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Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Tabriz, PO Box 51664, Tabriz, Iran
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2007.v09i01.15
Key words: Ni, cucumber, N, yield, quality, urea, nitrate
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Abstract: The effects of Ni concentrations in the nutrient solution on the yield, quality and N assimilation of cucumber plants were evaluated in plants grown either with urea or nitrate as the sole N source. The cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus cv RS189 and Vikima) were treated with two N sources, urea and nitrate as NaNO3 at 200 mg L-1, and three concentration of Ni as NiSO4.6H2O (0, 0.5, and 1 mg L-1). Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with six replicates. The highest concentration of Ni in the leaves (1.2 mg kg-1 DW) was observed in the urea-fed plants at 1 mg L-1 Ni concentration. Addition of Ni up to 0.5 mg L-1 had no effect on the fruit Ni concentration in the both urea and nitrate-fed plants. Ni supplement (0.5 mg L-1) increased the yield significantly (10 and 15% in RS189 and Vikima, respectively), in urea-fed plants but decreased when 1 mg L-1 Ni applied to the solutions. Nitrate-fed plants had higher percentage of total soluble solids compared to urea-fed plants. Nitrate concentration of the fruits in urea-fed plants in both cultivars was approximately 50% less than those nitrate-fed plants. The reduction of nitrate concentration in the fruits became more pronounced as the Ni concentration increased in the solution. The rate of photosynthesis (Pn) in urea-fed plants continuously increased with the increase of the Ni concentration in the solution. Both N concentration and NR (Nitrate Reductase) activity of young leaves were higher in urea-fed plants at 0.5 mg L-1 Ni concentration. Ni supplements enhanced the growth and yield of urea-fed plants by the increase of Pn, N concentration and NR activity. It can be concluded that Ni supplements (0.5 mg L-1) improves yield, quality and NR activity in urea-fed cucumber plants.
N. Poushkarov Institute of Soil Science, National Center of Agricultural Sciences, 7-Shosse Bankya str. 1080 Sofia, Bul?garia; Acad. M. Popov Institute ofPlant Physiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2007.v09i01.16
Key words: Head cabbage, quality parameters, foliar fertilization, fertilizer application
Abstract: The influence of different fertilizer sources on head cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata, cv. Pructor) yield and quality was studied. The field experiment was carried out on alluvial - meadow soil (fluvisol -FAO) pH 6.5. The trial included mineral fertilizer, farmyard manure and foliar fertilizer. The highest yield values were obtained with mineral fertilization. The best quality parameters in the cabbage leaves - dry weight, total soluble sugars, cellulose, vitamin C and nitrates content were obtained in the treatments with foliar fertilization followed by the treatments with organic fertilization. The observed decrease of N and K residuals after the harvest of head cabbage crop in comparison with the initial soil reserves indicated complete absorption of fertilizers supplied and this is a very important result from ecological point of view.
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2007.v09i01.17
Key words: Carnation, embryogenic callus, somatic embryos, sucrose.
Abstract: The effect of sucrose concentration was investigated on callus induction and differentiation of embryogenic callus derived from petal explants of carnation cultivar Nelson'. Embryogenic calli were produced on MS culture medium containing 9 uM 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), 0.8 uM 6-benzyladenine (BA) and different concentrations of sucrose alone or in combination with sorbitol. In constant osmotic potential medium, number of explants containing embryogenic calli was significantly enhanced by increasing the sucrose concentration. Somatic embryos were induced on a hormone-free media containing various concentrations of sucrose alone or in combination with sorbitol. Different sucrose concentrations from 50 to 150 mM significantly increased somatic embryos. No callus and embryo formed when sorbitol was the sole carbon source. In the presence of a constant sucrose concentration, increasing the osmotic potential with sorbitol led to increase in the frequency of somatic embryos. In medium containing low concentration of sucrose (50 and 100 mM), reduced development of embryos was recorded. 90% of somatic embryos were regenerated to form the entire plantlets when they were transferred onto the half-strength MS culture medium containing 3% sucrose. Plantlets also continued to grow under greenhouse condition.
