Abstract: Powdery mildew caused by Oidium mangiferae, is the most important disease of mango. It is reported from 35 countries in the world and reported to cause up to 90% loss in India. Besides inflorescence infection, it causes different types of symptoms on leaves and fruits. Based on epidemiological studies and control measures conducted for the last 15 years at CISH, Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh, India), a disease cycle and an integrated disease management practice is proposed. Disease can easily be controlled by adopting suitable cultural practices and timely application of spray schedule. As the disease is weather-sensitive, need-based control measures are suggested based on the prevailing environmental conditions.
S. Subhadrabandhu and C. Yapwattanaphun
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
Abstract: The methods of off-season longan production in Thailand are presented: (1) application of potassium chlorate (as soil drench, foliar spray, and trunk or stem injection) and sodium chlorate to regulate flowering, and (2) cultivation of non-seasonal flowering cultivars. The physiological responses of longan to potassium chlorate and orchard management practices are briefly discussed.
Y.T.N. Reddy and R.M. Kurian
Division of Fruit Crops, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake, Bangalore 560 089, India.
Abstract: The leaf nutrient status of twelve ungrafted polyembryonic mango cultivars (Bappakai, Chandrakaran, Kensington, Muvandan, Mylepelian, Nekkare, EC 95862, Olour, Kitchner, Kurukan, Vellaikulumban, and Starch), and that of cv. 'Alphonso' grafted onto seven of the aforementioned cultivars, was determined to generate preliminary information on the role of rootstocks in mango nutrition. All seedlings and grafted plants were thirteen years old, growing in a compact block with uniform cultural practices. Differences among polyembryonic seedlings were highly significant for N, P, K, Ca, and Mn, and significant for Mg, Cu, Zn, and Fe. 'Alphonso' scion growing on the polyembryonic rootstocks revealed highly significant differences for N, significant differences for Ca and Fe, and non-significant differences for P, K, Mg, Mn, Cu, and Zn contents in leaves. Vigorous rootstocks, viz., Muvandan, Bappakai, and Olour, resulted in higher leaf nitrogen concentration of 'Alphonso' scion while the least vigorous rootstock viz., V
A.H. Orta, M.E. Akcay and T. Erdem
Department of Farm Structure and Structure and Irrigation, Faculty of Tekirda Agriculture, University of Trakya, 59030 - Tekirda, Turkey.
Abstract: This study was conducted in Turkey in 1997 and 1999 to investigate the effects of different irrigation methods and regimes on the vegetative growth of "Starking Delicious" apple trees under Thrace conditions. Drip and surface (ponding) irrigation methods were the basic treatments while the allowable depletion levels of soil moisture (40% and 70% of available water holding capacity) in 120 cm soil depth were sub treatments. Seasonal evapotranspiration and total amount of irrigation water in drip irrigation plots were lower than those of surface irrigation plots (62.7% and 72.5%, respectively). However, the effect of irrigation regimes on vegetative growth parameters was nonsignificant. Drip irrigation gave better results than surface irrigation when irrigation water requirements, evapotranspiration, and vegetative growth parameters were evaluated together. In conclusion, it can be suggested that drip irrigation should be preferred for apple trees under Thrace conditions and irrigation water should be applied w
Pradeep Kumar and H.K. Singh
Department of Horticulture, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad - 224 229 (U.P.), India.
Abstract: Field experiments were conducted in 1995-96, 1996-97, and 1997-98 at Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, with aonla (Emblica officinalis [Phyllanthus emblica]) cultivars NA-7 and Kanchan to determine the effective fungicides against aonla rust (caused by Ravenelia emblicae). Pooled data revealed that all tested fungicides, except tridemorph, reduced the rust percent disease index (PDI; 0.69-16.83 and 1.17-14.04) over the control (25.45 and 17.65) in NA-7 and Kanchan, respectively. Indofil M-45 (mancozeb; 0.3%) applied thrice during September-October was most effective (0.69 and 1.17 PDI; 97.37 and 93.22 percent disease control or PDC), followed by Baycor (bitertanol; 3.22 and 6.34 PDI; 84.79 and 67.46 PDC) and Blitox-50 (copper oxychloride; 3.55 and 7.13 PDI; 84.69 and 62.22 PDC). Improvement in fruit size was also recorded for these fungicides. Tridemorph showed toxic effects by causing heavy premature fruit drop. NA-7 was most sensitive as there were less healthy fruits left for recording the yield.
