 with foliar 50 ppm boron can be recommended for subtropical strawberry cultivation in Bangladesh, subject to economic validation.
Scientific Research Commission, Baghdad, Iraq. Corresponding e-mail: aliabdulsada70@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.62
Key words: Okra; putrescine; citrus peel ascorbic acid; antioxidant enzymes; yield; sustainable agriculture
Abstract: Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) production is often limited by suboptimal growth and stress-induced oxidative damage and salinity. This field experiment evaluated the comparative effects of foliar application of putrescine and naturally extracted ascorbic acid from citrus peels on vegetative growth, yield components, nutrient accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, CAT) of okra cv. Mahi 45 under field conditions. The experiment included three concentrations of putrescine (50, 100, and 150 mg/L) and ascorbic acid extracted from lemon and orange peels at similar concentrations, in addition to a control treatment sprayed with water only. A randomized complete block design with three replicates was used to assess treatments. The results demonstrated that foliar application of putrescine at 150 mg mg/L significantly improved plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, stem diameter, and accelerated flowering and fruiting. Yield components, including the number of fruits per plant, fruit length, and fruit weight, were also significantly enhanced. Moreover, this treatment recorded the highest leaf contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and protein percentage as well as activities of enzymatic antioxidants, including Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD) and Catalase (CAT). Notably, the citrus peel-derived ascorbic acid markedly increased all the measured traits. These findings highlight the potential of eco-friendly natural compounds (putrescine 150 mg mg/L) in improving okra performance and stress resilience under field conditions.
1Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah city 46001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Corresponding e-mail: aram.hamarashed@univsul.edu.iq
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.63
Key words: Root, bulb, leaf, proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, bat guano, biochar amendments
Abstract: Seed-propagated Hippeastrum vittatum plants generally require three to five years to produce marketable flowering bulbs. The present study evaluated the effects of two rates of bat guano, 15 and 30 g per pot, and biochar, 3 and 6 g per pot, applied individually and in combination to one-year-old hybrid seedlings of H. vittatum. Compared to control seedlings, the treatments were not capable of improving any studied growth traits. The control seedlings had the highest root number (13.44), bulb weight (1.80 g), bulb size (1.82 cm3), leaf number (4.55), leaf length (31.87 cm), and leaf width (1.49 cm). In contrast, the combination of 30 g bat guano and 6 g biochar decreased root number (6.00), root length (3.67 cm), bulb weight (0.21 g), bulb size (0.13 cm3), leaf number (2.22), leaf length (10.54 cm), and leaf width (0.41 cm). Contrarily, the latter combination elevated root soluble sugar (211.89 µg g-1), root total carbohydrates (193.55 µg g-1), root starch (353.77 µg g-1), root total indoles (14.55 µg g-1), bulb total carbohydrates (260.64 µg g-1), leaf total flavonoids (31.48 µg g-1), leaf total proteins (2057.47 µg g-1), leaf total indoles (49.56 µg g-1). The same combination lowered leaf total carbohydrates (37.41 µg g-1), bulb starch (850.47 µg g-1), and root total proteins (225.19 µg g-1). These results indicate that the applied doses may indicate supra-optimal application rates to H. vittatum, thereby suppressing growth traits rather than enhancing them.
Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok, Kurdistan region, Iraq, Corresponding e-mail: chanarmohammed@uod.ac, jihad.hasan@uod.ac, layla.mohammed@uod.ac,
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.64
Key words: Geranium plant, wounding, plant growth regulators, softwood cuttings
Abstract: The present study was executed on Pelargonium x hortorum, which used three effective factors that were examined, which are wounding of stem cuttings at two levels (wounded or non-wounded), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at three concentrations (0, 500, and 1000 mgL-1) and three levels of ethephon (0, 100, and 200 mgL-1) to assess their influence on vegetative and flowering characteristics. This study was conducted through a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial experiment arranged in an RCBD with three replications. The recorded data on the parameters studied revealed that the wounding significantly increased in the plant survival percentage (92.79%), plant height (15.04 cm), number of branches (7.88), canopy height (12.87 cm) and shoot fresh weight (8.85 g) from the positive response of cuttings to wounding practice. At the same time, applying IBA at 1000 mgL-1 caused the maximum number of branches and fresh shoot weight. In contrast, the highest canopy heights were obvious from the effect of 500 mgL-1. Furthermore, ethephon at 200 mgL-1 produced the highest number of branches (7.98) and canopy height (13.812 cm).
1Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Iraq. 2Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Iraq. 3Department of Pomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail:shamil@uomosul.edu.iq
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.65
Key words: Allium cepa L., bulb yield, genotype × planting-date interaction, semi-arid environment, climate adaptation
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Abstract: Iraq is ranked as the fifth-most vulnerable country to climate change. Determining the optimum planting date and the most productive onion variety is essential for maximising production and minimising the adverse effects of climate change. This study evaluated the growth, yield, and genetic parameters of three onion varieties (Long Red, Round Red, and Round White) planted on 20 February, 1 March, and 11 March during the spring season. The latest planting date (11 March) produced the lowest bulb yield. Compared with 11 March, planting on 1 March increased the bulb yields of Round Red and Round White by 95.44% and 258.4%, respectively. For Long Red, planting on 20 February produced the highest bulb yield (11.67 t ha-1), representing an increase of 116.4% over the latest planting date. At their respective optimum planting dates, Long Red yielded 8.96% and 16.7% more than Round Red and Round White, respectively. Genotypic and environmental variance components were estimated for all traits. Broad-sense heritability was high for plant height, bulb length, and bulbing ratio, indicating genetic control and the potential for direct improvement of these traits in subsequent generations. Expected genetic advance as a percentage of the mean was high for bulb length, moderate for plant height, neck diameter, and bulbing ratio, and low for the remaining traits.
1Onion and Garlic Research Institute, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Changnyeong 50319, Republic of Korea. Corresponding e-mail: organicjt@hotmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.66
Key words: Mechanization, seedling, bulb yield, scale characteristics, Allium cepa L.
Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of mechanical transplanting, mulching/covering methods, and cultivar selection on the growth and bulb yield of intermediate-day onions (Allium cepa L.). Field trials were performed during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 growing seasons. The growing methods included mechanical transplanting under polyethylene mulch (MTPEM), mechanical transplanting under no mulch and nonwoven polypropylene covering in winter (MTNWPPC), mechanical transplanting under no mulch (MTNM), and hand transplanting under polyethylene mulch (HTPEM). Ten cultivars widely grown in major onion-producing areas were selected for this study. Stand reduction of ten cultivars in the seedling tray ranged from 6.9% to 23.2%. MTPEM significantly enhanced bulb weight and marketable yield compared to other growing methods, despite a significant stand reduction of 23.5% in the main field. MTNWPPC achieved 82.0% of the bulb yield obtained under MTPEM, while simultaneously improving scale quality- including the number of intact rings and centers, and enhancing storage stability. Among the cultivars, ‘Powerball’, ‘Bigbang’, and ‘Bridger’ produced marketable yields exceeding 100.0 Mg ha-1 under MTPEM. However, ‘Honors’ and ‘Daehwang’ performed best under MTNWPPC, yielding over 85 Mg ha-1. Additionally, ‘Healthy Q’ and ‘Bridger’ showed higher number of scales, number of intact rings and dry matter content, resulting in lower storage loss. These results suggest that mechanical transplanting without mulching, combined with NWPP covering during winter, is an effective onion production system for ensuring stable productivity, superior bulb and storage quality and potential for reduced labor inputs. Future cultivar selection should prioritize high emergence rates and high yields for mechanical transplanting under non-mulched conditions.
1Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala, 695522, India. 2Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala, Pin- 695522, India. Corresponding e-mail: swapna.alex@kau.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.67
Key words: Gene regulation, micropropagation, nanotechnology, nitrogen uptake, nutrient uptake, plant tissue culture.
Abstract: The banana (Musa spp.) tissue culture industry plays a vital role in sustainable agriculture by enabling large-scale production of disease-free and genetically uniform plantlets. However, reliance on ammonium nitrate as the primary nitrogen source in the tissue culture medium presents logistical and regulatory challenges due to its use in explosives. This study investigates the efficacy of nano-urea (4-5 % nitrogen), a nanotechnology-based, slow-release, nitrogen fertilizer as an alternative to ammonium nitrate in banana micropropagation. Cultures grown on medium supplemented with nano-urea at 2 mL L-1 (T5) without ammonium nitrate exhibited similar growth to the control medium containing ammonium nitrate, with comparable shoot number, shoot length, and leaf parameters. In contrast, higher concentrations of nano-urea negatively affected shoot proliferation and delayed shoot initiation. Correlation and principal component analysis revealed strong positive relationships among vegetative traits, while days to shoot initiation was negatively associated with overall growth. Preliminary gene expression analysis of nitrogen uptake-related genes (MaAMT, MaNRT2, and MaNRT) suggests that nano-urea at optimal concentration was associated with increased MaNRT (nitrate transporter) transcript abundance, while reducing MaNRT2 transcript abundance, whereas MaAMT (ammonium transporter) expression remained largely unchanged. These results demonstrate that nano-urea can partially substitute ammonium nitrate in banana tissue culture medium, although the concentration of nano-urea needs to be carefully optimized to avoid adverse effects. To the best of our knowledge, this is among the first reports exploring the use of nano-urea in tissue culture medium, offering a novel and potentially more sustainable alternative for in vitro plant production systems.
1Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Fruit Science Department, Faculty of Horticulture, Kumarganj, Ayodhya-224229. 2Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Faculty of Horticulture, Division of Fruit Science, Srinagar, Kashmir-190025. Corresponding e-mail: Sattumeghwal4@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.68
Key words: Apricot, Prunus armeniaca L., genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation.
Abstract: Genetic variability, heritability and trait association among ten exotic apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) accessions were studied under temperate Kashmir conditions during the period 2021-2023 through field study. germplasm accessions planted in a randomized block design with three replications. Most of the yield, fruit quality, stone and biochemical traits showed significant differences among accessions. Lunafell produced the highest yield per tree. Yerwani produced the highest fruit weight and Mayacot the highest total soluble solids. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was generally higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation, indicating the effect of environment on the expression of the trait. High heritability along with appreciable genetic advance was observed for traits like TSS, reducing sugar, total sugar, ascorbic acid, yield per tree and selected fruit and stone traits, which indicated the utility of these traits for selection. The results show that the germplasm exhibited useful variability for the improvement of apricot in temperate conditions.
Horticulture and Landscape Gardening Department, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala. Corresponding e-mail: mohammed.daher@uodiyala.edu.iq
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.69
Key words: Date palm, albinism, tissue culture, rbcL gene, DNA sequencing, ISSR-PCR, genetic variations.
Abstract: Albinism is a significant physiological and genetic barrier that limits micropropagation efficiency in date palms. This study documented the molecular identity of Medjool date palm vegetative shoots induced from indirect somatic embryos while analyzing the albinism phenomenon observed during propagation. Genetic variation was evaluated using ISSR primers to detect albinism. ISSR investigations revealed nuclear genetic alterations in albino shoots, and certain bands were missing compared with healthy shoots, with a reported genetic distance of 39.39%. The molecular study was carried out using PCR amplification and nucleotide sequencing of the rbcL gene. Results showed a positive band at approximately 529 bp (BLAST alignment length) with a 100% match to the genetic reference (MG437548.1), confirming that no sequence variation was detected in the amplified rbcL region. The results suggest that albinism may be associated with nuclear genomic variation affecting plastid differentiation, but this requires confirmation through nuclear gene expression, plastome-wide sequencing, chlorophyll analysis, and chloroplast ultrastructure studies, or nuclear mutations affecting plastid differentiation under high hormonal conditions.
1Fruit Crops Handling Research Department, Chemical Analysis Central Laboratory, Horticulture Research Institute (HRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt. 2Deciduous Fruits Research Department, Biotechnology Central Laboratory, Horticulture Research Institute (HRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt, Corresponding e-mail: raaniaahmed@arc.sci.eg
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.70
Key words: Apple, oxidative stress, wounding, chitosan, browning, antioxidant
Abstract: Oxidative stress plays a central role in postharvest browning of apples, particularly following mechanical wounding. Chitosan is considered a promising preservative that enhances stress tolerance and maintains postharvest fruit quality. The study explored antioxidant defense mechanisms elicited in response to mechanical damage-induced oxidative stress in four apple cultivars differing in their susceptibility to browning for providing integrated insights into cultivar-specific defense strategies. Wounding induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas chitosan treatment elicited antioxidant defense mechanisms, effectively modulating ROS metabolism and preventing the loss of membrane integrity. The responses varied significantly among the tested cultivars, reflecting inherent differences in browning susceptibility. Golden Delicious accumulated high malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, accompanied by peak cell membrane leakage. Royal Gala exhibited reduced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity under all conditions and generally contained the lowest levels of total phenolics. In contrast, Red Delicious was characterized by the highest phenolic content along with elevated activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD); these enzymatic activities were further stimulated under stress conditions. Granny Smith exhibited a significant increase in PAL activity in response to all treatments, with relatively high phenolic content ranking second only to Red Delicious. It also showed the highest H2O2-scavenging activity, while maintaining lower cell membrane permeability under all conditions. Furthermore, Granny Smith showed lower POD enzyme activity, followed by Royal Gala. The diversity among apple cultivars allowed investigation of how POD activity and its isoforms are involved in oxidative stress-associated potential browning responses and antioxidant defense mechanisms.
1Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia. 2Department of Plant Protection, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia. Corresponding e-mail: krisantini@apps.ipb.ac.id
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.71
Key words: Araceae, microbes, PGPR, sustainable agriculture, ornamental plants.
Abstract: Endophytic microorganisms have significant potential as natural bio-inputs for improving plant health. The research aimed to isolate and purify bacteria collected from Scindapsus treubii grown in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, to evaluate their potential to enhance the early growth of capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings, and to measure the growth-promoting compounds and phosphate-solubilizing abilities of these bacteria. A total of 56 endophytic bacteria were successfully isolated and subjected to pathogenicity and haemolysis tests, and the selected isolates were tested for their ability to produce auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) and to solubilize phosphate. Eighteen isolates were collected from Scindapsus plant tissues; one isolate produced the highest indole-3-acetic acid level of 16.96 µg/mL. Two isolates, B10 and B22, significantly increased the length of capsicum seedling shoots and roots compared to the control. However, none of the 18 isolates exhibited phosphate-solubilizing capability. These findings demonstrate that some bacterial isolates from Scindapsus grown in the natural habitat in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, have potential as biostimulants to improve the early growth quality of capsicum seeds. Identification of the bacterial isolates using 16S rRNA primers 27F (5’-AGA-GTT-TGA-TCM-TGG-CTC-AG-3’) and 1492R (5’-AC-CTT-GTT-ACG-ACT-T-3’) revealed that of 18 isolates, six are affiliated with the genera Priestia, Azospirillum, Bacillus, Roseomonas, and Curtobacterium. However, further confirmation is required with polyphasic approaches. These findings are important for the early identification and characterization of endophytic microorganisms that may exhibit pathogenic potential or provide beneficial effects to crops.
1University of Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR Biosciences, Plant Physiology and Pathology Teaching and Research Unit, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire. 2African Center of Excellence on Climate Change, Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture (CEA-CCBAD), 22 BP 463 Abidjan 08, Côte d’Ivoire. 3University Nangui Abrogoua, UFR Sciences de la Nature, Plant Production Division, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d’Ivoire. 4University Peleforo-Gon-Coulibaly, Department of Plant Biology, UFR Sciences Biologiques, BP 1328 Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire. 5Normal Superior School (ENS) d’Abidjan, Science and Technology Department, Life and Earth Sciences. Corresponding e-mail: tuo.seydou1@ufhb.edu.ci
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.72
Key words: Empty containers, pesticides, farmers, phytosanitary products, management, poisoning
Abstract: The Bogofa commune is becoming a dynamic area for market-oriented vegetable production with farmers who use synthetic pesticides. However, synthetic pesticides threaten both the environment and consumer health. There is growing interest in assessing pesticide-use practices among local farmers to raise awareness and promote the safe, responsible, and appropriate use of pesticides in agricultural production. An exploratory survey was conducted from August 2023 to September 2023 to evaluate commercial garden systems in the Bogofa community and determine which commercial garden areas were most representative. The Bogofa community was selected as it drastically increased vegetable production due to significant barriers associated with safe pesticide usage. A sample of 58 farmers was selected based on the amount of production using hectares as a measurement to complete the analysis through Statistica Version 12.5. The plants produced most commonly were tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, cabbage, and cucumbers (94.83 %). Additionally, approximately 11 pesticides from the Directorate of Plant Protection, Control, and Quality (Class II) are available to vegetable farmers, which contain K-Optimal 35 EC (Lambda-cyhalothrin and Acetamiprid) and Decis Forte 100 EC (Deltamethrin) that put them at risk due to their lack of Personal Protective Equipment (94.83 %) and reliance on their regular clothing (91.38 %) and 91.38 % of purchasing pesticides from farmer vendors in local retail outlets. Storage methods vary little; they store them at home-46.55 %-in field shelters-27.59 %-or storage facilities-25.86 %. Moreover, 37.93 % dispose of their remaining pesticide mixes in farms or storage facilities. Of the rest, 27.59 % discarded any unused mixed pesticides along with their empty containers and other debris collected from their farms. Farmers commonly burned empty containers (44.83 %), leave them in the field (39.66 %), or reuse them somewhere else (3.45 %). All these practices combined will increase the amount of leftover pesticide residue on farms, making consumers may increase the risk of environmental contamination and dietary exposure. The findings demonstrate an urgent need for formal training in pesticide selection, application, personal protection, storage, and container disposal.
*Department of Floriculture & Landscape Architecture, ASPEE College of Horticulture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari-396450, Gujarat. Corresponding e-mail: alkaflori@nau.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.73
Key words: Dendrobium, cut spikes, spermine, 8-hydroxyquinoline, sucrose, GA3, lipoxygenase, lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, tepal, senescence, vase life
Abstract: An investigation was conducted to study the synergistic effect of spermine, 8-hydroxyquinoline and sucrose on postharvest physiology and flower quality of Dendrobium cut spikes. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomised design with 10 vase-solution treatments including a tap-water control, and three replications. The cut spikes were kept under controlled conditions of temperature 24 ± 2 °C, relative humidity 60–70% and photoperiod 8 ± 2 h day-1. Different chemicals, including 8-hydroxyquinoline, sucrose, ?-lipoic acid, citric acid, aluminium sulphate, spermine and GA3 and their combinations were tested as vase solution treatments. Among all the vase solution treatments, spermine (100 mg L-1) + 8-hydroxyquinoline (300 mg L-1) + sucrose (3%) was found to be most effective in maintaining quantitative parameters like water uptake and total soluble sugars in tepal tissue of orchid cut spikes.The same vase solution treatment maintained higher catalase activity while reducing lipoxygenase activity, lipid peroxidation, and electrolyte leakage in tepal cells, thus significantly delaying senescence. The best treatment prolonged vase life up to 29.30 days which is 96% more than the control. Further, qualitative parameters were influenced by vase solution treatments. Also, percentage bud opening per spike and anthocyanin pigment content in tepals of Dendrobium cut spikes held in vase solution treatment comprising of spermine (100 mg L-1) + 8-hydroxyquinoline (300 mg L-1) + sucrose (3%) were significantly improved over control.
¹Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt. ²Manufacturing Engineering and Food Packaging Research Department, Food Technology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt. ³Antoniadis Research Branch, Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Alexandria, Egypt. ?Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: dr.taghreed.eissa.2019@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.74
Key words: Rosa hybrida L, modified atmosphere packaging, active MAP, polypropylene film, cold storage, shelf life, carbon dioxide, postharvest quality
Abstract: Roses are among the most commercially valuable cut flowers worldwide; however, their vase life is often limited by petal abscission and rapid deterioration during transport and storage. The current study investigated the effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on postharvest quality and shelf life of cut roses (cv. ‘Anna’) during long-distance shipping. The experiments were carried out during the 2022 and 2023 seasons. Two factors were investigated: packaging film type (low-density polyethylene, LDPE, and polypropylene, PP) and five atmospheric compositions. The treatments included passive MAP (ambient air), MAP with 5% O? +5% CO?, 5% O? + 10% CO?, and 5% O?, + 15% CO? in addition to an open-package control. The results showed that MAP significantly significantly improved postharvest performance.. To simulate export conditions, a set of flowers was removed after 5 days of cold storage to evaluate vase life, which reached 17.80 and 17.90 days in the first and second seasons, respectively, under active-MAP with PP films. Simultaneously, the maximum total storage life was evaluated for flowers kept under continuous refrigeration, achieving a significant extension of up to 28.87 days under the same treatment. This treatment also enhanced fresh weight, water uptake, total carbohydrate content, and general appearance, and decreased water loss while maintaining higher anthocyanin content. The present results suggest that PP films combined with a modified atmosphere of 5% O2 +15 CO2 can be a practical and practical approach to maintain freshness, reduce physiological damage, and prolong the marketability of cut roses during long-distance transport.
Biology Department, Science and Mathematics Faculty, Diponegoro University, Prof. Jacob Rais Street, Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java 50275, Indonesia. Corresponding e-mail: darmantisri@yahoo.co.id
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.75
Key words: Seed dormancy, ABA signal, GA, germination rate, germination percentage, germination index
Abstract: Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is a horticultural product with high economic value due to its distinctive taste and aroma preferred by consumers. Arabica coffee production is still limited, partly because seedling production from seeds is constrained by seed dormancy due to hard shells. At low concentrations, H2O2 promotes seed germination by regulating GA–ABA signaling, facilitating water uptake, and activating hydrolytic enzymes, whereas excessive H2O2 causes oxidative damage to seed tissues.This study aims to examine the effect of H2O2 treatment at different concentrations and immersion durations on the germination of Arabica coffee seeds. The study was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial (5x3), namely five levels of H2O2 concentration (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mM) and three levels of H2O2 immersion duration (12, 24, and 36 hours), with 5 replicates for each treatment unit. The data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% level of significance. The treatment method involved germinating seeds that had been treated with H2O2 at different concentrations and immersion durations. The germination medium consisted of five layers of filter paper. Maintenance was carried out by watering 10 mL of distilled water every 2 days for 60 days of treatment. The parameters observed were seed moisture content at the end of germination, germination percentage, radicle emergence time, germination rate index, and seed color. Treatment with 60 mM H?O? for 36 hours resulted in a germination percentage that was twice that of the control rising from 36% in the control to 72%, as well as a 10-day earlier emergence of radicle emergence compared to the control treatment.
Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra (444 104) India. Corresponding e-mail: roshanc216@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.76
Key words: Antimicrobial, citrus, endophytes, Nagpur mandarin, Citrus reticulata
Abstract: This study was conducted from June 2024 to March 2025 at the AICRP on Fruits Scheme Laboratory and the Department of Plant Pathology, Post Graduate Institute, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. The study aimed to investigate endophytic microorganisms associated with Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata) leaves and evaluate their antimicrobial activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Endophytic microorganisms were isolated from healthy, asymptomatic leaves of C. reticulata. The isolates were subcultured on fresh media and identified based on their cultural and morphological characteristics, including colony features, hyphal type, and reproductive structures. Molecular identification was performed by ITS rDNA sequencing for fungal isolates and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for the bacterial isolate. Six fungal species were identified from mandarin leaves: Colletotrichum siamense, Diaporthe miriciae, Colletotrichum gigasporum, Aspergillus oerlinghausenensis, Lasiodiplodia curvata, and Aspergillus fumigatus. One bacterial isolate, Pseudomonas fluorescens, was also identified. Cultural and morphological observations of the fungal isolates focused on the mycelium and conidia. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated in vitro using dual-culture assays against the citrus twig blight pathogen C. gloeosporioides. Pseudomonas fluorescens produced the lowest pathogen colony diameter (29.12 mm) and the highest growth inhibition (67.64%). In contrast, A. oerlinghausenensis and L. curvata showed no inhibitory activity (0.00%). Among the effective isolates, C. siamense recorded the lowest inhibition (61.94%). These findings indicate that selected endophytes have potential for the biological control of citrus twig blight and are candidates for further greenhouse and field evaluation.
1Department of Vegetable Science, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Baburayanpettai, Chengalpattu 603201, Tamil Nadu, India.2Department of Basic Sciences, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Baburayanpettai, Chengalpattu 603201, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: ilakiyat1@srmist.edu.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.77
Key words: Bibliometric analysis, grafting, multivariate analysis, rootstock, Solanum, sustainable production
Abstract: The genus Solanum includes cultivated and wild species with substantial morphological diversity and considerable importance in vegetable production and crop improvement. Wild Solanum species serve as reservoirs of adaptive traits, particularly resistance or tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and their use as rootstocks may improve the performance of cultivated Solanum crops. In the present study, 27 standard descriptors were used to evaluate nine wild species of Solanum collected from various agroecological regions of India. Multivariate analyses, including principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, were conducted. In parallel, a bibliometric analysis of Solanum grafting research published during 2010-2025 was performed using Scopus data and visualised with VOSviewer. Quantitative traits showed substantial interspecific -variation. The first two components explained 72.97 % of total variance, with plant-vigour and reproductive traits having the greatest contribution. The cluster analysis based on vegetative and fruit traits divided the taxa into 3 major clusters. Qualitative traits, such as pubescence and fruit colour, further supported the differentiation of the species. The bibliometric analysis revealed a steady increase in publications, with major contributions from the USA, China, and India. Co word and co-authorship networks revealed links among physiological, molecular and agronomic research themes. Overall, the findings provide a baseline for rootstock selection and evidence-based planning of future Solanum grafting research.
Tarlac Agricultural University, Camiling, Tarlac, Philippines, 2306. Corresponding e-mail: mcaguioa@tau.edu.ph, vimapa@tau.edu.ph, koleenbuenaventura@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.78
Key words: Biofertilizer, hyperthermophilic composting technology, pole sitao, sustainable nutrient management, Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis
Abstract: Pole sitao (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.) is an important vegetable crop in the Philippines, but its productivity is often constrained by declining soil fertility associated with prolonged dependence on inorganic fertilizers. A field experiment was conducted from February to April 2024 to evaluate the effects of five rates of hyperthermophilic composting technology (HCT) produced organic biofertilizer on the growth and yield of pole sitao. The experiment was arranged in randomised complete block design with three replications.The treatments were T1, full recommended rate of inorganic fertilizer (RRIF); T2, 50% RRIF + 150 g HCT m?²; T3, 100 g HCT m?²; T4, 300 g HCT m?²; and T5, 500 g HCT m?². The measured variables were plant height, days to flowering, pod length, number of pods per plant, marketable and non-marketable pod yield, and total yield. The 100 g HCT m?² treatment produced plant height and total yield statistically comparable to those obtained with full RRIF, whereas 300 g HCT m?² produced a number of pods per plant and total yield comparable to full RRIF. Full RRIF produced the highest numerical total yield. Overall, appropriately applied HCT-produced organic biofertilizer showed potential to reduce reliance on inorganic fertilizer while supporting pole sitao productivity under the conditions of this study.