Division of Agriculture Faculty, University of Arkansas atMonticello, P.O. Box 3508, Monticello, Arkansas 71656, USA
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2007.v09i01.18
Key words: Tomato, foliar nutrient amendments, B, K, Ca, yield enhancement, fruit-set, biostimulants, Lycopersicon esculentum
Abstract: Field studies were established in 2004 and 2005 to determine the effects of transplant drench and foliar applications of organic-complex Ca, B, K amendments and a yield enhancement product, 'Perc PlusTM', on the flowering, fruiting, fruit yield and market value of Italian-cv. 'Classica' and large-fruited cv. 'Amelia' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Treatments were an organic yield enhancement applied as a transplant drench and then foliar 7 days later (TD); once a week foliar amendments of organic-complex Ca, B, and K nutrients beginning at first bloom for 4 weeks (FA); a combination of the drench and foliar treatments (TD+FA); and a control (CON). Fruit-set of 'Classica' was significantly higher for the FA and TD+FA than the other treatments in 2004, however there was no effect on yield and quality of harvested fruit. Flowering and fruit-set of 'Amelia' were not affected by drench and/or foliar amendments in either year. Total fruit yield and quality of the treated plots were not significantly different than the CON for either cultivar or year.
Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Crop Science, Akperan Orishi College of Agriculture, Yandev, Benue State, Nigeria.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2007.v09i01.19
Key words: Bananas and plantains, genotypic differences, nutrient uptake.
Abstract: Six genotypes comprising a landrace and a hybrid from each of the three Musa major genomic groups were evaluated in a soilless potting mix. Effect of genotype on most of the growth parameters was non-significant. But the uptake (total quantity accumulated, distribution pattern and tissue concentration) of N and K was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by genotype (G), age of plant at sampling (AP) and G x AP interaction. Dessert bananas had higher N uptake while 'PITA 22' (a plantain hybrid) demonstrated an exceptional propensity for K uptake. Nitrogen and potassium concentration varied with tissue, genotype and age of plant at sampling. Nitrogen concentration in roots and leaves decreased with plant age while it increased in the corm. Potassium concentration in roots, corm and leaves increased progressively with plant age in all the genotypes. Significant differences in the quantity of N and K accumulated per plant, even though all the genotypes were planted in the same potting mix, suggested differential nutrient mining capacity of the genotypes. Implying that nutrient uptake and consequently nutrient demand varies with genotype, supplemental application would vary accordingly. The study suggested that genotype that had higher nutrient uptake will impoverish the soil faster, and thus require more external nutrient inputs to maintain/restore soil productivity.
Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2007.v09i01.02
Key words: Ammonia, ethylene, postharvest life, respiration, broccoli
Abstract: Sugars play indispensable roles in many metabolic processes in plants. In broccoli, the level of sugars, particularly sucrose, rapidly decline few days after harvest. This study investigated the influence of exogenous application of 10% (w/v) sucrose to broccoli heads during storage at 20oC. Hydration of the head was slowed down by sucrose treatment compared with the non-treated heads which gained weight by about 5% of the initial value at the end of the experimental period. Furthermore, sucrose application enhanced ethylene production as well as respiration rate. Glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) activity was higher in the florets of sucrose-treated heads but, like the non-treated heads, the activity continuously declined until the end of the storage period. The relatively higher GS activity during the early period of storage caused the delay of the onset of ammonia accumulation by about a day. In the branchlet portion, GS activity was higher in the sucrose-treated heads until day 2 but declined thereafter. The decline in GS activity in this portion, however, did not result to ammonia accumulation.
Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkycho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2006.v08i02.23
Key words: Apple, light irradiation on flesh, ultraviolet-B, flavonoids, phenolic acids, high performance liquid chromatography
Abstract: Effect of light irradiation on the accumulation of phenolic compounds was investigated in the flesh slices of three apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars. 'Fuji' and 'Jonathan' with red skin and 'Orin' a yellow-green one were used in this study. The irradiation was carried out at 10, 17, 24 and 30C for 96 hours, using a mixture of white plus ultraviolet fluorescents. Phenolic acids, anthocyanin and flavonols were the phenolics that increased rapidly by irradiation whereas flavanols, procyanidins and dihydrochalcones did not change in either mature or in ripe fruits of all the three cultivars. There was a positive correlation between anthocyanins, phenolic acids and flavonols in examined cultivars both at the mature and ripe stages. Optimum temperature for the synthesis of phenolic acids, anthocyanins and flavonols was 24C regardless to the maturity stage and variety. Total phenolic content of 'Fuji' increased through ripening but it decreased in 'Jonathan' and 'Orin'. Therefore, the irradiation to the flesh might be a very useful method for the study of the regulation mechanism of the phenolic compounds accumulation.
KaHo Sint-Lieven Campus Rabot, Departement Industrieel Ingenieur, Gebr. Desmetraat 1, 9000 Gent Belgium; Faculdade de Ciencias da Nutrigao e Alimentagao, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200 - 465 Porto, Portugal; Corresponding author: Escol
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2006.v08i02.24
Key words: Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., lycopene, colour, ripening, storage
Abstract: The ripening of tomato fruit is a highly regulated process during which colour, flavour, aroma and texture change in a coordinated manner. This research work aims to correlate the colour changes measured objectively with the lycopene concentration in tomatoes during ripening at room temperature (21 and 26?C). These results were compared with colour and lycopene content of pink and light red tomatoes stored at 14?C, temperature used to prevent ripening and therefore extend the shelf life of the fruits. The duration of heat treatment at 100?C was previously optimized in order to release the maximum lycopene from chromoplasts during extraction. An a* value of 20 for the peel corresponds to an increase of lycopene content of Caruso tomato from 9 to 43 mg/100 g TSS, at room temperature. The shelf life of pink and light red tomatoes can be extended to two weeks at 14?C without loss of lycopene content, presenting the same content as green tomatoes ripened at room temperature for one week.
UniversidadNacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONI-CET), Argentina. .Corresponding author: Moreira Maria del Rosario, Grupo de Investigacion en Ingenieria en Alimentos, Facultad de Ingenieria,
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2006.v08i02.25
Key words: Abusive temperature storage, nutritional quality, microbiological quality, shelf life, growth models, lettuce, Lactuca sativa, ascorbic acid retention
Abstract: Changes in lettuce leaf quality (ascorbic acid contents and microbial populations) at two abusive temperatures (8 and 15?C), simulating the commercial storage conditions for fresh vegetables were analyzed. A storage temperature of 8?C was chosen to simulate abusive refrigerated storage and a storage temperature of 15?C was chosen to simulate room temperature. Quality indicators evaluation in samples, stored at abusive temperatures were compared with sample from optimal storage temperature (0?C). First order kinetics is assumed for ascorbic acid degradation. Ascorbic acid degradation rate in lettuce leaves stored at abusive temperatures was from 2.7 to 2.9 times faster than at 0?C. The growth curve of total microbial counts was fitted with the Gompertz and Logistic models. These models allowed us to predict the vegetable microbiological shelf life. Temperature is the controlling factor for lettuce shelf life and quality; microbial quality was retained 1.6 and 4 times longer at 0?C with respect to 8 and 15?C, respectively.
Jahad-e-Daneshgahi, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran; Department of Horticulture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Horticulture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2006.v08i02.26
Key words: UV-C irradiation, apple, 'Golden Delicious', 'Red Delicious', fruit quality.