S. Engyndenyz
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Ege, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2000.v02i02.35
Key words: cost benefit analysis, crop production, cucumbers, economic viability, organic farming, production costs, production economics, protected cultivation, returns
Abstract: The costs and returns of organic cucumber production in a 12x32 m greenhouse in Menderes, Turkey were determined, and a production budget was developed for growers. Total costs of organic, greenhouse cucumber production were determined to be 1334 dollars. Net return per square metre was 0.98 dollar and net return per kilogram was 0.07 dollar.
P.S. Sirohi and T.K. Behera
Division of Vegetable Crops, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 110 012, India.
Abstract: Twenty-eight C. moschata F1 hybrids involving 8 genotypes as parents (Pusa Vishwas, S-107-B, S-124-10, NDPK-24, S-15, S-12, S-20, and S-17) in half diallel fashion were evaluated to study the gene action of yield and its contributing characters. Dominant gene action was observed for all the characters, viz. vine length, fruit maturity, fruits per plant, fruit weight, and yield per plant. In all these characters, dominance component of variance was greater than the additive component of variance. The heritability in narrow sense was found to be less than 0.50 for the majority of characters. Low narrow sense of heritability coupled with higher degree of non-additive gene action (dominance variance) in yield and its components suggested that heterosis breeding might be advantageous for obtaining higher gains in pumpkin.
M.S. Fageria, R.S. Dhaka and Mahesh Agrawal
Department of Horticulture, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner - 303 329 (Rajasthan), India.
Abstract: The effects of harvesting date (Gandora [green stage], Doka [early stage of fruit development], and Dang [late stage of fruit development]) on 8 P. dactylifera cultivars (Jagool, Khadrawi, Medjool, Shamran, Halawy, Barhee, Khunezi, and Khalsa) were investigated. The harvesting stage influenced fruit weight, acidity, total soluble solids (TSS), organoleptic rating, and spoilage percentage. The weight of fruits in all eight cultivars increased up to Doka stage and then slightly decreased at Dang stage. The TSS in all cultivars increased from Gandora to Dang stage whereas acidity decreased. This study revealed that for raw consumption of dates as well as for its better keeping quality, fruits should be harvested at the Doka stage. As positive correlation was observed between TSS and organoleptic rating. It is suggested that TSS may be considered as an index of maturity of dates.
M.R. Dinesh, B.M.C. Reddy and N.A. Reena
Division of Fruit Crops, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore - 89, India.
Abstract: Nineteen pawpaw cultivars were evaluated at Bangalore, Karnataka, India, for fruit quality. Pusa Nanha, a dwarf mutant, flowered at the 19th node; Thailand, Pusa Dwarf, and Tainung also bore fruits at a lower height. Fruit weight (2140 g), volume (1940 ml), and breadth (16 cm) were greatest in Pant Papaya 2. Red Indian (25.3 cm) and Thailand (24.2 cm) had the longest fruits. Tainung 1 and Red Indian produced sweet fruits with total soluble sugar (TSS) of 13.2 and 13.0 degrees Brix, respectively. The total carotenoids content was highest in Sunrise Solo (5031 I.U.%). Nigeria and Papaya Pant 2 had the thickest fruit pulp (3.0 cm). Fruit cavity index was lowest in Tainung 1 (13%). Mauritius, Pink Flesh Sweet, Red Indian, Sunrise Solo, Tainung 1, Tainung 2, and Thailand had pink pulp. Surya, produced from crossing Sunrise Solo with Pink Flesh Sweet, was evaluated, along with the parental cultivars, for plant and fruit quality. Surya had the lowest plant height at first flowering as well as the greatest girth and
N.K. Singh, R.P. Saxena, R.C. Jaiswal and Pradeep Kumar
Department of Vegetable Science, N.D. University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad - 224 229, India.
Abstract: The efficacy of fungicidal seed treatments (soaking seeds for 12 h in aqueous solution of 0.1% Bavistin [carbendazim], 0.2% Vitavax [carboxin], 0.2% Baycor [bitertanol], 0.2% thiram, 0.2% Dithane M-45 [mancozeb], and 0.1% Bavistin+0.2% Vitavax) and foliar sprays (0.2% Dithane M-45, 0.2% Baycor, 0.3% Blitox-50, and 0.5% boric acid) on early blight (caused by Alternaria solani) incidence and tomato cv. Pusa Ruby yield was investigated in Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. Seeds treated with fungicides were sown in the nursery. Fungicide spraying was conducted thrice (i.e. at the time of disease appearance and twice thereafter at 15-day interval) under field conditions. The initial disease appearance in seed-treated plants was observed at 60-69 days after sowing (DAS). The lowest percent disease index and highest percent disease control (PDC) at 177 DAS were recorded for 0.1% Bavistin, 0.1% Bavistin+0.2% Vitavax, 0.2% thiram, and 0.2% Vitavax. The highest average fruit yield (357.46 q/ha) was obtained with 0.2% Bay
K.P. Singh
Floriculture Laboratory, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake, PO, Bangalore - 560 089, India.