¹Department of Pomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, El-Gamaa St., Giza, Egypt. ²Department of Pomology, Agricultural and Biological Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: ahmed_khouder@yahoo.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.79
Key words: Date palm, fruit colour, fruit quality, ‘Medjool’, metaxenia, pollen source.
Abstract: The effects of three pollen sources, namely Seedling, Jarvis, and Red-El Ghanamy males, on fruit set, fruit colour and quality attributes of six-year-old ‘Medjool’ date palms were evaluated during 2024 and 2025 seasons in a private orchard in South Sinai Governorate, Egypt. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomised design with three pollen-source treatments and three replicates, each consisting of five palms. Each palm was considered as an experimental unit, giving a total of 45 palms. In both seasons, pollination with pollen from Red-El Ghanamy male palms produced the highest fruit set (81.60 and 83.40%), fresh fruit weight (19.48 and 20.13 g), flesh-to-fruit weight ratio (94.09 and 92.71%), bunch weight (6.84 and 7.35 kg), and yield (47.94 and 51.49 kg palm?¹). It also enhanced biochemical attributes including total soluble solids (71.82 and 71.09 °Brix), total sugars (71.88 and 73.63 100 g?¹ FW) and reducing sugars (51.51 and 52.35 100 g?¹ FW). Moreover, Red-El Ghanamy pollen enhanced fruit colour and reduced skin separation (3.2 and 3.5%) and fruit moisture content (21.1 and 21.5%). These findings indicate that Red-El Ghanamy is a promising pollinizer for improving fruit set, colour, and quality attributes of ‘Medjool’ date palm.
Department of Soil and Water Resources-College of Agriculture-University of Al-Qasim Green, Corresponding e-mail: ali.almasoudi090@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.80
Key words: Azospirillum, potato, nitrogen, semi-arid conditions, microbial activity
Abstract: Inoculation with Azospirillum spp. is commonly used to improve rhizosphere functioning. Potato growth and productivity may be strongly affected by Azospirillum inoculation and nitrogen application under semi-arid conditions. A field experiment was conducted in an agricultural field in the Al-Azawiya area of Babil Governorate, approximately 40 km north of Al-Hilla, during the spring growing season of 2025. The experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of nitrogen-fixing Azospirillum spp. under different nitrogen levels on soil nutrient availability, soil microbial activity, and the growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). The Dutch cultivar Burren was grown in silty loam soil. The study included two factors. The first factor was Azospirillum inoculation applied at three levels (0, 10, and 20 mL per tuber and soil), coded as a0, a1, and a2, respectively. The second factor was nitrogen fertilization applied at four levels (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha-1), coded as n0, n1, n2, and n3, respectively. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, resulting in 36 experimental units. Soil samples were collected to assess biological parameters, including Azospirillum population density after emergence and before harvest. The interaction treatment a2n3 recorded the highest bacterial counts at both stages, reaching 2.436 and 2.69 × 109sup> CFU g-1 dry soil, respectively. Azospirillum spp. inoculation, nitrogen level, and their interaction significantly increased microbial respiration. The highest value was observed under a2n3, reaching 7.40 mg CO2 g-1 soil. Furthermore, Azospirillum counts varied over time and were higher at harvest than after emergence. Nitrogen fertilization at the n3 level significantly increased soil nutrient concentrations, which reached 48.171 mg N kg-1 soil, 26.65 mg P kg-1 soil, and 216.28 mg K kg-1 soil. Inoculation with Azospirillum spp. combined with 300 kg N ha-1 significantly improved most potato growth traits. The highest total tuber yield was obtained under the a2n3 treatment, reaching 47.48 Mg ha-1. We conclude that Azospirillum inoculation rate and nitrogen level are important factors in improving soil biological properties and potato yield under semi-arid conditions, with the magnitude of the response depending on inoculum density and nitrogen application rate.
¹Environmental Science and Technology Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand. Corresponding e-mail: tarntip.r@nrru.ac.th
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.81
Key words: Germination dynamics, Ipomoea aquatica, osmotic stress, salinity stress, salinity tolerance, seedling growth
Abstract: This study investigated germination dynamics and early seedling responses of Thai water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.) cultivars, ‘Khiao Sawoei’ and ‘Riao Phai’, under salinity levels ranging from 0 to 20 dS m-1 in a controlled environment. Salinity primarily delayed germination timing rather than reducing final germination percentage. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with two cultivars and six salinity levels, using three biological replicates per treatment. Each replicate contained 10 seeds, giving 30 seeds per cultivar × salinity treatment combination and 360 seeds in total. Increased salinity extended the lag phase, particularly at early stages 4 days after sowing (DAS), while final germination remained relatively high (73.33–96.67%) at 14 DAS across all treatments. In contrast, seedling growth was more sensitive to salinity. A statistically significant reduction (P < 0.05) in seedling dry weight and root length was first observed at 12 dS m-1, despite high final germination (>80%). Between cultivars, differences in salinity responses were observed depending on the evaluated traits. ‘Riao Phai’ showed higher dry weight retention at 16 dS m-1 at 14 DAS, whereas final germination percentage remained relatively stable in both cultivars. These findings indicate that salinity affects post-germination seedling growth more strongly than final germination, with 12 dS m-1 representing a critical tested level for early growth inhibition in Thai water spinach.
1Amity Institute of Information Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India. 2ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, Lucknow, India. Corresponding e-mail: msrivastava@lko.amity.edu, srajanlko@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.82
Key words: Artificial intelligence, mango disease detection, deep learning, convolutional neural network, transfer learning, vision transformer, explainable AI, precision agriculture, smart farming
Abstract: Mango (Mangifera indica L.) production is constrained by fungal, bacterial and physiological disorders that reduce yield, fruit quality and market value. The conventional diagnosis is mainly based on visual inspection which is labour intensive and subjective. Moreover, the farmers may not be able to identify subtle or early symptoms. Artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) offer non-destructive alternatives by learning disease-related patterns from images and other sensor data. This review consolidates current work on mango leaf disease detection, tracing the progression from handcrafted colour, texture and shape descriptors to convolutional neural networks (CNNs), transfer learning, hybrid classifiers, vision transformers and explainable AI. A systematic narrative search of five databases was conducted to identify studies published until April 2026 that used Boolean terms related to mango leaf disease and artificial intelligence; studies were screened and synthesised due to heterogeneity in dataset, disease classes, models, and validation methods. Reported studies show strong experimental performance for CNN-SVM systems, ResNet and MobileNet variants, severity classifiers and CNN-transformer models. However, headline accuracies frequently reflect curated datasets and do not necessarily demonstrate reliability in orchards, where illumination, background clutter, leaf occlusion, cultivar differences, mixed disorders and disease stage can alter symptom appearance. Beyond just accuracy, review emphasize the importance of quality datasets, independent validation, efficient reporting and deployment. It also encourages mobile and edge AI, severity assessment and integration with precision agriculture, as well as thermal and multimodal imaging. On-going research should be directed towards geographically diverse data, annotations from experts, temporal and multimodal learning, self-supervised representation learning, recurrent model updates, explaining predictions and farmer-focused decision support. Sustainable mango cultivation can only be realized by having AI tools that are accurate, interpretable, and accessible, which will involve interdisciplinary validation and incorporation of such tools with plant pathology and extension.
¹Olive Oil Quality Research Division, National Agricultural Research Center, 639, Baq’a 19381, Jordan. ²Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, 11942 Amman, Jordan. ³ Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, 11942 Amman, Jordan; Corresponding e-mail: misaleh@ju.edu.jo
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i02.83
Key words: Olive oil, fatty acids, temperature time series.
Abstract: The nutritional and chemical quality of olive oil is largely determined by its fatty acid composition, which is sensitive to environmental fluctuations during fruit development. This study investigated associations between temperature patterns and the concentrations of 13 major fatty acids in olive oil. Environmental temperature data from the 2019, 2022, and 2024 growing seasons were used to identify critical windows of thermal sensitivity. The findings revealed a distinct biphasic temperature response. Higher temperatures in early May (TP 1 and TP 2) were strongly associated with lower oleic acid (C18:1) and higher linolenic acid (C18:3) concentrations. In contrast, higher temperatures in early June (TP 7) was associated with an increase in oleic acid, suggesting that the timing of thermal exposure may be more important to oil composition than the seasonal mean temperature. The model performance was evaluated using coefficient of determination (R2), the root mean square error (RMSE) and ratio of performance to deviation (RPD). The overall capacity of the global PLS model was weak, with only 24.6% of the total variance explained. When tested with individual fatty acids, arachidic acid (C20:0) was the best predictive (R2 = 0.487; RPD = 1.53); however, this is not a case of a high level of predictive performance, thus supporting only preliminary or approximate screening. Smaller changes and additions to the model by using a greater and more detailed collection of data from different harvest years, growth conditions, and independent samples could be achieved. Care needs to be taken in interpretation of the observed associations until they can be confirmed under wider circumstances.
Department of Horticulture and Postharvest Technology, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India. Corresponding e-mail: debprld@yahoo.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.15
Key words: Methyl jasmonate, salt stress, antioxidant enzymes, membrane stability, papaya
Abstract: Salinity is a critical abiotic constraint on papaya cultivation in salt-prone regions, as papaya is highly sensitive to ionic and osmotic stress. This study investigated the role of exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in mitigating salt-induced physiological and biochemical impairments in papaya seedlings. Uniform seedlings of cv. Red Lady plants were exposed to 100 mM NaCl to simulate moderate salinity (7.0 dS m-¹) and subsequently treated with foliar MeJA @ 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µM under controlled greenhouse conditions. Salinity significantly reduced chlorophyll content, relative leaf water content (RLWC), and antioxidant enzyme activities, accompanied by elevated proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation. The application of MeJA significantly alleviated the adverse effects of salinity, with the 75 µM concentration showing the most effectiveness. This particular concentration facilitated the stabilization of chlorophyll (resulting in an 11.4% increase in total chlorophyll), RLWC (an 83.1% increase), and the accumulation of soluble sugars and phenolic compounds, concurrently elevating the activities of superoxide dismutase (42.6%), catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase. Furthermore, the application of MeJA corresponded with a reduction in MDA levels (26.6%), suggesting a decrease in lipid peroxidation and an enhancement of membrane integrity. Conversely, a higher concentration of MeJA (100 µM) caused a slight slowdown in growth, which highlights the biphasic nature of jasmonate signaling. In conclusion, applying MeJA at a moderate concentration (75 µM) effectively triggered defense mechanisms, stabilized the balance of cellular redox reactions, and improved salinity tolerance in papaya seedlings.
Assistant Professor (Horticulture), Instructional Farm, Kerala Agricultural University, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, 695522, Kerala, India. Corresponding e-mail: sheena2sa@kau.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.2
Key words: Nymphaea, waterlily, pollen morphology, stigma receptivity, floral biology, SEM, hybridization
Abstract: A study was conducted to examine the flowering phenology, floral biology, and pollen morphology of three tropical Nymphaea cultivars, viz. ‘Blue Whistle’, ‘Carla’s Sonshine’, and ‘Poonsup’ under Kerala conditions. Anthesis behavior varied significantly among cultivars and across seasons, with flowers opening between 07:00 and 09:15 h and closing between 16:00 and 18:15 h. Temperature exerted a more decisive influence than light intensity, resulting in extended anthesis during cooler months (November to February) and shortened durations during the monsoon (June to October). All cultivars were protogynous, exhibiting a female phase on the first day and a male phase over the following three days. Stigma receptivity lasted for 22-25 h and showed cultivar-specific variation in cup diameter and number of appendages. Pollen fertility ranged from 42.16 % to 80.92 %, with ‘Poonsup’ recording the highest viability. Scanning electron microscopy revealed oblate-spheroidal, medium-sized, zonosulcate, and psilate pollen grains consistent among cultivars. The results highlight the combined influence of genetic and environmental factors on reproductive behavior in Nymphaea and provide valuable insights for breeding programs aimed at enhancing floral longevity, fertility, and ornamental potential in tropical waterlilies.
1-2Department of Fruit Science, HCandRI, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. 3Nammazhvar Organic Farming Research Centre, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. 4ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Centre, Sunabeda, Odisha, India. 5Department of Horticulture (Fruit Science), School of Agricultural Sciences, Medziphema, Nagaland University, India. Corresponding e-mail: auxcilia@tnau.ac.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.16
Key words: Banana, synthetic banana hybrids, genetic diversity, cluster analysis, ploidy
Abstract: Banana is one of the most important fruit crops, cultivated extensively in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Among these, India emerges as the global leader in banana production, however, it is also accompanied by numerous challenges, especially in the face of biotic and abiotic stresses. These rising threats make the breeding programme focus on increasing the banana gene base to guide informed crosses and breeding programmes for the development of new and improved cultivars. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate 27 synthetic banana hybrids developed through hybridization, along with the 18 parents used to develop them, to explore diversity and assess the effectiveness of characters influencing yield and morphological traits. The result revealed high genetic variability, as indicated by significant GCV and PCV levels, suggesting potential for further improvement. The tetraploid hybrids- H-916 produced the highest bunch weight of 25.86 kg, while H-02-25 and H-02-34 showed better morphological vigour. Correlations between bunch weight and plant characteristics showed strong positive associations, but the number of suckers showed a negative association. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into four distinct clusters, revealing differences between and within ploidy levels. The growth characteristics of diploids and tetraploids displayed greater variability than those of triploids. The multivariate matrix showed how different traits relate to one another, highlighting the significance of additive genetic control. Overall, the research demonstrates that these hybrids have promising breeding potential and that genetic improvement is the most sustainable approach to enhancing hybrid resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses, as well as to increasing the gene bank, which can help identify elite lines for specific banana varietal improvement.