Abstract: In this study, UV-C irradiation (1.435><10-4 w cm-2) was used to maintain fruit quality of 'Red Delicious' and 'Golden Delicious' apple cultivars during storage. Apple fruits were irradiated in three different treatments (0, 5 and 15 min), and were stored in a cold storage at 1?1?C with 85-95% RH for 6 months. At the end of storage, irradiated fruits for 15 min had lower pH and total soluble solids/titratable acids ratio and higher titratable acids and firmness than irradiated fruits for 5 min and control fruits. A significant difference was observed among total soluble solids of irradiated 'Red Delicious' fruits for 15 min, irradiated fruits for 5 min and control fruits at the end of storage. 'Red Delicious' apples had lower total soluble solids and total soluble solids/titratable acids ratio and higher firmness than 'Golden Delicious' apples after 6 months. Our results showed that UV-C irradiation can be used to reduce loss of fruit quality during long period storage of apples.
Institute of Biological Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur; Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, 2 Persiaran Cempaka, Amanjaya, 0800 Sungai Petani, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2006.v08i02.27
Key words: Dendrobium, pollination, ethylene, AOA, flowers, discoloration, sucrose, glucose
Abstract: The vase life of detached pollinated Dendrobium (Heang Beauty) orchids are affected by loss of energy source and the production of pollination-induced ethylene. The physiological changes that follow these two events are discoloration, thinning of petals and hyponasty. In order to circumvent this problem, individual detached pollinated Dendrobium (Heang Beauty) flowers were treated with solutions containing different concentrations of sucrose or glucose, Aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) and a combination of sugars and AOA. Discolouration, petal thickness and hyponasty were observed and data was recorded daily. Weight loss of flowers and pH of all solutions were also measured daily. Results showed that the best treatment solution in extending the longevity of the flowers were solutions containing 4% sucrose + 0.5mM AOA. Flowers held in this treatment also showed a delay in discoloration, thinning of petals and hyponasty. The inclusion of AOA into solutions resulted in low pH and contributes to better water uptake and delayed turgor loss in flowers.
Center of Excellence for Special Crops, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Birjand, P.O.Box. 97175/331, Birjand, Iran
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2006.v08i02.28
Key words: Saffron, irrigation interval, summer irrigation, corm size
Abstract: In order to study effective factors in production of saffron, a series of studies was carried out during 2001 and 2002. In these studies, four selected location, Birjand, Qaen, Gonabad and Torbat-Haydarieh were spotted as the main saffron producing areas in Iran. Data was collected from 160 saffron farms, aged between 1 and 5 years. Results indicated that age of saffron farms, corm size, irrigation interval, and summer irrigation had positive linear relationship with yield. Age of saffron farms had the most pronounced effects on yield and was the most important component in all linear equations. Age of farms, irrigation intervals and corm size were major factors contributing to yield. The longest irrigation interval was observed for Gonabad (24 days) and the shortest was for Torbat-Haydarieh (12 days). Highest actual yield was for Torbat-Haydarieh which is an indication of better farm management in comparison with other areas. Maximum yield of 4 kg ha-1 was frequent but many farms produced over 7 kg ha-1 yield.
Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Hattanji 498, Matsuyama City, Ehime 799-2424, Japan; Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr El-Sheikh University, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2006.v08i02.29
Key words: Aminooxy acetic acid, AOA, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, bud break, bud scale removal, dormancy, ethylene biosynthesis, grape.
Abstract: A study was carried out to examine the effect of bud scale removal (BSR) and aminooxy acetic acid (AOA) on bud break and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content of 'Muscat Bailey A' grapevines using single-eye cuttings. Samples were collected monthly from October to February. Single-eye cuttings were subjected to these treatments; BSR, BSR + AOA, control and AOA. The results show that in October and November, BSR and BSR+AOA were more effective on bud break without big difference between the two treatments. Whereas, control and AOA were found to be more effective from December up to February. In October, ACC content recorded a marked increase after one week and decreased afterwards under BSR and BSR + AOA. However, it showed a continuous increase under control and a reverse trend under AOA. In November, it increased after one week and decreased in the fourth week under all treatments. A continuous increase was recorded in December under all treatments. In January, there was no significant change under control with time and AOA treatment exhibited decline with time, while BSR and BSR + AOA treatments recorded small increment and then decreased. In February, it decreased under all treatments with time. The results indicate that bud break of grapevine seems to be associated with the promotion of ethylene biosynthesis caused by wounding stress.