Abstract: The influence of 9 grades of mother planting material on the vegetative growth, flowering, and multiplication of gladiolus (Gladiolus sp.) cv. 'Aarti' was studied. The largest size grade (>6.00 to <6.50 cm diameter) produced significantly higher number of leaves per plant, girth of scape, number of florets per spike, and weight and diameter of corm. The greater height of plant, length of spike and rachis, and number of flower spike per plant were produced by corm size of (>5.10 to <6.00 cm diameter). Number 1 (>3.80 to <5.10 cm diameter) corm grade produced maximum diameter of second floret and number of cormels per plant. Number 2 corm grade (>3.20 to <3.80 cm diameter) produced higher number of cormels per plant and their corresponding weight. One hundred percent of corms flowered up to No.3 grade; flowering percentage was reduced as corm size decreased. The highest percentage of propagation coefficient was obtained with No. 6 grade corm.
K.K. Pramanick, D.K. Kishore and Y.P. Sharma
IARI Regional Station (Horticulture), Amartara Cottage, Shimla - 171 004, India.
Abstract: The effects of low black polyethylene tunnels on the performance of 35 strawberry cultivars were investigated at Shimla, India, during 1996-98. Covering beds with black polyethylene hastened flowering by approximately 1 month, prevented soil erosion, reduced weed growth and winter injury, and increased total yields by 20%. Weeding was not required in mulched beds. During summers, the replacement of plastic sheets with anti-hail or anti-bird nets increased the yields and improved fruit quality. Variation in cultivar performance was also observed. Under uncovered conditions, Shimla Delicious gave the highest number of fruits per plant (30) while Etna and Belrubi the highest yield per plant (243.80 and 213.20 q/ha).
P.K. Monga and J.S. Josan, J S
Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Fruit Research Station, Abohar - 152 116, India.
Abstract: The effect of the foliar application of zinc, alone and in combination with Fe and Mn (as zinc sulfate, manganous sulfate, and ferrous sulfate, respectively) on leaf composition, fruit yield, and quality of Kinnow mandarin was studied at Regional Fruit Research Station, Abohar, Punjab, India. Micronutrient sprays increased the concentration of respective micronutrient without affecting the level of N, P, and K in the leaves. However, the increase in Zn content was more when spraying of Zn was conducted alone rather than in combination with Fe and Mn. Fruit yield, juice content, and total soluble solids were maximum under zinc sulfate (0.3%) treatment. Acidity decreased in all treatments compared to the control.
D.B. Singh B.L. Attri
Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair - 744 101, India.
Abstract: West Indian cherry (Malpighia galbra [M. glabra]), a rich source of vitamin C [ascorbic acid], has a problem in propagation through seeds. Indole butyric acid (IBA) at 500, 1000, and 1500 ppm was tried in hard and semi-hard wood cuttings for vegetative propagation. After 90 days, maximum survival (90%), number of leaves (25.0), number of primary branches (6.60), and number of secondary branches (6.60) were recorded in hard wood cuttings treated with IBA at 1500 ppm. Similarly, the maximum number of primary roots (9.37), number of secondary roots (16.37), length of primary roots (22.04 cm), and length of secondary roots (15.10 cm) were observed in hard wood cuttings treated with IBA at 1500 ppm. The hard wood cuttings treated with 1500 ppm IBA were most successful for the vegetative propagation of West Indian cherry.
D.M. Leon, D.A. Ortega, H. Cabrera and J.de Cruz, K.L. Parkin and H.S. Garcia
UNIDA, Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz, Apdo. Postal 1420, Veracruz, Ver. 91860, Mexico.
Abstract: Manila mangoes were infested in the tree by allowing fertile Anastrepha obliqua female flies to oviposit on fruits contained inside cages. Infested mangoes were exposed to nine different controlled atmospheres (CA) containing combinations of 1, 3, or 5% O2 and 30, 50, or 70% CO2. Surviving larvae were enumerated after subjecting the mangoes to CA for 1 to 5 days. Selected compositional and physical parameters (weight loss, pH, titratable acidity, colour, soluble solids, reducing sugars, and texture) were analysed during post-treatment ripening. Fully ripened fruits were also subject to sensory evaluation using a non-structured hedonic scale and a trained panel. CA containing 1% O2 and either 30 or 50% CO2 effectively killed all larvae present in treated fruits. These treatments did not alter the composition or sensory characteristics of fully ripened mangoes. However, losses of 20 to 25% of fruits on the basis of sensory acceptability were attributed to the development of "spongy" tissue. CAs containing 70% C