National Dendrological Park Sofiyivka, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Cherkasy Region, Uman, Kyivska Street 12 A, Ukraine. Corresponding e-mail: irinaivankovska@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.17
Key words: Phenology, morphology, shoots, branching, ontogen?, Helleborus
Abstract: The study is devoted to the investigation of ontogenesis, seasonal rhythm of development, and morphogenesis of shoots in species and cultivars of Helleborus. The phases of shoot development, as well as the order and patterns of their branching, have been established. The type of buds, their number, and the sequence of formation are described. It was found that the pre-generative period in H. purpurascens and H. ‘Red Lady’ lasted 3 years, and the full ontogenetic cycle spans several decades. The transition from monopodial growth of the axial shoot to sympodial branching in H. purpurascens begins during the generative period, whereas in H. ‘Red Lady’ it occurs during the pre-generative period. The pre-generative ontogenetic period in H. foetidus lasts 2 years, with a total development cycle of about 5 years; basiosympodial branching of shoots begins at early stages of the pre-generative period. In representatives of the Acaules group, such as H. purpurascens and H. ‘Red Lady’, lateral monocarpic shoots pass sequentially through the following phases over two years: vegetative bud, vegetative shoot, generative bud, and generative shoot. Vegetative shoots are orthotropic, shortened, with few metamers; renewal buds are formed in the axils of cataphylls, and foliage leaves lack axillary structures. In the representative of the Caulescentes group, H. foetidus, monocarpic shoots sequentially pass through the phases of vegetative bud, vegetative shoot, and mixed vegetative-generative shoot over two years; renewal buds are open, lacking protective scales. All studied species and cultivars exhibited regular mass flowering and fruiting.
Division of Vegetable Crops, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru-560089, Karnataka, India. Corresponding e-mail: kmreddy14@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.18
Key words: Capsicum spp., fruit traits, diversity index, hierarchical clustering
Abstract: The genus Capsicum, which is a member of the Solanaceae family, is a commercially significant group of crops that are grown and show an impressive genetic and morphological diversity in fruit size, shape, color, and texture. In this study, which was carried out in 2022-23, sixty-five chilli accessions were characterized for twenty-eight fruit-related traits as per distinctiveness, uniformity and stability descriptors. There was significant divergence between accessions in such traits as fruit curvature, texture, calyx cover, pericarp thickness, intensity of fruit color during ripening, cross-section corrugation, pericarp sinuation, days to 50 percent ripening, calyx constriction, pedicel attachment, color transition, fruit length, and diameter as measured by Shannon-Weaver diversity indices. Ward hierarchical clustering divided the accessions into two major lineages that further sub grouped into four subgroups consisting of 8, 10, 8 and 39 accessions each. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the total phenotypic variation was accounted by the first eight principal components which was 74.22%. Accessions such as IHR4668, IHR4689, IHR4679, IHR4677, IHR4565, IHR4603, IHR4650, IHR4667, IHR3455, IHR4658, IHR3024, IHR4672, IHR4447, IHR3315, and IHR4674 were highly diverse and may be useful as parents in hybridization programmes. Combining Shannon–Weaver indices, clustering and PCA provided a comprehensive assessment of fruit-traits diversity.
Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab-144411, India. Corresponding e-mail: vishal.ambro@gmail.com, vishal.26759@lpu.co.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.19
Key words: Onion, curing, storage, nanoparticles, firmness, quality
Abstract: The present study evaluated the effects of curing and nanoparticle-based nutrition on storage behaviour and quality attributes of onion (Allium cepa L.) cv. PRO-7 under ambient conditions. The experiment was conducted using a Factorial Randomized Block Design with two curing levels: non-curing (C?) and curing (C?), and six nanoparticle foliar spray treatments: T0 (control), T1 (20 ppm ZnO NPs), T2 (20 ppm S NPs), T3 (40 ppm ZnO NPs), T4 (40 ppm S NPs), and T5 (20 ppm ZnO NPs + 20 ppm S NPs). Results indicated that curing significantly improved storage performance by enhancing TSS, dry matter, firmness and moisture retention and by reducing physiological loss in weight (PLW), black mold, rotting, sprouting and scale loss. Among nanoparticle treatments, T5 consistently performed better than the others, recording the highest TSS and dry matter, maximum firmness, superior moisture retention, and the lowest incidence of black mold, rotting, and sprouting percentage. Sulphur and zinc nanoparticles demonstrated a strong synergistic effect under cured conditions, indicating enhanced cell wall integrity and reduced microbial susceptibility. Significant A × B interactions for most parameters confirmed the combined benefit of curing and nanoparticle applications. Overall, the integration of ZnO and S nanoparticles with curing significantly enhances storability and quality of onion bulbs during three months of storage.
1Department of Animal Husbandry Statistics and Computer Applications, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600007, India. 2DAEE, FFA, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago. 3DAEE, FFA, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago. Corresponding e-mail: drkathir@tanuvas.org.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.20
Key words: Consumer preferences, lettuce quality, sensory, market attributes, Ordered Probit, Trinidad and Tobago
Abstract: This study examines consumer preferences for the search, experience, and credence attributes of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in Trinidad and Tobago, a market that is partially dependent on imports. Analysing the determinants of consumer preferences is essential for enhancing production efficiency and ensuring food system resilience. A cross-sectional survey of 157 primary food shoppers, selected through multistage random sampling, was conducted. Attribute ranking, Kruskal–Wallis tests, and Ordered Probit (OP) models (P < 0.05) were applied to quantify the importance of various market attributes and to analyse the factors influencing the ratings. The Kruskal-Wallis analysis indicated that lettuce head appearance was the primary attribute, followed by price and taste, while flavour, texture, and size were ranked lowest, suggesting that consumers initially focus on search attributes and economic factors over sensory qualities. Marginal probability effects derived from the ordered probit (OP) models indicated that income was the most influential determinant of concern intensity. Higher-income consumers showed a significantly greater likelihood of being highly concerned about price and freedom from defects, while exhibiting comparatively lower concern for basic sensory attributes. Similarly, younger consumers were significantly more likely to express concern about texture, whereas female shoppers were more likely to express extreme concern about price. These marginal probability effects demonstrate that differences across consumer groups strongly shape attribute prioritisation, implying that lettuce farmers in Trinidad and Tobago should prioritise visual quality and defect-free production while maintaining competitive pricing to meet the higher price sensitivity of female shoppers and larger households.
Agricultural University of Iceland, Keldnaholt, Árleyni 22, IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland. E-mail: christina@lbhi.is
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.21
Key words: Coloration, hybrid lighting, Lactuca sativa, light-emitting diode, light source, PPFD
Abstract: The study explored the effects of artificial light on growth, pigmentation, and energy efficiency in red winter lettuce grown in controlled environments, addressing the challenge of low natural light in northern regions and the trade-off between lettuce yield and pigmentation. Two greenhouse experiments compared HPS lamps, LEDs, and a Hybrid system combining HPS and LEDs. The study evaluated red winter lettuce growth, quantified leaf color using the RGB color model, and assessed energy-use efficiency. Since the greenhouse was heated with geothermal energy, the energy-use efficiency was defined as the ratio of the plant’s fresh weight to the energy consumed by the lights. Lettuce grown under LEDs with higher PPFD (167 µmol m-2 s-1) and day temperatures (20 °C) showed enhanced red pigmentation compared to HPS lighting (132 µmol m-2 s-1, 19 °C) but at the cost of lower fresh weight. Hybrid systems significantly improved pigmentation compared to HPS, although coloration remained below the desired threshold. LEDs reduced energy use by 37% compared to HPS while offering superior energy efficiency. Hybrid systems cut energy costs by 9% but did not improve energy efficiency. The findings highlight the importance of balanced lighting strategies to optimize pigmentation and energy efficiency while maintaining plant growth. This study provides new insights into identifying optimal lighting strategies, while simultaneously considering temperature settings, to achieve a balance between growth and pigmentation in lettuce cultivated under controlled environment agriculture.
1Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture Vellanikkara, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India. 2Regional Agricultural Research Station, Kumarakom, Kottayam, Kerala, India. Corresponding e-mail: seenath.p@kau.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.22
Key words: Cost of cultivation, economic analysis, establishment cost, exotic fruits, rambutan, Kerala
Abstract: Kerala has been witnessing a rapid increase in the area under exotic fruits. The study was undertaken to evaluate the economic feasibility of rambutan cultivation, emphasizing cost and returns and major production constraints in Kerala. Primary data were collected from 120 farmers cultivating rambutan in the leading rambutan-growing districts of the state. A multistage sampling technique and field survey using a semi-structured interview schedule were employed for data collection. The amortisation technique was used to estimate the annual establishment cost. Findings of the study indicated that rambutan cultivation involves high initial investment during the establishment phase as well as high labour costs during the maintenance phase. Amortised establishment cost was estimated at Rs. 88325/ha/yr, accounting for about 37% of the total cultivation cost (Rs. 2.4 lakh/ha/yr). The farm-level average yield was 6.5 t/ha. Gross income and net profit were found to be Rs. 8.45 lakh/ha and Rs. 6 lakh/ha, respectively. Unfavourable weather, high establishment costs, and wild animal attacks were perceived as the major constraints to cultivating rambutan, suggesting the need to adapt to an evolving climate and develop cost-effective cultivation techniques. Though rambutan cultivation involves higher costs, its relatively higher yield and returns make the crop a preferred exotic fruit.
1Department of Horticulture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Medziphema Campus, Nagaland University, Nagaland-797106, India. Corresponding e-mail: nzanthung97@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.23
Key words: Black pepper, crop growth rate (CGR), propagation efficiency, protected cultivation, varietal performance
Abstract: Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), a spice of considerable economic importance, necessitates efficient propagation techniques to satisfy the escalating demand for superior planting material. This investigation, conducted during the 2024-25 period at the School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagaland University, within a polyhouse, aimed to assess the varietal performance of black pepper in modified serpentine layering. A total of eight varieties (Panniyur-1, Panniyur-2, Panniyur-5, Pournami, Panchami, Subhakara, Chumala, and PLD-2) were evaluated using a Randomized Block Design (RBD), incorporating three replications and employing thirty vines per treatment per replication for layering within a growing medium composed of topsoil, sand, and FYM (1:1:1). Noteworthy varietal disparities were evident concerning survival rates, growth parameters, physiological characteristics, root development, and economic viability. Subhakara demonstrated the highest survival rate, achieving 92.96% at 180 days after planting (DAP), and also displayed enhanced vegetative growth, as evidenced by a vine height of 115.46 cm and an average of 14.89 nodes per plant. Furthermore, the root system was the most extensive, measuring 50.42 cm and averaging 42.93 roots per plant. Panniyur-5 followed closely, reaching a height of 98.60 cm and having 14.43 nodes. Conversely, PLD-2 showed the lowest survival rate (50.00%) and the smallest height (34.47 cm). The various cultivars exhibited distinct physical characteristics. Panniyur-2 demonstrated the most extensive leaf area, registering 127.48 cm². Conversely, Pournami displayed the greatest chlorophyll content, as indicated by a measurement of 71.38 SPAD units. Furthermore, Subhakara accumulated the greatest dry biomass (5.68 g) and achieved the highest crop growth rate (0.32 g day-¹) on a dry-weight basis. Regarding productivity, Subhakara yielded approximately 12 cuttings per plant within six months, yielding the highest economic return of ?1.50 lakh per 1000 cuttings and a BCR of 6.41. Overall, Subhakara and Panniyur-5 emerged as the best-performing varieties for large-scale production of quality planting material through modified serpentine layering under protected cultivation in Northeast India.
1Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Najaf-54001, Iraq. 2Department of Prosthodontics, AL Najaf Technical Institute, AL Furat AL Awsat Technical University, Najaf-1, Iraq. Corresponding e-mail: hayder.aldulaimi@uokufa.edu.iq
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.24
Key words: Cadmium pollution, Conocarpus lancifolius, organic amendment, phytoremediation, bioaccumulation, translocation
Abstract: This experiment was conducted during the 2025 season in a wooden lath house at the Al-Najaf Agricultural Directorate to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizer on cadmium (Cd) phytoremediation using Conocarpus lancifolius, an accumulator plant capable of absorbing and accumulating heavy metals in its tissues. The experiment was designed using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two main factors and three replicates. The first factor comprised organic fertilizer (Chicken manure), which was added in its decomposed form and mixed with the potting soil at two levels (0, 25 g kg-1) at a suitable time before transplanting the seedlings. The second factor was contaminated soil with Cd at three concentrations (0, 10, 20 mg kg-1). Treatment with 25 g kg-1 of organic fertilizer resulted in significant increases in plant height, leaf number, chlorophyll content, and Cd content in both the shoot and root systems compared with the control treatment. The addition of Cd to the soil had no significant effect on plant height, whereas Cd addition at a concentration of 20 mg kg-1 caused an increase in the number of plant leaves and the concentration of Cd in the leaves and roots. The interaction between the two factors did not have significant effects on plant height, leaf number, and root content of Cd, while significant increases were observed by the interaction of two factors in chlorophyll and Cd leaf content, 25 g kg-1 of organic fertilizer and 20 mg kg-1 of Cd, in comparison with the control treatment.These results confirm the ability of ornamental trees to accumulate heavy metals, highlighting their potential for phytoremediation of contaminated environments. This offers significant potential for sustainable mitigation of heavy metal pollution, particularly Cd pollution, across diverse environmental contexts. The bioaccumulation, extraction, and translocation factors were all >1. C. lancifolius is a candidate for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with multiple heavy metals. These trees serve as filters for environmentally friendly, sustainable remediation strategies, and their organic matter can be used to treat polluted ecosystems.
Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Corresponding e-mail: niroosh.hasan@uod.ac
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.25
Key words: Dichondra repens, Shading levels, Salicylic acid, Nano-fertilizer.
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of shading levels, salicylic acid, and nano-fertilizer concentrations on the growth performance of the Dichondra repens plant under Dohuk Governorate conditions. This experiment was carried out in a field with 0% shading and in a lath house with 50% shading from March 15, 2024, to September 15, 2024, during the spring season. The experiment was laid out using a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three factors: shade levels (0% and 50% shade), salicylic acid concentrations (0, 100, and 200 mg L-1), and foliar sprays with different concentrations of nano-fertilizer (0, 5, and 10 mg L-1). The results indicated that the Dichondra plants grown under 0% shading achieved significantly higher values for plant density, mowing frequency, total phosphorus, total potassium percentage, cumulative dry weight, root dry weight, and total carbohydrates. Plants sprayed with salicylic acid at 200 mg L-1 showed a significant increase in most parameters. The use of nano-fertilizers at a concentration of 5 mg L-1 resulted in significant improvements in plant density, leaf area, mowing frequency, root dry weight, total phosphorus percentage, total potassium percentage, cumulative dry weight, and total chlorophyll.
1Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Calle Francisco Villa S/N, Col. Ex Hacienda El Canadá, Gral. Escobedo, N.L. C.P. 66054. México. 2Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Departamento de Horticultura. Calz. Antonio Narro 1923. Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, México. 3Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, TecNM-Instituto Tecnológico de Tlajomulco (ITTJ). Km 10 Carretera a San Miguel Cuyutlán, Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, Jalisco, C.P. 45640, México. Corresponding e-mail: humberto.rodriguezfn@uanl.edu.mx; alejandro.lunaml@uanl.edu.mx
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.26
Key words: LED lighting, vegetative propagation, Vanilla planifolia and Vanilla pompona, plant factory systems, substrates.
Abstract: Global vanilla production currently fails to meet industrial demand, with Madagascar accounting for 63.8% of exports (USD 389 million in 2023). This study evaluated the effects of three commercial LED light spectra, four substrate types, and phytohormone applications on the vegetative propagation of Vanilla planifolia and V. pompona within controlled plant factory systems. A completely randomized 3×4×2 factorial design was employed using 240 three-node cuttings. The LED treatments included: T1 (36 W, 6500 K, PPFD 454.35 ?mol m?² s?¹), T2 (72 W, 6500 K, PPFD 322.54 ?mol m?² s?¹) and T3 (45 W, 5000 K, PPFD 299.23 ?mol m?² s?¹). Substrates tested were volcanic rock, coconut fiber, tepojal, and a substrate-free control. Root parameters were monitored for 30 days under aeroponic misting with controlled environmental conditions. LED lighting significantly influenced root length (p=0.021; R² = 54.33%), with the T1 configuration promoting the greatest elongation, likely due to enhanced blue-light-induced auxin transport. A highly significant Light × Species interaction was observed (p=0.012), particularly for V. planifolia under T2. Regarding root diameter, V. pompona developed significantly thicker roots than V. planifolia (0.43 vs. 0.38 cm), while coconut fiber reduced the diameter by 16.5% compared to volcanic rock. Substrate was the primary determinant for root fresh weight (p=0.041), with volcanic rock optimizing overall development. These results demonstrate that integrating T1 LED lighting with volcanic rock substrates provides a scientifically validated strategy to accelerate vanilla propagation cycles and address global supply shortages.
Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresources Exploitation (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir (Tunisia). *Authors Inchirah Bettaieb and Jihen Hamdi contributed equally to this work and share first authorship. Corresponding e-mail: dhia_bouktila2000@yahoo.fr
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.3
Key words: Olea europaea, Dof transcription factor family, In silico analysis, phylogenetic analysis, expression profiling, candidate genes
Abstract: The DNA-binding one zinc finger (Dof) transcription factors play essential roles in plant growth and adaptation. This study presents a comprehensive characterization of the Dof gene family in the cultivated Mediterranean olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. europaea), focusing on structural features, evolutionary history, and functional insights based on linking transcriptomic data with morpho-biochemical profiles across three olive cultivars. We identified 76 O. europaea var. europaea Dof (OeDof) genes encoding 81 putative proteins, a larger set than previously reported in wild olive (O. europaea var. sylvestris), suggesting gene family expansion during domestication. OeDof proteins showed considerable variation in their physicochemical properties but maintained a conserved Dof-binding domain, characterized by nine variable regions that may modulate target site specificity. Fifteen conserved motifs were identified, including subgroup-specific motifs likely contributing to functional specialization. Several motifs were annotated, suggesting OeDof involvement in olive fruit metabolic processes. Phylogenetic analysis classified OeDof genes into four groups and nine subgroups, revealing orthologous relationships with Arabidopsis Dof genes. Duplication analysis identified 27 paralogous gene pairs, mostly under purifying selection (Ka/Ks < 1), with several gene pairs showing relaxed selection pressure (0.5 < Ka/Ks < 1), suggesting that, while selective pressure maintains protein function, a relatively high tolerance for nonsynonymous substitutions (i.e. functional divergence) exists. A unique gene pair (OeDof19/OeDof49) underwent positive selection, highlighting its potential role in key biological processes. RNA-Seq analysis classified OeDof genes into six distinct expression patterns across the fruit of three olive cultivars with contrasting morpho-biochemical traits, identifying candidate genes for further functional validation. This genome-wide analysis offers valuable insights into the domestication-linked evolutionary and functional dynamics of Dof genes in Mediterranean olive, laying the foundation for their application in genomics-assisted breeding for improved fruit traits and oil quality.
Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, Kerala, 680656, India. Corresponding e-mail: resmi.paul@kau.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.27
Key words: Minerals, nutritional properties, ornamental flowers, physicochemical properties.
Abstract: Globally, there is a growing demand for food with flavour and visual appeal. The quality of ingredients, as well as their presentation, plays a key role in the overall appeal of food. Edible flowers can enhance the attraction and appearance of individual dishes. Insights into the composition and nutritional benefits of edible flowers are valuable and provide strong reasons to incorporate them into the diet. The current research evaluates the nutritional composition of ornamental flowers by measuring moisture content and protein, fat, fiber, vitamin C, ash and minerals, including sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, phosphorus and potassium. Contrary to popular belief, some ornamental flowers possess notable nutritional value, particularly Nelumbo nucifera, Tagetes patula and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. The high fibre content in Nelumbo nucifera reached 20 per cent, together with its total ash (10.00 %), magnesium (11.49 mg/100g), calcium (31.24 mg/100g) and potassium (104.66 mg/100g), demonstrating this plant as a promising source to obtain these essential nutrients. Analysis of Tagetes patula reveals multiple essential minerals, including 11.79 per cent protein, 10.43 mg/100g fat, 15.30 mg/100g sodium, 10.61 mg/100g magnesium, 2.31 mg/100g iron, 22.40 mg/100g phosphorus and 79.40 mg/100g potassium. The sodium level of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis reached 16.23 mg/100g while providing magnesium content (12.89 mg/100g). The research demonstrates that ornamental flowers can serve as functional food ingredients, providing essential vitamins and minerals that are not commonly found in typical diets.
1Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala- 695522. 2All India Network Project on Agricultural Acarology, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala- 680656. 3Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695522. Corresponding e-mail: neena.lenin@kau.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.28
Key words: brinjal, spider mite, host resistance, Tetranychus macfarlanei, genotype, screening
Abstract: To assess the resistance of 25 brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) genotypes against the red spider mite, Tetranychus macfarlanei Baker and Pritchard, a field study was carried out at the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. Significant differences in mite infestation were observed when genotypes were evaluated in the field via artificial inoculation. The mean mite population per leaf varied significantly between genotypes, ranging from 7.04 in ‘Anjamile Local’ to 23.93 in ‘VRM-1’. The genotypes were divided into six resistance groups based on mean and standard deviation values within the population. While ‘VRM-1’, ‘Pusa Krishna’, ‘VJ Crystal’, ‘KAU Local’, and ‘Nandyala Local’ were classified as susceptible (20.53 < X?? ? 25.40), ‘Pusa Uttam’, ‘Poluru Vankaya’, ‘Anjamile Local’, ‘FM-183’, ‘Surya’, and ‘Arka Anand’ were classed as resistant (10.79 ? X?? > 5.92). To determine the host factors responsible for resistance, the biology of the mite was examined across five resistant and one susceptible genotype. The resistant genotypes identified in this study serve as promising genetic resources for breeding programmes aimed at developing mite-resistant brinjal cultivars adaptable to varied agro-climatic regions.
1Department of Biotechnology, Telangana University, Nizamabad, India-503322. 2Plant Biotechnology Research Unit, SLN BIOLOGICALS, Nizamabad -503001. Corresponding e-mail: mahenderaileni@telanganauniversity.ac.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.29
Key words: Antioxidant enzymes, genotype-dependent, NaCl, oxidative stress, proline accumulation, turmeric
Abstract: Salt stress poses a significant threat to turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cultivation, particularly in regions with saline soils or poor irrigation water quality. This study investigated the biochemical and physiological responses of different C. longa genotypes exposed to increasing NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM) in pot experiments to identify salt-tolerant genotypes and understand their adaptive mechanisms. Subsequently, stress indicators including malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H?O?), proline content, and antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase) were evaluated. Results revealed genotype-specific responses to salinity, with distinct patterns of oxidative stress accumulation and activation of antioxidant defenses. Higher NaCl concentrations induced a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation across all genotypes, though the magnitude varied significantly. Proline accumulation served as a crucial osmo-protectant; tolerant turmeric genotypes showed increased accumulation under a threshold stress concentration (150 mM). The antioxidant enzyme system exhibited differential activation patterns, while the Rajendra Sonia and Prathiba genotypes showed robust enzymatic activity even under severe stress. Turmeric plants grown under NaCl (150 mM) concentrations showed significantly reduced plant height, number of leaves and shoot fresh and dry weight. These findings provide valuable insights into the physiological basis of salt tolerance in C. longa, enabling the identification of salt-tolerance genotypes for cultivation in salt-affected areas or for breeding programs aimed at developing stress-resilient genotypes.
1Department of Fruit Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India. 2Department of Education, NAU, Navsari, Gujarat, India. 3AES, NAU, Pariya, Gujarat, India. Corresponding e-mail: vipashaddangariya@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.30
Key words: Dragon fruit, varieties, type of bagging material and physical parameters
Abstract: The present investigation was conducted at the Regional Horticultural Research Station, ASPEE College of Horticulture, NAU, Navsari, Gujarat, India to evaluate the impact of preharvest fruit bagging material on physical attributes and pest incidence in two dragon fruit varieties. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design using a factorial concept comprising sixteen treatment combinations: two varieties, eight types of bagging materials, and repeated thrice. Results showed that fruit bagged in a water-resistant, white, butter paper bag took fewer days to harvest after bagging and had a minimum peel weight in the Red Flesh variety. In addition, the best results were obtained in the White Flesh variety for key growth metrics, including maximum fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, flesh weight, flesh: peel ratio and edible portion. The results show that the fruit bagged seven days after anthesis with a butter paper water-resistant white bag performed better on all parameters.
1Pomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. 2Department of Medicinal and Industrial Plants, College of Medicinal and Industrial Plants, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq. 3Energy and Environment Research Center, Tabbin Institute for Metallurgical Studies, Egypt. 4Organic Crop Production Department, Faculty of Organic Agriculture, Heliopolis University, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: ahmed.rasheedy@agr.cu.edu.eg
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.31
Key words: Olea europaea L., peroxidase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase, indole-3-acetic acid oxidase
Abstract: Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) is a primary growth regulator that promotes rooting. Quercetin (QC) is a flavonoid antioxidant that has recently been recognized as a co-factor in the rooting of Kalamata olive cuttings. Also, ascorbic acid (ASC) successfully stimulates rooting in some olive cuttings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of foliar application of IBA (0, 1000 ppm) after cuttings planting, combined with either ASC (50, 100 ppm) or QC (50, 100 ppm), on rooting of Kalamata and Wardan olive cuttings. The results showed that the effect of individual IBA on promoting rooting in Kalamata cuttings was minimal, whereas the combined application of IBA+ASC was more effective than IBA+QC. In Wardan cuttings, individual IBA had a negative effect on rooting, while the combined application of IBA+ASC significantly improved rooting %, followed by IBA+QC. In both cultivars, promoting rooting was associated with increased activity of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), while activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and indole-3-acetic acid oxidase (IAAox) decreased. ASC alone recorded the highest rooting percentage at 12.1% in Kalamata cuttings compared to the control (0%), and 54.4% in Wardan cuttings compared to the control (14.9%). The highest rooting % was accompanied by decreases in IAAox and PPO of 13.33% and 30.16% for Kalamata cuttings and 17.27% and 27.21% for Wardan cuttings. In comparison, it coincided with increases of 28.74% and 497.4% in CAT and POD in Kalamata, and 31.21% and 641% in the Wardan cultivar.
Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt. 2Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Institute of Horticulture Research, Agriculture Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: amr.shafa.7@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.32
Key words: Dracocephalum moldavica, compost, glycine, glutamic acid, essential oil yield, amino acidsyield, volatile oil
Abstract: To determine how combined applications of compost and amino acids affect dragonhead growth, yield, and essential oil production, we conducted a field experiment over the 2022–2023 and 2023–2024 growing seasons. The trials took place at the Agriculture Research Farm of Al-Azhar University in Assiut, Egypt. We tested four different compost rates (0.0, 10, 15, and 20 m³ per feddan) alongside foliar sprays of glycine and glutamic acid at concentrations of 200 and 400 ppm. The highest rate of compost (20 m3 per feddan) was found to produce optimal vegetative growth i.e., high plant height, more branches and higher total herb dry weight. The vegetative growth, seed yield and essential oil yield parameters were highest in the treatment of 20 m³ compost/feddan and 400 ppm glycine, which might be recommended as a sustainable method to enhance the productivity of dragonhead. The most effective manner of treating the plants was to add 20 m3 of compost per feddan of the glycine spray at the rate of 400 ppm. This specific mix had the highest growth values, crop yields, and the extract of essential oils as compared to the untreated control. This makes it a highly effective method for improving dragonhead cultivation.
1Department of Agricultural Botany, Plant physiology Division, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt. 2Desert Environment Institute, Sadat City, Sadat University. 3Natural Resources Department, Faculty of African Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, 12613, Egypt. 4Natural Resources Department, Faculty of African Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: abdelhamed.abdoo47@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.33
Key words: Vitis vinifera , compost, bud burst, mineral content
Abstract: Viticulture is an important source of national income in exporting countries. Organic fertilizer (OF), chemical fertilizer (CF), and foliar nano-fertilizer (FNPs) play important roles in improving plant nutrition, growth, and yield. This study evaluated the combined soil application of chemical fertilizer (CF) and organic fertilizer (OF) at five ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100) with foliar nano-fertilizer sprays containing Zn, Cu and Fe at four levels (100, 75, 50 and 25%). on growth, nutritional status, and productivity of Thompson Seedless grapevines over two seasons. The treatment 75% CF + 25% OF combined with 75% FNPs produced the highest yield and was statistically comparable to 100% FNPs for several growth and nutritional traits. This treatment also increased cluster weight and length. Furthermore, it achieved the highest fruit yield (42.2 and 43.6 kg per vine), compared to 50% CF + 50% OF with 75% FNPs (33.45 and 34.5 kg) and 100% CF + 0% OF with 25% FNPs (lowest at 15.85 and 15.82 kg) in the first and second seasons, respectively. This study highlights integrated strategies combining OF and FNPs as partial alternatives to CF for sustainable agriculture and reduced CF use.
1Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Distt. - Srinagar (J&K), India. 2Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India. E-mail: drkhan_387@skuastkashmirac.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.34
Key words: Chilli, FGP, Timson’s Index, suboptimal temperature, seed priming and seedling vigour
Abstract: The study was conducted at the Division of BSH, FoH, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, to ascertain the role of seed priming in mitigating the adverse effects of suboptimal low temperature on seed germination potential of chilli. Seeds of chilli cv. Kashmir Long-1 were primed in water for 30 hours (P2), -0.5 MPa PEG-6000 for 18 hours (P3), 8x diluted vermiwash for 30 hours (P4) and 5.0 mg L' melatonin for 30 hours (P5) at a temperature of 25±2 °C. Unprimed seeds were taken as control (P1) and tested for their germination potential at optimal (25±2°C) and suboptimal (17±2°C) temperatures. Five hundred seeds from each treatment, including the control, were cultured in Petri dishes lined with five layers of blotting paper. Seeds were also sown in nursery trays filled with soil and kept for germination at optimal (25±2°C) (C1) as well as suboptimal (17±2°C) (C2) temperatures. All the treatments were replicated thrice and arranged under CRD. The data indicate that the germination potential of chilli seeds significantly declined under suboptimal low temperature whereas different priming treatments tend to improve the germinability of seeds both under optimal and suboptimal temperatures but the positive effects of seed priming were more pronounced under suboptimal temperature condition. Moreover, under suboptimal temperature condition, osmopriming resulted in the highest values for FGP (96.00%), SEP (84.66%), RDW (0.17 g), SDW (0.04 g), TI (32.28), Leaf Chl (0.73 mg/g), CSI (94.80), TAA (46.71), and MSI (76.33), followed by melatonin priming, whereas the lowest values for these parameters were observed in the control. The highest values of these attributes were coupled with the lowest T50G and T50E. Osmopriming with -0.5 MPa PEG-6000 for 18 hours proved most effective in enhancing germination, seedling emergence, seedling vigour and physiological resilience of chilli cv. Kashmir Long-1 under suboptimal low-temperature stress.
Plant Production Techniques Department, Al-Mussaib Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University. Corresponding e-mail: rana.rayyis.tcm@atu.edu.iq
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.35
Key words: Pimpinella anisum L., anise, foliar urea, seaweed extract, growth traits, seed yield, essential oil, limonene, flavonoids
Abstract: A protected pot experiment was conducted in the wire shelter of the Department of Plant Production Techniques at Al-Mussaib Technical College, located at coordinates 32º47? N latitude and 44º26? E longitude, to investigate the effects of foliar urea application and seaweed extract application on growth, yield, and quality traits of Pimpinella anisum L. (Anise). The experiment was conducted in plastic pots and arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications, with pots randomly distributed within each replication. Data were statistically analyzed, and differences were tested using the least significant difference (LSD) at the 5% significance level. Results showed that foliar application of urea at 15 g L?¹ produced the highest averages for plant height (42.90 cm), number of branches per plant (7.63), number of leaves per plant (32.75), leaf area per plant (160.83 cm²), number of umbels per plant (26.43), seed yield per plant (5.13 g), seed oil content (5.03%), carbohydrate content (53.27%), protein content (17.15%), fiber content (17.55%), flavonoids (16.15 mg g?¹), and relative limonene abundance (22.73%). Meanwhile, foliar spray of seaweed extract at 6 mL L?¹ resulted in the highest averages for the same traits, reaching 44.28 cm, 8.40 branches per plant, 34.80 leaves per plant, 172.68 cm² leaf area, 29.88 umbels per plant, 5.80 g seed yield, 5.40% oil, 55.53% carbohydrates, 17.98% protein, 19.05% fiber, 17.38 mg g?¹ flavonoids, and 24.10% relative limonene abundance, respectively.
Department of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, CHRIST University, Bengaluru, 560074, India. Corresponding e-mail: hadiyapriteshd@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.36
Key words: Wildlife deterrence, wild boar intrusion, motion-activated deterrents, solar-powered, animal behavior modification.
Abstract: Intrusion by wild animals is the biggest concern for farmers, and during the harvesting season, protecting crops is one of their greatest worries. Wild animals, especially boars, are the greatest threat, as they not only eat the crops but also dig up the farmland in search of roots and insects to eat. Moreover, this species tends to visit farms in groups, which can cause significant damage to crops, resulting in substantial financial losses. This study focuses on finding a long-term solution to this problem. An Automated Aversion Unit (AAU) is proposed in this paper and is tested at various locations with different features. The proposed unit is economically viable and can be installed in remote areas without requiring continuous monitoring. During a 15-day short-term observational field trial without randomized control plots, the device demonstrated a substantial reduction in wild boar intrusion frequency, with reductions of up to 95% relative to baseline conditions. The study demonstrates the AAU’s short-term effectiveness in reducing wild boar intrusion; however, long-term habituation resistance requires extended seasonal trials.
1Technical Institute of Al-Mussaib, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Iraq, 2Department of Soil and Water Techniques, Al-Musayyab Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Iraq. Corresponding e-mail: mohammed.rahim@atu.edu.iq
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.37
Key words: Biofertilizer, nano-zinc, nano-iron, tomato, foliar spray, mycorrhiza, soil fertility, nano-micronutrients
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted in the Abi Gharq area, 10 km northwest of Babil Governorate, during 2023–2024, to investigate the effect of biofertilizer application and foliar sprays of nano iron and nano zinc on soil nutrient availability and the growth of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The experiment was arranged as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Three factors were evaluated: biofertilizer with three levels (control, Azotobacter 10 mL, and mycorrhizal fungi 10 g), nano iron foliar spray at three concentrations (0, 10, and 20 mg L?¹), and nano zinc foliar spray at three concentrations (0, 10, and 20 mg L?¹). The results showed significant effects of biofertilizer, nano iron, nano zinc, and their interactions on soil nutrient availability and tomato growth traits. Mycorrhizal fungi produced the highest mean values for available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, zinc, plant height, and number of fruits per plant. Nano iron and nano zinc applications significantly increased soil nutrient availability, plant height, number of fruits per plant, and fruit weight. The three-way interaction between mycorrhizal fungi, nano iron, and nano zinc recorded the highest values for available nitrogen (36.77 mg kg?¹), phosphorus (13.56 mg kg?¹), potassium (251.23 mg kg?¹), iron (6.36 mg kg?¹), zinc (2.79 mg kg?¹), plant height (139.9 cm), and number of fruits per plant (56.22 fruits plant?¹). The highest fruit weight (137.82 g) was recorded under the H0F2Z2 (no biofertilizer + nano iron 20 mg L?¹ + nano zinc 20 mg L?¹) treatment. The study aimed to evaluate the individual and combined effects of biofertilizer application and foliar nano-iron and nano-zinc sprays on post-harvest soil nutrient availability, vegetative growth and yield attributes of tomato.
1School of Life Sciences & Chemical Technology, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore. 2Urban Food Solutions Division, Singapore Food Agency, Singapore. Conservation Division, National Parks Board, Singapore. 4Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. E-mail: ckk@np.edu.sg
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.38
Key words: Lactuca sativa L., multi-leaf lettuce, hydroponics, deep flow technique (DFT), growth modelling, logarithmic regression, greenhouse cultivation, harvest prediction, shoot fresh weight
Abstract: This study examined the growth dynamics of two multi-leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars, ‘Ribbon’ and ‘Lime’, grown hydroponically using the deep flow technique (DFT). The objective was to characterize cultivar-specific vegetative growth patterns and evaluate the suitability of logarithmic regression models for predicting harvest timing in hydroponic systems. Growth parameters including shoot fresh weight (FW), stem FW, plant height, stem height, and leaf number were recorded at 1-2 day intervals from 20 to 35 days after transplanting (DAT). ‘Ribbon’ exhibited rapid vegetative growth between approximately 26 and 29 DAT, with shoot FW increasing from 80 g to 100 g and stem height reaching about 5 cm within the 3-day period. Logarithmic regression models showed strong fits for shoot FW (R² = 0.9449), plant height (R² = 0.8817), and stem height (R² = 0.9430), while leaf number increased from 7 to 19 (R² = 0.8478). These characteristics indicated that ‘Ribbon’ was suitable for short-cycle production emphasizing rapid leaf biomass accumulation. In contrast, ‘Lime’ showed a slower but more gradual growth pattern. After 29 DAT, shoot FW reached 93 g with stem height approaching 5 cm, requiring an additional day to exceed the 100 g harvest threshold. Logarithmic models showed excellent fits for shoot FW and leaf number (R² = 0.9837 and 0.9917, respectively), with leaf numbers increasing from 6 to 24 during the observation period. The results demonstrated that logarithmic regression could be applied as an empirical approximation over an observed harvest window rather than full-cycle growth predictions in hydroponic lettuce. Such models may assist growers in predicting crop development and optimizing harvest scheduling in controlled hydroponic production systems.
1 Department of Soil and Water Techniques, Al-Musayyab Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Iraq. 2Department of Biocontrol Techniques, Al-Musayyab Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Iraq. 3Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Karbala, Iraq. 4Department of Soil and Water Techniques, Al-Musayyab Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Iraq. Corresponding e-mail: mohammed.rahim@atu.edu.iq
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.39
Key words: Eco-WRP, fulvic acid, humic acid, nano-fertilizers, soil organic carbon, potato, available NPK
Abstract: The study was a field experiment based on a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications in the autumn growing season of 2023-2024 in loam soil in the Al-Musayyib district, Babylon Governorate, in Iraq. At the test site, the baseline of soil organic carbon (SOC) was 2.72 g kg-1, and, after the harvest, SOC in the control plots dropped to 1.50 g kg-1. The experiment examined the synergistic interactions between humic acid, fulvic acid and Eco-WRP with nano-NPK on post-harvest soil organic carbon and availability of macronutrients in soils under potato cultivation. The treatments were (i) HA (5 g plant-1), FA (2 g plant-1) and control and (ii) Eco-WRP + nano-NPK at five levels: Eco-WRP only (10 kg ha-1), Eco-WRP + nano-NPK (2 g), Eco-WRP + nano-NPK (4 g), nano-NPK only (2 g) and control. Findings indicated that HA in combination with nano-NPK had a significant effect of enhancing the availability of nitrogen in the soil (73.152 mg kg-1). However, a mixture of FA, Eco-WRP (10 kg ha?¹) and 4 g nano-NPK led to maximum increases in available phosphorus (31.001 mg kg-1), potassium (318.632mg kg-1) and SOC (3.061g kg-1). The results illustrate the possibility of combined organic and nano-fertilizer management to boost soil fertility and nutrient bioavailability in semi-arid soils.