Department of Aridland Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture, UAE University, P.O.Box. 17555 Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. Permanent address: Faculty of Agriculture, Pomology Department, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura/Egypt.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2006.v08i02.30
Key words: Tissue culture, acclimatization, elemental sulphur, gamma aminobutyric acid, salicylic acid, aspirin, vitamin E, oleic acid, ABG-3168, Phoenix dactylifera L.
Abstract: There is a high demand for date palm plantlets regenerated via tissue culture techniques. However, such plantlets require a long acclimatization period extending 12-18 months before transplanting in the open field. The effect of foliar and soil application of anti-stress substances and elemental sulphur, respectively, on growth and survival percentage of tissue culture-derived 'Khalas' date palm plantlets during acclimatization were studied. The results showed that application of salicylic acid, acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin), elemental sulphur, plantacur-E (a vitamin E formulation containing 25% ?-tocopherol) at 1%, and oleic acid at 100 ppm, significantly increased plantlet survival percentages compared to the control. In this respect, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) at 20 mM was the most effective treatment compared to 10 mM and the control. Salicylic acid, aspirin, elemental sulphur and plantacur-E (at 2%) significantly increased the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu in leaflets compared to the control. However, the macro nutrients showed no clear response to the applied treatments. Application of 250 ppm of the ethylene biosynthesis blocker, ABG-3168 (ABG), inhibited the growth of plantlets, and completely suppressed growth at 500 ppm, suggesting the potential role of ethylene biosynthesis in subsequent plantlet development. Irrigation with 10,000 ppm sea water for two months decreased chlorophyll concentration and increased electrolyte leakage by 2-3 fold compared to the control and the other treatments. GABA at 20 mM significantly increased chlorophyll concentration and decreased electrolyte leakage of leaflets compared to all the saline water treatments. In contrast, ABG at 250 ppm significantly decreased chlorophyll concentration and increased electrolyte leakage of leaflets by about 3-fold compared to all the saline water treatments. These results show potential role of GABA, salicylic acid, aspirin and oleic acid conducive for improved survival percentage of plantlets and stress tolerance during acclimatization.
Department of Plant Biotechnology, Dalat Institute of Biology, 116 Xo Viet Nghe Tinh, Da Lat, Lam Dong, Vietnam; Institute of Agricultural Genetics, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2006.v08i02.31
Key words: Anthurium andraeanum, genotypes, leaf explants, callus induction, shoot regeneration, root regeneration.
Abstract: In this study, the most critical step in Anthurium micropropagation was the induction of primary calli from leaf segments. Genotype played an important role during in vitro multiplication of Anthurium. Callus induction from leaf segments was examined in ten Anthurium cultivars: 'Carnaval', 'Neon', 'Choco', 'Sonate', 'Midori', 'Pistache', 'Tropical', 'Safari', 'Arizona' and 'Cancan' on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg L1 BA, 0.08 mg L1 2,4-D, 30 g L1 glucose, 8 g L1 agar and adjusted to pH 6.0. After 100 days, leaf segments of eight genotypes formed calli, among them, cultivar 'Pistache' had the highest callus induction ratio (65.1%) and two genotypes, 'Carnaval' and 'Cancan', showed no response. After multiplication, calli were subcultured on shoot regeneration medium, 1/2 MS with NH4NO3 level adjusted to 0.206 g L-1, added with 20 g L-1 glucose, 1 mg L-1 BA, 8 g L-1 agar and adjusted to pH 6.0. Shoots were obtained from all cultivars with different potential of shoot regeneration. The average number of shoots per explant in 'Tropical' (10.1) was higher than that of 'Choco' (4.3) and 'Pistache' (3.5), and shoots (at least 10 mm high) were excised and cultured on rooting medium, 30 g L-1 glucose, 8 g L-1 agar and 1 g L-1 activated charcoal added to 1/4 MS medium. All shoots consistently formed roots after 30 days and plantlets developed well after being transferred to the nursery. The propagation process took 10 and a half months to complete.