1Equipe Ecophysiologie Végétale, Laboratoire Biosciences, Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou 03, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso. 2Laboratoire de Génétique et de Biotechnologies Végétales/ Programme Plantes à Racines et Tubercules, Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), 01 BP 476 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso. 3Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), 01 BP 476 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso. 4Central and West African Virus Epidemiology (WAVE), Université Felix Houphouêt-Boigny Pôle scientifique et d’innovation, Bingerville, BPV 34 Abidjan - Côte d’Ivoire. Corresponding e-mail: calebouedraogo09@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.40
Key words: Manihot esculenta, micropropagation, nodal explant, auxin, cytokinin, BAP, NAA, in vitro culture, cassava regeneration
Abstract: Adopting micropropagation methods to propagate local cassava (Manihot esculenta) cultivars of Burkina Faso could greatly enhance farmers’ access to high-quality cassava cuttings. However, the optimal composition of the growth medium may vary depending on the cassava genotype. This study aimed to assess the individual effects of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) on in vitro plantlet stem and root growth of the preferred local cassava cultivar ‘BFM260’. To achieve this, nodal explants were inoculated onto five media: one hormone-free control and four media supplemented with NAA or BAP. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of five treatments with three replications. Four weeks after inoculation, the hormone-free medium (M0) produced the longest root (60.20 ± 5.32 mm). The plantlets grown on the culture medium supplemented with 0.02 mg L-1 of NAA (M3) induced a 100% nodal explants regeneration rate, exhibited the longest stem (14 ± 2.84 mm) and produced the highest number of roots (3.6 ± 0.29). This medium was superior for overall plantlet architecture and multiplication potential. However, the high callus rate observed at the base of the plantlets produced on medium M3 requires that the survival rate of these plantlets during acclimatization be evaluated.
1Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Cross River State, Nigeria. 2Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Calabar, Nigeria.Corresponding e-mail: etimekpiken@yahoo.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.41
Key words: African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), coat protein gene, phylogenetic analysis, population genetics, purifying selection, Cross River State, begomovirus, cassava mosaic disease, DNA-A, DnaSP
Abstract: African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) is among the most economically significant begomoviruses affecting cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production in sub-Saharan Africa, however its molecular population dynamics in Cross River State (CRS), Nigeria, have remained poorly characterized. This study presents the phylogenetic and population genetic analysis of cassava begomoviruses ACMV DNA-A isolates from CRS, based on coat protein (CP) gene sequences of 44 begomovirus isolates drawn from five geographic populations namely East/South Africa, Nigeria, Asia, West Africa, and CRS. Sequence alignment was performed using the MUSCLE algorithm in Bioedit, phylogenetic reconstruction was conducted in MEGA 12 under the General Time Reversible model with 1000 bootstrap replicates, and population genetic parameters were estimated using DnaSP v6.01. Phylogenetic analysis placed all three CRS isolates (CRS-P1, CRS-P2, CRS-P3) within the West African clade, with CRS-P1 and CRS-P3 clustering within a Nigerian–Ghanaian subgroup and CRS-P2 forming a distinct Nigerian–Togolese lineage, ruling out Asian or southern/central African origins. The CRS population exhibited the lowest nucleotide diversity (? = 0.010) and the strongest purifying selection (dN/dS = 0.03) across all populations, with only 9 segregating sites among three unique haplotypes. Due to a limited number of segregating sites, neutrality tests could not be performed for the CRS population. In contrast, the remaining populations exhibited significantly negative Tajima’s D statistics, a pattern indicative of either a historical population expansion or the effects of purifying selection. Population differentiation analysis showed that the CRS sequences were significantly differentiated from Asian (Snn = 0.9000), East/South African (Snn = 0.7728), and Nigerian (Snn = 0.4792) populations, but not from West African populations. This suggests possible shared ancestry or ongoing regional gene flow between the CRS and West African populations.These findings indicate the CRS sequences harbors a genetically uniform and highly conserved ACMV lineage of West African origin, with important implications for disease surveillance and resistance breeding in Nigeria.
1The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Ehime 790-8566, Japan. 2Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan. 3Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 7610795, Japan. Corresponding e-mail: chhetri.lalbah@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.42
Key words: Fertilization, fruit quality, hydroponic cultivation, ‘Kagawa UP-Ki5’, waterlogging tolerance, K?O, fruit potassium, deep-water culture
Abstract: Hydroponic cultivation of kiwifruit is a novel production system which aims to enhance yield and fruit quality under challenges induced by global climate change. This experiment studied the effect of additional K2O fertilization in non-circulating deep-water hydroponic cultivation of A. rufa x A. chinensis var. chinensis ‘Kagawa UP-Ki5’ kiwifruit. Seven years old ‘Kagawa UP-Ki5’ kiwifruit vines grafted on waterlogging tolerant rootstock Actinidia macrosperma were used in the experiment. The hydroponic fertilizers, OAT (OAT House No. 1 and 2) and K2O (OAT House No. 10) from OAT Agrio Co. Ltd., Japan were used in the experiment. Two fertilization regimes, 1/4-strength OAT and K2O added 1/4-strength OAT nutrient were applied for five and four vines respectively in 2024. In 2025, four vines were applied with 1/4-strength OAT, and three vines were applied with K2O added 1/4-strength OAT nutrient. Growing water solution, vegetative and fruit quality parameters were assessed to evaluate the treatment effects. Higher electrical conductivity in K2O added 1/4-strength OAT condition resulted in less water consumption by vines in both years. Additional K2O applied in the growing water solution did not improve the fruit weight and total soluble solid content of fruit. The fruit produced from K2O added 1/4-strength OAT treated vines were significantly higher in potassium content indicating production potential of potassium fortified kiwifruit in deep-water hydroponic cultivation. However, further study is necessary to optimize sugar accumulation in hydroponically grown kiwifruit.
ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode 673 012, Kerala, India. Corresponding e-mail: subi.kps@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.4
Key words: Black pepper, fungicides, Pythium deliense, resurgence, wilting, yellowing
Abstract: Yellowing and wilting, which become prevalent with the advent of the post-monsoon season, are a serious threat to black pepper cultivation. Detailed investigations into the aetiology revealed an association of three Pythium species: P. deliense, P. cucurbitacearum, and P. catenulatum, with the syndrome. As a preliminary phase to develop a promising strategy to manage the yellowing and wilting, new generation fungicides, namely famoxadone-cymoxanil, cymoxanil-mancozeb, strobilurin fungicides [RIL-070/FI (72 FP) and kresoxim-methyl], propiconazole, propineb, chlorothalonil, iprovalicarb-propineb, and fenamidone-mancozeb were screened in vitro against the pathogens and compared the efficacy with commonly used copper oxychloride and metalaxyl-mancozeb at recommended dosages. Initially, metalaxyl-mancozeb (1250 ppm), propiconazole (2000 ppm), fenamidone-mancozeb (500 ppm), and RIL-070/FI (400 ppm) were found to be promising; however, the pathogens exhibited resurgence of growth, except for P. cucurbitacearum. The LD50 and LD90 values, as well as mycelial degradation, which occurred upon exposure to the fungicides, were also determined. In the Alamar Blue dye assay, a change of colour from blue to pink indicated resistance of the pathogens to the tested fungicides. The in planta assay showed typical wilting and root rot with propiconazole, while no visible symptoms were observed with metalaxyl-mancozeb and fenamidone-mancozeb. The results of the present study indicated the multiple fungicide tolerance of Pythium spp. associated with the yellowing and wilting of black pepper, which warrants further evaluation of the fungicides under field conditions in endemic regions.
1ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, India. 2Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, India. Corresponding e-mail: laxmaniihr@gmail.com.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.1
Key words: Precision agriculture, image segmentation, deep learning, biomass, stress, digital phenotyping
Abstract: Precision horticulture demands intelligent monitoring systems for automated crop management. While traditional biomass estimation relies on destructive sampling, modern ICT-driven approaches offer transformative solutions. This study presents an AI-powered methodology integrating YOLOv11 for autonomous biomass estimation and stress monitoring in tomato crops. High-resolution RGB imagery was captured across multiple phenological stages under two irrigation regimes. YOLOv11’s computer vision capabilities enabled automated canopy detection, segmentation, and digital biomass quantification, eliminating destructive sampling. Novel AI-driven metrics were introduced: convex hull area for stress-induced canopy alterations and compactness (digital biomass to convex hull ratio) for automated canopy assessment. This integrated approach achieved robust accuracy in stress detection and biomass estimation (R² =0.821), enabling real-time monitoring for precision horticulture. The model demonstrated exceptional performance with segmentation precision of 0.950, recall of 0.979, and mean average precision of 0.975 at IoU 0.5, with mAP50-95 of 0.826. The rapid inference time of 2.3ms per image enables high-throughput phenotyping and decision support for site-specific management. YOLOv11-derived digital biomass correlated strongly with fresh biomass (R² = 0.821). Image-derived features effectively differentiated control and stress conditions. Genotype analysis revealed variation in biomass accumulation: Arka Abhed and Arka Rakshak performed better under optimal irrigation, while Arka Vikas showed greater stress resilience. These results validate YOLOv11 as a scalable solution for intelligent crop monitoring and precision input application in next-generation digital horticulture.
1Division of Crop Production and Postharvest Technology, ICAR- Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, Kerala – 673 012, India. 2Division of Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, ICAR- Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, Kerala – 673 012, India. Corresponding e-mail: ranjanigop@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.5
Key words: Allspice; bay rum; volatile constituents; chemotypes
Abstract: Allspice (Pimenta dioica), a Caribbean tree spice introduced to the tropics, including India, has been found to share morphological and anatomical traits with the Bay Rum tree (P. racemosa), though only Allspice berries are suitable for culinary use. Thus, the present work was undertaken to reiterate the identity of Pimenta species grown in India using volatile compounds-based multivariate analysis. The essential oil (EO) was distilled from the samples, and its constituents were profiled using GC-MS. The results showed that the berry essential oil EO of Pimenta species from Kerala showed eugenol as the major constituent (39.9 %), followed by myrcene (22.2 %). Other major constituents were chavicol, limonene, linalool, and trans-?-caryophyllene. The EO distilled from samples collected at three locations in the Western Ghats region of India also showed a composition similar to that of P. racemosa. Moreover, of the five market samples tested, three indigenous samples showed a volatile profile of P. racemosa, and the remaining two exotic samples matched the profile of P. dioica. The study thus proved that the spice grown and marketed as Allspice in India is not Pimenta dioicia but its related species Pimenta racemosa.
1Department of Life Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai, India. 3Department of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Tennessee State University, Nashville, USA. Corresponding e-mail: ramesh.joshi1@sharda.ac.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.6
Key words: Banana, Grand Naine, micropropagation, Musa acuminata
Abstract: Banana (Musa acuminata cv. Grand Naine) is a globally important triploid cultivar valued for its yield and uniformity. Yet, large-scale cultivation is constrained by the limited multiplication rate and disease transmission through conventional sucker propagation. The present study develops and validates a cost-effective micropropagation protocol integrating optimized initiation, liquid-phase multiplication using reusable glass beads and ex vitro rooting in Soil-Rite substrate. Shoot induction was maximized on MS medium containing 4.0 mg L-1 BAP, while the combination of 1.0 mg L-1 IAA and 0.5 mg L-1 TDZ produced the highest proliferation (8.67 ± 0.47 shoots clump-1). Rooting was most efficient at 1.0 mg L-1 IBA, achieving up to 99% induction in Soil-Rite. Successive sub-cultures (cycles 1–10) revealed peak multiplication at cycle 6 and declining regeneration thereafter, emphasizing the importance of limiting sub-culture duration. Early-cycle plantlets exhibited superior hardening (96%) and field survival (92.7%). Comparative cost analysis demonstrated that substituting agar with glass beads during multiplication and employing Soil-Rite rooting reduced production expenses by 52% per 1,000 plantlets. The proposed hybrid workflow thus shortens culture duration, improves survival efficiency, and substantially lowers unit cost, providing a scalable and commercially viable strategy for mass propagation of banana cv. Grand Naine and other elite Musa cultivars.
1Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. 2Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, L.D. College of Engineering Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Corresponding e-mail: dr.mtthakker@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.7
Key words: Automation, Agriculture 4.0, factory farming, horticulture, hydroponics, PLC.
Abstract: Horticulture factory farms, having controlled environment hydroponic setups used to produce fresh and nutritious vegetative near consumption areas, serve as transformative solution to food security challenges. Manual control in such farms leads to variability and human error, restricting repeatable precision and ultimately compromising yield and sustainability. To address this, PLC based automation solution is proposed in this work. A novel architecture incorporating network of sensor and actuator, is specifically designed for multilayer hydroponic farms. Based on proposed design, a functional prototype was developed in laboratory, with precise control over light intensity, temperature, humidity, nutrient flow, pH, and EC. The effectiveness of the automation and prototype is monitored by growing various leafy horticultural plants, under different treatments. Among the several experiments performed, detailed statistical growth analyses of Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is recorded and compared with other studies. The result demonstrated that the plant height and biomass remained within the ranges, while leaf count showed a noticeable increase compared against manually controlled farms. Autonomously varying control parameter and its effect on plant growth was also evaluated by varying light intensities across different sections of the prototype. The assessed high F-values in ANOVA for leaves count (63.75), buds (90.70), leaf length (16.92) and plant height (7.73) confirms the significant differences on the growth. Result showcase designed system’s ability to handle multiple treatments simultaneously in a single prototype, which is extremely challenging under manual operation. Technical robustness and sustainability of proposed automation is evaluated by comparing the specifications with similar automation systems, clearly indicating PLC automation is more preferred for factory farm environment. The presented automation design contributes toward Agriculture 4.0 for sustainable food production and supports UN Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger), ensuring safe and nutritious food for current and future generations.
1Department of Fruit Science, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana Horticultural University, Mulugu, Telangana, India. 2Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, Mojerla, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana Horticultural University (SKLTGHU), Wanaparthy, Telangana, India. 3, 4Post graduate Institute for Horticultural Sciences, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana Horticultural University (SKLTGHU), Mulugu, Telangana, India. Corresponding e-mail: shankara.swamy@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.8
Key words: Granular activated carbon, electrospun nanofiber membranes, fruit waste, chemical activation, heavy metal adsorption, adsorption efficiency, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction
Abstract: Test An electrospun nanofiber membrane and granular activated carbon were synthesized using the waste of the fruit in the presence of various substrates. The aim was to determine their usefulness in water purification, based on the growing panic about water-related illnesses due to water contamination with heavy metals. The lignocellulosic properties and characteristics of the fruit debris made it a renewable source of activated carbon because it could be used as an alternative source instead of the more traditional sources, which use fossil fuels. The use of chemicals such as ZnCl2, KOH, K2CO3, H3PO4, H3BO3 and HNO3 as chemical activators improved the porosity, surface activity and adsorption of the materials. Scanning electron microscopy of the loaded samples showed that the activated samples had discontinuous surfaces, irregular pore structure and intricate fibre network, unlike the untreated materials, which were agglomerated and compact with low porosity. X-ray diffraction analysis results indicated that most of the untreated samples were amorphous and the activated carbons and membranes possessed distinct crystalline characteristics, which indicated the enhancement of the structural strength and graphitic structure. The T4 granular activated carbon recorded the greatest rates of adsorption of metal ions, with an arsenic and cadmium removal efficiency of 64.67% and 99.55%, respectively. On the other hand, the lowest removal percentages of arsenic and cadmium in the electrospun membranes were 2.98% in T1 and 1.84% in T0M. These results suggest that chemically modified granular activated carbon prepared using fruit waste can have great adsorption potential, especially in the treatment of polluted water.
1Vegetable Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. 2Potato and Vegetatively Propagated Vegetables Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: sahar.taha@agr.cu.edu.eg
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.9
Key words: Dioscorea abyssinica, potassium natural sources, vegetative growth, yield, chemical composition.
Abstract: Yams (Dioscorea spp.) are a major tropical tuber crops used as staple or secondary food for more than 500 million people worldwide. Large amounts of potassium-related fertilizer are used in agriculture to improve crop yield and soil K content, but the high cost and overuse have caused soil and environmental concerns. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the use of natural sources of potassium (K-humate and feldspar) as an alternative to chemical potassium fertilizers and to increase the productivity of yam (Dioscorea abyssinica) under Egyptian conditions. Two field experiments were established at Kaha Vegetable Research Farm, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt, during two successive seasons of 2021/2022 and 2022/2023. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The plot area was 10m2 (10 m in length and 1 m in width). The drip irrigation was used. The experiment consist of eight potassium treatments, control treatment (144 units K2O) as potassium sulphate (48% K2O), and three levels of feldspar (100, 80, and 60% of recommended fertilizer) and three levels of potassium humates (100, 80, and 60% of recommended fertilizer) and a mixed treatment (40% potassium humate + 60% feldspare). Our results indicated that using natural sources of potassium, i.e., feldspar and humate, can serve as alternative sources of potassium (potassium sulphate). The treatment 60% K-feldspar + 40% K-humate+KSB increased all the vegetative growth parameters, total yield of yam tubers, quality and chemical composition, while the treatment of 60% K-humate increased total saponin content of tubers in both seasons.
1Pomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12511, Egypt. 2Pomology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.10
Key words: Mango (Mangifera indica L.), nano potassium, water stress, yield, TSS, leaf area
Abstract: Irrigation water is a critical and key factor for the sustainable growing of mango in arid and semiarid regions. Thus, finding tools for saving irrigation water without harming productivity and the environment presents a major challenge for sustainable agriculture in this region. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the foliar application of nano potassium silicate (NPS), nano potassium citrate (NPC) and nano potassium nitrate (NPN) at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2% during flower bud induction (mid-November), pre-flowering (mid-February), and full bloom (late March) on the growth and productivity of Zebda mango trees under different deficit irrigation regimes (100%, 85% and 70% of irrigation requirements, IR). The findings indicated that, decreasing IR from 100% to 70% IR resulted in a control treatment decline of 21.7% and 11.2% in the number of leaves, and a decrease of 24.5% and 27.63% in fruit set, for both seasons, respectively. Also, all Nano potassium forms enhanced vegetative growth and yield. NPS at 0.1% increased the number of leaves by 7.38 and 19.85%, fruit set% by 13.88 and 42%, fruit weight by 3.37 and 3.73%, fruit number by 13.48 and 16% and yield by 16 and 19.4% compared to the control for both seasons, respectively. Moreover, 0.1% NPS was effective in mitigate severe deficit irrigation (70% IR + 0.1% NPS) impacts by increasing the number of leaves by 16.63 and 22.37%, fruit number by 9.46 and 8.72%, and yield by 9.7 and 9.2% for both seasons compared to 70% IR, respectively.
1,2Department of Postharvest Technology (Center of Excellence), Navsari Agricultural University, Gujarat, India. 2Department of Fruit Science, Navsari Agricultural University, Gujarat, India. 3Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic crops, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India. 4Department of Postharvest Technology, College of Horticulture, Sirsi, India. Corresponding e-mail: sangameshshahpurkar97@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.11
Key words: Intelligent packaging, freshness indicators, biosensors, food safety, time-temperature indicators
Abstract: The rising global demand for safer, fresher and more sustainable food products has catalyzed rapid advancements in intelligent packaging technologies. This review comprehensively explores intelligent packaging systems as a transformative innovation in food packaging, aimed at improving food safety, quality assurance and supply chain transparency. Intelligent packaging integrates functional components such as indicators, sensors, biosensors and data carriers (e.g., RFID) that interact with food and its environment to monitor and communicate real-time information on freshness, spoilage and storage conditions. Among the technologies reviewed, time-temperature indicators (TTIs), freshness indicators, gas sensors and biosensors emerged as pivotal tools for tracking food quality by detecting critical parameters like temperature fluctuations, microbial growth, pH shifts and volatile compound emissions. The paper discusses commercially available systems, their mechanisms and application-specific advantages and limitations. Additionally, it identifies key challenges including cost, sensor toxicity, integration complexity and consumer awareness, that hinder large-scale adoption. By presenting recent innovations and outlining current research gaps, this review provides valuable insights for researchers, industry stakeholders, and regulatory bodies by facilitating the development and commercialization of next-generation smart packaging solutions that adhere to food safety standards, promote environmental sustainability, and cater to consumer preferences.
1Department of Horticulture, CoA, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru-560065, Karnataka, India. 2ICAR-KVK, Hadonahalli, Doddaballapura-561205, Karnataka, India. 3Department of Fruit Science, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala, India. 4Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, India. Corresponding Corresponding e-mail: lokeshth1999@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.12
Key words: Avocado, sodium hypochlorite, BAP, nodal segment, apical meristem, shoot induction
Abstract: Avocado (Persea americana Mill.), the only major fruit of the Lauraceae family, is valued for its nutrition. Traditional methods like seed propagation and grafting face issues of variability and low success. In vitro regeneration offers a better alternative for clonal uniformity and mass propagation. This study examined sterilizing techniques to reduce contamination and optimize shoot induction from nodal segments and apical meristems using different doses of plant growth hormones. Surface sterilization with 2.0% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 5 minutes significantly reduced microbial contamination (12% in nodal segments and 23% in apical meristems) while maintaining excellent survival rates (82% and 69%, respectively). Explants were cultivated on full-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium that was enhanced with various BAP, kinetin, and TDZ combinations. A study of explants from the nodal segments and apical meristem showed that the nodal segments reacted better to BAP 1.5 mg/L treatment. Compared to apical meristem explants, nodal segment explants induced early shoots more quickly (34.43 and 36.67 days). At 40, 60, and 90 days following initiation, nodal segment explants had more shoots per explant (1.67, 2.00, and 2.33, respectively) than apical meristem explants (1.33, 1.77, and 2.00, respectively). Similarly, the shoot length of nodal segment explants was longer than that of apical meristem explants, measuring 0.63 cm, 1.20 cm, and 1.57 cm at 40, 60, and 90 days after initiation, respectively, as opposed to 0.53 cm, 1.00 cm, and 1.13 cm. These findings demonstrate the exceptional capacity for regeneration of nodal segment explants and offer important information for refining avocado micropropagation methods for large-scale plant production.
1Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Science, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa. 2 Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform, Döhne Agricultural Development Institute, Stutterheim, Eastern Cape, South Africa. 3 Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Science, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa. 4 Department of Agriculture, Land Reform & Rural Development, Quarantine Station, Polkadraai Road, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa. Corresponding e-mail: aziledumani@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.13
Key words: Cannabis sativa, herbaceous shoot cutting, basal stem cutting, propagules, rooting success.
Abstract: The absence of standardized propagation procedures remains a significant barrier to the cultivation of high-quality medicinal cannabis, which is extensively cultivated in rural regions of South Africa. Addressing this issue is crucial for the commercialization of cannabis for therapeutic purposes and product development. This study looked into the impact of cutting position and leaf area retention on the adventitious rooting and growth of medicinal cannabis (Cannabis sativa) propagules. The trial was carried out at the Dohne Agricultural Development Institute in the Eastern Cape, utilizing a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD with three replications. The treatments were: i) herbaceous shoot cuttings with 50% leaf area clipped (HS50%LAT), ii) herbaceous shoot cuttings with 100% leaf area (HS100%LA), and iii) basal stem cuttings. Sixty 15 cm cuttings per treatment were excised at a 45° angle below the node from actively growing, vegetatively branched wild plants in Lusikisiki. The cutting bases were treated with Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), planted into a commercial peat-based rooting medium, and housed in 60-celled propagation incubators. These were maintained in propagation chambers at 15–20°C under 24-hour T8 fluorescent illumination. Moisture levels were adjusted daily using distilled water. Data was collected every two weeks until six weeks after planting (WAP). The parameters measured were rooting percentage, time to 50% rooting (T50), height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weights (shoot, root, and total), length of shoots and roots, and the ratio of roots to shoots. The findings indicated that HS100%LA, succeeded by HS50%LAT, excelled in all rooting and growth metrics. In contrast, the basal stem cutting produced unfavorable results for all measured parameters. This study shows that using herbaceous shoot cuttings with 100% leaf area retention improves vegetative propagation and successful establishment of medicinal C. sativa.
1Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant and Genetic Resources (NBPGR), Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110 012, India. 2 Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110 012, India. 3Division of Basic Sciences, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hessaraghatta, Lake Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 089, India. 4Division of Germplasm Conservation, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant and Genetic Resources (NBPGR), Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110 012, India. Corresponding e-mail: vijay_paul_iari@yahoo.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2026.v28i01.14
Key words: Antioxidants, glutathione, pigments, ripening, storage, tomato
Abstract: Tomato fruit ripening, being an oxidative phenomenon, is regulated by antioxidants. In this study, the role of non-enzymatic antioxidants was investigated during tomato fruit ripening to determine their contribution to postharvest ripening behaviour across four varieties differing in ripening behaviour. The ripening index (%) of fruits confirmed that varieties Pusa Ruby and Pusa Sadabahar showed fast-ripening behaviour, whereas Pusa Gaurav and Roma showed slow-ripening behaviour. Tomato fruit ripening began with the degradation of chlorophylls and the accumulation of carotenoids, lycopene, vitamin C, total soluble phenols (TSP), total flavonoids (TF) and glutathione (total and reduced). Higher (55.6 to 86.6%) and lower (34.7 to 38.2%) degradation of chlorophyll b along with higher (by 11.8 to 12.0-fold) and lower (by 3.2 to 9.1-fold) accumulation of lycopene fraction (%) in fast- and slow-ripening varieties, respectively, indicated that changes in the levels of antioxidative pigments play a role in deciding ripening behaviour. Progressive increase in TSP, TF and vitamin C was observed in tomato fruits during storage. Fine regulation of ripening behaviour with modulation of glutathione redox status confirmed the differential onset of ripening in fast- and slow-ripening varieties. Early ripening, around the green-mature stage of harvesting, was observed in fast-ripening varieties, whereas it began around 5 days after harvest in slow-ripening varieties. Further, strong associations between the ripening index (%) and levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants during storage also suggest a role in imparting fast- and slow-ripening behaviour to tomato fruits of different varieties.
